GENERAL SCIENCE

PREPARED BY: EDUARD E. GANDUL JR. RM, RN, EMT-B, EMS

TEST TAKING STRATEGY

When

you aren't sure of a correct answer AND HAVE TO GUESS

1.

Choose the most general answer when other choices are specific.

2.

2. Choose the longest answer when others are much shorter.

3.

3. Choose the answer with a middle value when other answers are higher or lower.

4.

4. Choose neither of the similar answers.

5.

5. Choose one of two opposite answers.

6.

6. Choose the answer that agrees grammatically. For ex: a, and an = singular, are =
plural.

7.

7. Choose the answer most synonymous with key words in the question or statement.

8.

8. Count the number of blanks in fill-in questions or statements.

9.

9. Choose from among familiar answers. Avoid unknown options.

10. 10.
11.

Choose the most logical answer to you.

11. Avoid answers with absolutes in them. Examples are always, never, every, none, all,

only.)

1. The school will hold a science fair. You tried to

make a project but failed. The next thing you do is

a. to

ask your father to do it for you

b.not to submit a project anymore one
c. to try and try until you produce
d.to tell your teacher that you cant
make one

2. A medium sized egg has a mass of 675 grams. What

is the average mass of one egg in kg?

A.56

kg
B.0.560 kg
C. 67.2 kg
D. 5.6 kg

3. Before inventing the incandescent bulb, Thomas

Alva Edison made the experiment repeatedly.

a. Tentativeness
b.b.

Drawing the final conclusions

c. c. Superstitions
d.d. Curiosity

DEFINE OBJECTIVE
Find Best Method
Write Protocol
Obtain Material
Prepare timeline
Do the Experiment
Record Everything
Analyze Result

4. An irregularly-shaped solid was drop in a graduated cylinder which has a

read of 40 cm3. The water rose to 45 cm3. What is the volume of the solid?

A.5cm3
B.5cm
C.5cm2
D.5cm6

5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the

definition of science?
A. Body

of knowledge and theory

B. Discontinuing
C. Collection

of explanation of universe

of facts

D. Systematic

and meaningful patterns

6. Jericho wants to know the mass of a piece

of metal. What instrument should he use?
a.

Spring balance

b.

Equal-arm balance

c.

Graduated Cylinder

d.

Platform balance

7. What is the standard unit of mass in metric meter?

A. Meter
B. Kilogram
C. Kilometer
D. Pound

8. Which of the following branches of science deals with

the study of matter, energy and their transformation?

Chemistry
B. Physics
C. Biology
D. Genetics
A.

9. Which one of the following is the mental attitude

that acts from sound reasoning?
A. Scientific

method

B. Scientific

attitude

C. Scientific

mind

D. Scientific

skills

10. What scientific attitude must a person possess in seeking

answers to things in which he is greatly interested?
a.

Open-mindedness

b.

Flexibility

c.

Curiosity

d.

Resourcefulness

11. Michael saw some big crabs crawling on the sand. He

wandered where they came from so he tried investigating.
A. Concern

for living things

B. Creativity
C. Curiosity
D. Responsibility

12. Joy learned in school that fertilizers affect the growth of

plants. She wanted to know how the amount of fertilizer used
affects its growth. Which of the following should she do?
A.

Ask her science teacher the correct

answer.

B.

Conduct an experiment to find out.

C.

Look for the correct answer.

D.

Write the Bureau of soils.

13. You have identified the problem in your

experiment, what is the next step?
A. Formulate

the hypothesis

B.

gather relevant data

C.

Formulate the conclusion

D. test

the hypothesis

13. Which of the following is NOT TRUE

about science and technology?
A. Science

is an organized knowledge about

environment.

B. Science

taught man the relationship of living

things with their environments.

C. Technology
D. Technology

helps improve mans life.

can provide all the solutions to the

problems of the society.

Science Involves application of knowledge

is an organized body of knowledge derived from observation and study.

Science is an organized body of knowledge derived from observation and study.

Science is a method used to search for truth about the physical world and the
natural laws that control the physical world.

It is more than a body of knowledge. It is a way of thinking.

Science can be divided into two categories, depending on what is the subject of
study. These include:

Social Sciences such as psychology, sociology, and history

Natural Sciences that can be further divided into

Physical Sciences -deal with the physical world and include chemistry, physics, geology,
astronomy, etc.

Biological Sciences -deal with living organisms and include zoology, botany, forestry, etc.

Technology-can be the knowledge of

techniques, processes
fromGreek,techne,

art, skill, cunning of

hand"; and-,-logia
is

the collection of techniques, methods or

processes used in the production of goods or
services or in the accomplishment of objectives,
such as scientific investigation

conversion

of natural resources into simple tools

14. Which of the following is considered as

technology?
A. Production

of antibiotics

B. Invention

of calculator

C. Invention

of computer

D. all

of the above

15. Jenny wants to know the length of the table. What

instrument will she use?
A.

