4-1

Risk and Return

Basic return concepts
Basic risk concepts
Stand-alone risk
Portfolio (market) risk
Risk and return: CAPM/SML

4-2

Quiz
Today is Rachels 30th birthday. Five years ago, Rachel opened a
brokerage account when her grandmother gave her $25,000 for her
25th birthday. Rachel added $2,000 to this account on her 26th
birthday, $3,000 on her 27th birthday, $4,000 on her 28th birthday, and
$5,000 on her 29th birthday. Rachels goal is to have $400,000 in the
account by her 40th birthday.
Starting today, she plans to contribute a fixed amount to the account
each year on her birthday. She will make 11 contributions, the first
one will occur today, and the final contribution will occur on her 40th
birthday. Complicating things somewhat is the fact that Rachel plans
to withdraw $20,000 from the account on her 35th birthday to finance
the down payment on a home. How large does each of these 11
contributions have to be for Rachel to reach her goal? Assume that
the account has earned (and will continue to earn) an effective return
of 12 percent a year. A.$11,743.95 b.$10,037.46 c.$11,950.22
d. $14,783.64 e. $ 9,485.67

4-3

Quiz
You are saving for the college education of your two children. One
child will enter college in 5 years, while the other child will enter
college in 7 years. College costs are currently $10,000 per year
and are expected to grow at a rate of 5 percent per year. All
college costs are paid at the beginning of the year. You assume
that each child will be in college for four years.
You currently have $50,000 in your educational fund. Your plan is
to contribute a fixed amount to the fund over each of the next 5
years. Your first contribution will come at the end of this year, and
your final contribution will come at the date at which you make the
first tuition payment for your oldest child. You expect to invest
your contributions into various investments which are expected to
earn 8 percent per year. How much should you contribute each
year in order to meet the expected cost of your children's
education?
a. $2,894
b. $3,712
c. $4,125
e. $6,750

d. $5,343

4-4
A young couple is planning for the education of their two children.
They plan to invest the same amount of money at the end of each
of the next 16 years, i.e., the first contribution will be made at the
end of the year and the final contribution will be made at the time
the oldest child enters college.
The money will be invested in securities that are certain to earn a
return of 8 percent each year. The oldest child will begin college in
16 years and the second child will begin college in 18 years. The
parents anticipate college costs of $25,000 a year (per child).
These costs must be paid at the end of each year. If each child
takes four years to complete their college degrees, then how
much money must the couple save each year?
a.
b.

$ 9,612.10

c.
d.

$12,507.29

e.

$ 4,944.84

$ 5,071.63
$ 5,329.45

4-5
Your client just turned 75 years old and plans on retiring in
10 years on her 85th birthday. She is saving money today
for her retirement and is establishing a retirement account
with your office. She would like to withdraw money from
her retirement account on her birthday each year until she
dies. She would ideally like to withdraw $50,000 on her
85th birthday, and increase her withdrawals 10 percent a
year through her 89th birthday (i.e., she would like to
withdraw $73,205 on her 89th birthday). She plans to die on
her 90th birthday, at which time she would like to leave
$200,000 to her descendants. Your client currently has
$100,000. You estimate that the money in the retirement
account will earn 8 percent a year over the next 15 years.
Your client plans to contribute an equal amount of money
each year until her retirement. Her first contribution will
come in 1 year; her 10th and final contribution will come in
10 years (on her 85th birthday). How much should she
contribute each year to meet her objectives?
a. $12,401.59 b. $12,998.63
c. $13,243.18 d. $13,759.44

e. $14,021.53

4-6

What are investment returns?

Investment returns measure the
financial results of an investment.
Returns may be historical or
prospective (anticipated).
Returns can be expressed in:
Dollar terms.
Percentage terms.

4-7

What is the return on an investment

that costs $1,000 and is sold
after 1 year for $1,100?
Dollar return:
$ Received - $ Invested
$1,100
$1,000

= $100.

Percentage return:
$ Return/$ Invested
$100/$1,000
= 0.10 = 10%.

4-8

What is investment risk?

Typically, investment returns are not

known with certainty.
Investment risk pertains to the
probability of earning a return less
than that expected.
The greater the chance of a return far
below the expected return, the
greater the risk.

