Out of Many: Chapter 2
Out of Many: Chapter 2
Chapter2
WhenWorldsCollide
14921590
Part One
Introduction
Part Two
American Communities:
The English and
Algonquians at Roanoke
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Part Three
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MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century By the middle of the century, the
monarchs of western Europe had unified their realms and begun to build royal
bureaucracies and standing armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic
coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of European colonization.
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Portuguese Explorations
Prince Henry the Navigator established academy to
train seafarers.
By the mid-fifteenth century most Europeans knew that
the Earth was a spherical globe.
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Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand at the port of
Palos in August 1492, illustrated in a copperplate engraving published in 1594
by Theodore de Bry of Frankfort. While armed men are ferried out to the vessels,
three accountants in a room directly above the monarchs count out the gold to
fund the journey.
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This image
accompanied
Columbuss account of
his voyage, which was
published in Latin and
reissued in many other
languages and editions
that circulated
throughout Europe
before 1500. The
Spanish King Ferdinand
is shown directing the
voyage to a tropical
island, where the
natives flee in terror.
Columbuss impression
of Native Americans as
a people vulnerable to
conquest shows clearly
in this image.
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Part Four
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MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the
Caribbean and used it to stage their successive wars of conquest in North and South
America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic
coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific, mounted the last of the colonial
invasions in the eighteenth century.
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This map of Tenochititln, published in 1524 and attributed to the celebrated engraver
Albrecht Drer, shows the city before its destruction, with the principal Aztec temples in
the main square, causeways connecting the city to the mainland, and an acqueduct
supplying fresh water. The information on this map must have come from Aztec sources,
as did much of the intelligence Corts relied on for the Spanish conquest.
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FIGURE 2.1 North Americas Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was
epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the
colonial population overtook North Americas Indian populations.
SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American
Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.
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This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitln in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex, a post conquest history written
and illustrated by Aztec scribes. There came amongst us a great sickness, a general
plague, reads the account, killing vast numbers of people. It covered many all over with
sores: on the face, on the head, on the chest, everywhere. . . . The sores were so terrible
that the victims could not lie face down, nor on their backs, nor move from one side to
the other. And when they tried to move even a little, they cried out in agony.
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MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange Europeans voyaging between Europe, Africa,
Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began a vast
intercontinental movement of plants, animals, and diseases that shaped the course of
modern history. New World corn and potatoes became staple foods in Africa and
Europe, while Eurasian and African diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and yellow
fever devastated native communities in the Western Hemisphere.
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Part Five
Northern Explorations
and Encounters
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A Mikmaq Indian petroglyph or rock carving depicting a European vessel and crew,
photographed in 1946 at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, by Arthur and Olive
Kelsall, who traced the lines of the image with white ink to enhance the contrast. The
vessel appears to be a small pinnace with lanteen sails, similar to those used by French
merchants and explorers in the early seventeenth century. Living along the southern
shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the Acadian peninsula, the Mikmaqs were
among the first natives in North America to establish contact with European traders, and
understanding immediately the value of iron and textiles, they soon developed a system
of coastal barter.
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This watercolor of Jacques le Moyne, painted in 1564, depicts the friendly relations
between the Timucuas of coastal Florida and the colonists of the short-lived French
colony of Fort Caroline. The Timucuas hoped that the French would help defend
them against the Spanish, who plundered the coast in pursuit of Indian slaves.
SOURCE: Jacques Le Moyne, Rene de Loudonniere and Chief Athore, 1564. Gouache and metallic pigments on vellum. Print Collection,
The New York Public Library, New York. The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY.
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Sixteenth-Century England
Enclosure movement stimulated English colonization.
Expanded woolen trade dislocated farmers, creating a large
unemployed population.
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The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in 1648. The queen
places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising sea power of England. Through the
open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction
of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine
intervention.
SOURCE: Elizabeth I ,Armada portrait, c. 1588 (oil on panel), by English School (C 16th) Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library,
London/New York.
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Part Six
Conclusion
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