Spring balance

B.

Graduated cylinder

C.

Ruler

D.

Thermometer

Unit of temperature from F-C - K

Celsius to Fahrenheit
T(F)=T(C) 9/5 + 32

Example Conversion
Celsius to Fahrenheit
37 0C = 96.8 0F (37 x 1.8+32)
Fahrenheit to Celsius
(100 -32 / 1.8)
100 0F = 37.8 0C
Celsius to Kelvin
(100 +273)
373
K
0
100 C =

16. Which of the following terms describes the total

distance travelled by an object in a given unit of time

a. average speed
b. Average velocity
c. Constant velocity
d. Average Acceleration

17. A ball Rolls off and falls at the edge of the table as
shown. In Which of the three position does gravity act
on the ball?

a. Point A
b. Point b.
c. Point c.
d. Point A, B, C

18. Substance X has a pH of 7.8, Substance Y has a pH of 8.3 and

substance Z has a pH of 9.4., which of the statement is or are
correct?

a. substance Y is more acidic than X, But Less acidic than Z

b. substance Y is more basic than X, But Less basic than Z
c. substance Y is less acidic than X, But more Acidic than Z
d. substance Y is less basic than X, But more basic than Z

19. An Electric motor is a device that changes_________________

a. Magnetic field producing electricity

b. Electric energy into mechanical Energy
c. chemical energy into electrical energy
d. potential energy into electrical energy

20. A student wires a series circuit that includes block rubber and a light bulb. She states
that she does not expect the light bulb to light up when current is applied. Which of the
following best describes the statement.

a. it is a conclusion based n observation data about the

electrical phenomena
b. it is a hypothesis based on knowledge data about electrical
phenomena
c. it is a procedure based on her hypothesis about electrical
phenomena
d. it is a theory based on her observations of electrical
phenomena.

Natural Science

is

a branch ofscienceconcerned with the description,

prediction, and understanding ofnaturalphenomena,
based on observational and empirical evidence.

that

can be further divided into

Physical

Sciences -deal with the physical world and include

chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy, etc.

Biological

Sciences -deal with living organisms and include

zoology, botany, forestry, etc.

1. Who is the father of biology?

A.

Aristotle

B.

Anton van Leeuwenhock

C.

Robert Hooke

D.

Rudolf Virchow

2. it is the part of earth inhabited by living organisms

A.

Biosphere

B.

population

C.

Ecosystem

D.

Community.

3. The Smallest Unit of Life?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Organelle
Atom
Sub Atomic Particle.
Cell

4. A localized group of organisms that belong to the

same species is called a

A.Bio

system
B.community
C.population
D.ecosystem

Hierarchical Organization- each level builds on the

level below it in biology
cellular

level- atoms >> molecules >>

macromolecules >> organelles >> cell

organismal

level- tissue >> organ >> organ system

>> organism

population

level- population (group of same species

living in one place) >> species (group of organisms
able to interbreed) >> biological community >>
ecosystem

Levels of Organization

Explanation

A. Sub Atomic Particles

Smaller than Atoms

B. Atom

atom is the smallest particle that maintains

its physical and chemical properties
when two or more atoms are bonded
together
when two or more molecules are bonded
together to form large (gigantic!) molecules

C. Molecule
D. Macromolecule

E. Organelles

Example

oxygen,
nitrogen, gold
water, carbon
dioxide
proteins,
lipids,
carbohydrates

several macromolecules bonded together mitochondria,

nucleus, golgi
form these building blocks of a cell
apparatus

F. Cells
G. Tissue

the smallest unit of life, a cell is a collection

of organelles functioning together
a collections of cells working together to
perform a specific job

bacteria,
animal, plant
epithelial,
connective

Levels of Organization

Explanation

Example

H. Organ

two or more types of tissues that work together to heart,stomach,

complete a specific task
brain

I. Organ system

several organs working in unison to achieve a digestive,

common goal
cardiovascular,
respiratory
several organ systems functioning together
human, dog,
tree
groups of individual organisms of the same species bees, ants
working together to achieve a common goal

J. Organism
K. Population

L. Community
M. Ecosystem
N. Biome
O. Biosphere

populations of different species of organisms

all of the
human species
groups of different populations living in the same wetlands, oak
environment
forest
a collection of ecosystems with similar climates
desert, tundra,
rainforest
all of the biomes on the planet earth

the earth's living

occupants

5. To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular

structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study
of biology?

A.evolution
B.Abiogenesis

C.Philosophical Theory of Eternity

D.the cell theory

Theory of Life
1.

SPECIAL CREATION THEORY (Genesis) the creation of all things by God.