4-9

Probability distribution
Stock X

Stock Y

-20

15

50

Rate of
return (%)

Which stock is riskier? Why?

4 - 10

Assume the Following

Investment Alternatives
Economy

Prob. T-Bill

Alta

Repo

Am F.

MP

Recession

0.10

8.0% -22.0%

28.0%

10.0% -13.0%

Below avg.

0.20

8.0

-2.0

14.7

-10.0

1.0

Average

0.40

8.0

20.0

0.0

7.0

15.0

Above avg.

0.20

8.0

35.0

-10.0

45.0

29.0

Boom

0.10

8.0

50.0

-20.0

30.0

43.0

1.00

4 - 11

What is unique about

the T-bill return?

The T-bill will return 8% regardless

of the state of the economy.
Is the T-bill riskless? Explain.

4 - 12

Do the returns of Alta Inds. and Repo

Men move with or counter to the
economy?
Alta Inds. moves with the economy, so it
is positively correlated with the
economy. This is the typical situation.
Repo Men moves counter to the
economy. Such negative correlation is
unusual.

4 - 13

Calculate the expected rate of return

on each alternative.
r^ = expected rate of return.

r =

rP .
i i

i=1

^r = 0.10(-22%) + 0.20(-2%)
Alta
+ 0.40(20%) + 0.20(35%)
+ 0.10(50%) = 17.4%.

4 - 14

Alta
Market
Am. Foam
T-bill
Repo Men

^
r
17.4%
15.0
13.8
8.0
1.7

Alta has the highest rate of return.

Does that make it best?

4 - 15

What is the standard deviation

of returns for each alternative?
Standard deviation
Variance

i 1

ri r Pi .

4 - 16

i 1

ri r Pi .

Alta Inds:
= ((-22 - 17.4)20.10 + (-2 - 17.4)20.20
+ (20 - 17.4)20.40 + (35 - 17.4)20.20
+ (50 - 17.4)20.10)1/2 = 20.0%.
T-bills = 0.0%.
Alta = 20.0%.

Repo= 13.4%.
Am Foam = 18.8%.
Market = 15.3%.

4 - 17

Prob.

T-bill

Am. F.
Alta

13.8

17.4

Rate of Return (%)

4 - 18

Standard deviation measures the

stand-alone risk of an investment.
The larger the standard deviation,
the higher the probability that
returns will be far below the
expected return.
Coefficient of variation is an
alternative measure of stand-alone
risk.

4 - 19

Expected Return versus Risk

Security
Alta Inds.
Market
Am. Foam
T-bills
Repo Men

Expected
return
17.4%
15.0
13.8
8.0
1.7

Risk,
20.0%
15.3
18.8
0.0
13.4

4 - 20

Coefficient of Variation:
CV = Standard deviation/expected return
CVT-BILLS = 0.0%/8.0% = 0.0.
CVAlta Inds = 20.0%/17.4% = 1.1.
CVRepo Men = 13.4%/1.7% = 7.9.
CVAm. Foam = 18.8%/13.8% = 1.4.
CVM

= 15.3%/15.0% = 1.0.

4 - 21

Expected Return versus Coefficient of

Variation

Security
Alta Inds
Market
Am. Foam
T-bills
Repo Men

Expecte
d
return
17.4%
15.0
13.8
8.0
1.7

Risk:

Risk:

20.0%
15.3
18.8
0.0
13.4

CV
1.1
1.0
1.4
0.0
7.9

4 - 22

Return vs. Risk (Std. Dev.):

Which investment is best?

4 - 23

Portfolio Risk and Return

Assume a two-stock portfolio with
$50,000 in Alta Inds. and $50,000 in
Repo Men.
^
Calculate rp and p.

4 - 24

Portfolio Return, ^rp

^
rp is a weighted average:
n

^
^
rp = wiri
i=1

^
rp = 0.5(17.4%) + 0.5(1.7%) = 9.6%.
^
^
^
rp is between rAlta and rRepo.

4 - 25

Alternative Method
Estimated Return
Economy

Prob.

Alta

Repo

Port.

Recession
Below avg.
Average
Above avg.