2.

Big Bang Theory creation of the universe13.8 billion years ago.

3.

Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles from

another organism (process of reproduction)

4.

Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) study of how life on Earth could

have arisen from inanimate matter primordial soup" Theory of
Evolution (life began in water)

5.

Panspermia - Cells From Outer Space Some scientists believe that the

6.

Cosmogony Theories of the creation of the solar System 4.6 billion

years ago (Planetary Nebula)

7.

Cosmozoic or interplanetary Theory s protoplasm in the form of a

resistant from outer space.

8.

Philosophical Theory of Eternity life has no beginning and no end.

6. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have

which of the following features in common?
A.a

membrane-bounded nucleus
B.a cell wall made of cellulose
C.ribosomes
D.flagella or cilia that contain
microtubules

Cell
Cells-

found in all organisms

The

cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the

basic structural, functional and biological unit of all
known living organisms

Cells

are the smallest unit of life

Building

block of life

Cell theory

cells couldn't be observed until microscopes invented in 17th

century

Robert Hooke - 1st to describe cells when he examined cork;

named what he saw after the "small rooms" of monks

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - 1st to examine living cells; named

them "animalcules"

Matthias Schleiden - stated in 1838 that plants were combinations

of tiny/independent cells

Theodor Schwann - stated in 1839 that all animal tissue were also
made of cells

3 principles of the cell theory

all

organisms contain cells, where

metabolic/hereditary functions take place

cells

are the smallest living things, basic

units of life

cells

are produced only from other preexisting cells

2 types of Cell

Prokaryotic cells Single Cells Archae Bacteria (ancient one)

Cocci spherical

Bacilli rod-shaped

Spirochaete spiral-shaped

Vibrio comma-shaped

EUKARYOTIC - Many cells

All animals and insect are multi-cellular cells, Protozoa

Fungi, Virus, Protozoa

Flagellum

6. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have

which of the following features in common?

a membrane-bounded nucleus
b. a cell wall made of cellulose
c. ribosomes
d. flagella or cilia that contain microtubules

7. Which branch of biology is concerned with

the naming and classifying of organisms?

a. informatics
b. schematic biology
c. taxonomy
d. genomics

8. Which endocrine abnormality is characterized by

dwarfness, low intelligence and sex immaturity?

a. myxedema
b. cretinism
c. tetany
d. acromegaly

10. What is the present connotation of

symbiosis?

a. a give and take relationship of organism

b. any type of relationship between two dissimilar

organisms living together

c. a one- sided relationship between two species

d. neutral relationship that exist between two organisms

11. Living things are classified either as aerobic or

anaerobic as they grow or metabolize in the presence
or absence of:
a.

carbon dioxide

b. nitrogen

c.

water

d.

oxygen

12. What is the structural difference

between plants and animals?
a.

Plant cells have plastids but animal cells do not.

b.

Plant cells have a stiff cell wall of cellulose but

animal cells do not.

c.

Animal cells have centriole but the cells of higher

plants do not.

d.

Plant cells have only a thin membrane but animals do

not

13. Only living things can respond to stimuli, to physical and

chemical changes in their environment. Such a characteristic
is called:

a.

metabolism
b. irritability
c. movement
d. specific organization

14. The preservation of specie is made

possible through
a.

reproduction
b. adaptation
c. metabolism
d. growth

11. Which refers to the earths entire zone of air, land

and water which occupied by living things?

a. Biosphere
b. biome
c. bioassay
d. biomass

12. Which body organ is responsible for the

removal of waste from the blood and body fluids?
a.

liver

b.

pancreas

c.

kidney

d.

large intestine

13. What is meant by excretion?

a.

Elimination of waste and undigested food from the anus.

b.

Removal from the cells and blood streams of substances

which are no further use in the body.

c.

Release from the cell of some substance that is utilized

elsewhere in some bodily process.

d.

Absorption of soluble food by the body cells.

14. The clotting of the blood is essentially the function

of:

a. red blood cells

b. white corpuscles
c. plasma
d. hemoglobin

15. All living things have a tendency to maintain

uniformity or stability in their internal environment
called:

a. anabolism
b. metabolism
c. epigenesist
d. homeostasis

16. What is an ecosystem?

a. A basic unit that shows interaction between living things and their
environment.

b. A recognizable unit which shows plant and animal distribution as

influenced primarily by climate.

c. A fundamental unit that shows various types of relationship among

organism.

d. A distinct unit that shows how physical factor can affect other abiotic
components in the environment.