0.10
0.20
0.40
0.20

-22.0%
-2.0
20.0
35.0

28.0%
14.7
0.0
-10.0

3.0%
6.4
10.0
12.5

Boom

0.10

50.0

-20.0

15.0

^r = (3.0%)0.10 + (6.4%)0.20 + (10.0%)0.40

p
+ (12.5%)0.20 + (15.0%)0.10 = 9.6%.
(More...)

4 - 26

p = ((3.0 - 9.6)20.10 + (6.4 - 9.6)20.20 +

(10.0 - 9.6)20.40 + (12.5 - 9.6)20.20
+
(15.0 - 9.6)20.10)1/2 = 3.3%.
p is much lower than:
either stock (20% and 13.4%).
average of Alta and Repo (16.7%).
The portfolio provides average return
but much lower risk. The key here is
negative correlation.

4 - 27

Two-Stock Portfolios
Two stocks can be combined to form
a riskless portfolio if = -1.0.
Risk is not reduced at all if the two
stocks have = +1.0.
In general, stocks have 0.65, so
risk is lowered but not eliminated.
Investors typically hold many stocks.
What happens when = 0?

4 - 28

What would happen to the

risk of an average 1-stock
portfolio as more randomly
selected stocks were added?
p would decrease because the added
stocks would not be perfectly correlated,
but ^rp would remain relatively constant.

4 - 29
Prob.
Large
2

15

1 35% ; Large 20%.

Return

4 - 30

p (%)
35

Company Specific
(Diversifiable) Risk
Stand-Alone Risk, p

20

Market Risk
0

10 20 30 40

2,000+

# Stocks in Portfolio

4 - 31

Stand-alone Market
Diversifiable
= risk
+
.
risk
risk
Market risk is that part of a securitys
stand-alone risk that cannot be
eliminated by diversification.
Firm-specific, or diversifiable, risk is
that part of a securitys stand-alone risk
that can be eliminated by
diversification.

4 - 32

Conclusions
As more stocks are added, each new
stock has a smaller risk-reducing
impact on the portfolio.
p falls very slowly after about 40
stocks are included. The lower limit
for p is about 20% = M .
By forming well-diversified
portfolios, investors can eliminate
about half the riskiness of owning a
single stock.

4 - 33

Can an investor holding one stock earn

a return commensurate with its risk?
No. Rational investors will minimize
risk by holding portfolios.
They bear only market risk, so prices
and returns reflect this lower risk.
The one-stock investor bears higher
(stand-alone) risk, so the return is less
than that required by the risk.

4 - 34

How is market risk measured for

individual securities?
Market risk, which is relevant for stocks
held in well-diversified portfolios, is
defined as the contribution of a security
to the overall riskiness of the portfolio.
It is measured by a stocks beta
coefficient. For stock i, its beta is:
bi = ( iM i) / M

4 - 35

How are betas calculated?

In addition to measuring a stocks
contribution of risk to a portfolio,
beta also which measures the
stocks volatility relative to the
market.

4 - 36

Using a Regression to Estimate Beta

Run a regression with returns on
the stock in question plotted on
the Y axis and returns on the
market portfolio plotted on the X
axis.
The slope of the regression line,
which measures relative volatility,
is defined as the stocks beta
coefficient, or b.

4 - 37

Use the historical stock returns to

calculate the beta for PQU.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Market
25.7%
8.0%
-11.0%
15.0%
32.5%
13.7%
40.0%
10.0%
-10.8%

PQU
40.0%
-15.0%
-15.0%
35.0%
10.0%
30.0%
42.0%
-10.0%
-25.0%

4 - 38

Calculating Beta for PQU

r KWE

40%
20%

0%
-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

-20%
-40%

r PQU = 0.83r
2

+ 0.03

R = 0.36

4 - 39

What is beta for PQU?

The regression line, and hence
beta, can be found using a
calculator with a regression
function or a spreadsheet program.
In this example, b = 0.83.

4 - 40

Calculating Beta in Practice

Many analysts use the S&P 500 to
find the market return.
Analysts typically use four or five
years of monthly returns to
establish the regression line.
Some analysts use 52 weeks of
weekly returns.

4 - 41

How is beta interpreted?

If b = 1.0, stock has average risk.
If b > 1.0, stock is riskier than average.
If b < 1.0, stock is less risky than
average.
Most stocks have betas in the range of
0.5 to 1.5.
Can a stock have a negative beta?

4 - 42

Finding Beta Estimates on the Web

Go to www.thomsonfn.com.
Enter the ticker symbol for a
Stock Quote, such as IBM
or Dell, then click GO.
When the quote comes up,
select Company Earnings,
then GO.

4 - 43

Expected Return versus Market Risk

Expected
Security
return
Risk, b
Alta
17.4%
1.29
Market
15.0
1.00
Am. Foam
13.8
0.68
T-bills
8.0
0.00
Repo Men
1.7
-0.86
Which of the alternatives is best?

4 - 44

Use the SML to calculate each

alternatives required return.
The Security Market Line (SML) is
part of the Capital Asset Pricing
Model (CAPM).
SML: ri = rRF + (RPM^)bi .
Assume rRF = 8%; rM = rM = 15%.
RPM = (rM - rRF) = 15% - 8% = 7%.

4 - 45

Required Rates of Return

rAlta = 8.0% + (7%)(1.29)

= 8.0% + 9.0%
= 17.0%.
rM = 8.0% + (7%)(1.00) = 15.0%.
rAm. F. = 8.0% + (7%)(0.68)

= 12.8%.

rT-bill = 8.0% + (7%)(0.00)

8.0%.

rRepo = 8.0% + (7%)(-0.86) =

2.0%.

4 - 46

Expected versus Required Returns

Alta

r^
17.4%

r
17.0% Undervalued

Market 15.0

15.0

Fairly valued

Am. F.

13.8

12.8

Undervalued

T-bills

8.0

8.0

Fairly valued

Repo

1.7

2.0

Overvalued

4 - 47

ri (%) SML: ri = rRF + (RPM) bi

ri = 8% + (7%) bi

Alta

. .

rM = 15
rRF = 8

Repo
-1

. T-bills
1

Market

Am. Foam

Risk, bi

SML and Investment Alternatives

4 - 48

Calculate beta for a portfolio with 50%

Alta and 50% Repo
bp = Weighted average
= 0.5(bAlta) + 0.5(bRepo)
= 0.5(1.29) + 0.5(-0.86)
= 0.22.

4 - 49

What is the required rate of return

on the Alta/Repo portfolio?
rp = Weighted average r
= 0.5(17%) + 0.5(2%) = 9.5%.
Or use SML:
rp = rRF + (RPM) bp
= 8.0% + 7%(0.22) = 9.5%.

4 - 50

Impact of Inflation Change on SML

Required Rate
of Return r (%)

I = 3%

New SML

SML2
SML1

18
15

Original situation

11
8
0 0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Impact of Risk Aversion Change

Required Rate
of Return (%)

4 - 51

After increase
in risk aversion
SML2

rM = 18%
rM = 15%

SML1

18
15

RPM = 3%

Original situation
1.0

Risk, bi

4 - 52

Has the CAPM been completely confirmed

or refuted through empirical tests?
No. The statistical tests have
problems that make empirical
verification or rejection virtually
impossible.
Investors required returns are
based on future risk, but betas are
calculated with historical data.
Investors may be concerned about
both stand-alone and market risk.

4 - 53

Portfolio Theory
Suppose Asset A has an expected return
of 10 percent and a standard deviation of
20 percent. Asset B has an expected
return of 16 percent and a standard
deviation of 40 percent. If the correlation
between A and B is 0.6, what are the
expected return and standard deviation for
a portfolio comprised of 30 percent Asset
A and 70 percent Asset B?

4 - 54

Portfolio Expected Return

rP w A rA (1 w A ) rB
0.3( 0.1) 0.7( 0.16)
0.142 14.2%.

4 - 55

Portfolio Standard Deviation

p WA2 2A (1 WA )2 2B 2WA (1 WA ) AB A B
0.32 (0.22 ) 0.72 (0.42 ) 2(0.3)( 0.7)( 0.6)( 0.2)( 0.4)
0.320