17. Which plant structure transports organic nutrients

both up and down the stem and roots?

a. xylem
b. vascular bundle
c. parenchyma
d. phloem

18. Which traps light energy from the

sun for use in the photosynthesis?

a. carbon dioxide
b. water
c. Chlorophyll
d. oxygen

19. Smoking cigarettes:

a. causes ulcer
b. decreases the vital capacity of the stomach
c. leads to emphysema and lung cancer
d. leads to abnormal life

20. If the Chromosome number of your skin cells is 46,

the number of chromosome in your gametes is equal
to:

a. 46
b. 23
c. 44
d. 12

21. Blood cells and plasma factors are important:

a. immune defense
b. invaders
c. external defenses
d. internal defenses

22. A spinal nerve is:

a. motor nerve
b. sensory nerve
c. neuron
d. mixed nerve

23. The anterior pituitary stimulates the:

a. they all use some device
b. they are all expensive
c. they interrupt lovemaking
d. they prevent the egg from coming in
contact with the sperm

25. Pregnancy begins:

a. upon successful implantation
b. when the egg is fertilized
c. during the follicular phase
d. when ovulation occurs

26. The fact that many insects are now immune to

DDT is an example of:

a. natural selection
b. genetic drift
c. geographical isolation
d. translocation

27. The nutrient glucose is useful to the body:

a. to prevent goiter
b. as a source of energy
c. active reabsorption
d. during the process of respiration

Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Building

blocks of life or Four Macromacule

A.

Carbon based: organic molecules

B.

Carbohydrates: CHO

C.

Lipids: CHO, water insoluble

D.

Proteins: CHONS, structure/function in cells

E.

Nucleic acids: CHONP, hereditary (genetic)

information

Organic Elements is any member of a large class ofgaseous,liquid,

orsolidchemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
sulfur,

phosphorous,
mnemonic

oxygen,
nitrogen,
carbon,

SPONCH - a nice

A. Carbon (Latin Word Carbo means Coal)

The Framework of Biological Molecules

forms the key component for all known naturally occurringlifeonEarth

B. Carbohydrates- molecules w/ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in ratio 1C:2H:1O

Types of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide simplest of the carbohydrates

glucose- most important energy-storing monosaccaride; has 7 C-H bonds for energy

Disaccharides double sugar"

Sucrose - fructose + glucose; used by plants to transport glucose

Lactose - galactose + glucose found in milk

Maltose - glucose + glucose forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion.

Polysaccharides macromolecules made of monosaccharides

starch- used to store energy; consists of linked glucose molecules

cellulose - used for structural material in plants; consists of linked glucose molecules

amylose - simplest starch; all glucose connected in unbranched chains

amylopectin - plant starch; branches into amylose segments

glycogen- animal version of starch; has more branches than plant starch

C. Lipids a group of naturally occurring molecules that

include fats, waxes, sterols

fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K)

The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and
acting as structural components of cell membranes.

Types of Lipids

Saturated Lipids- fatthat consists oftriglyceridescontaining onlysaturated

fatty acids.

Unsaturated Lipids a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond
within the fatty acid chain, Liquid at room temperature

Do not rise blood cholesterol level and is heart healthy fat.

D. Protein (Polymer Amino Acids)

20 different amino acids found in the protein

Function of Protein

Regulate Chemical reaction and cell Process (enzymes)

Form bone and Muscle

Facilitate transport across cell membranes (protein carrier)

Fight disease.

A. Amino Acid building Blocks of Protein

B. Hereditary Information Nucleic Acid

RNA- ribonucleic acid (Replicating DNA synthesize and transport)

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Producing DNA for Replication blueprint)

Nucleotides have metabolic functions in cells.

Coenzymes are molecules which facilitate enzymatic reactions.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide used to supply energy.

Nucleotides also serve as nucleic acid monomers.

28. Radiant energy is covered into chemical energy

during:

a. oxidation
b. glycosis
c. respiration
d. photosynthesis

29. Which of the following is not a form of vegetative

reproduction?

a. regeneration
b. budding
c. spore formation
d. vegetation by runners

Photosynthesis
is

the process of converting light energy to

chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of
sugar
Plants

need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make

sugar.
The

process of photosynthesis takes place in

thechloroplasts,

specifically

using chlorophyll, the green pigment

involved in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

takes place primarily in plant leaves

Two stages of Photosynthesis

Stage 1 Light Reaction Stage

The light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to
chemical energy.

4 stages

A.primary photoevent- light photon captured by pigment, exciting the electrons in the
pigment

B. charge separation- energy transferred to reaction center (special chlorophyll

pigment)

transfers energetic electron to acceptor molecule, starts electron transport

C. electron transport- electrons go through multiple electron carriers in the membrane

pumps induce movt of proton across the membrane

electron passed to an acceptor in the end

D. chemiosmosis- protons flow down gradient to power ATP synthase

Stage 2 Dark stage / Calvin cycle

Chemical Energy from the light is made to sugar

The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a

chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) carbon fixation

synthesizes organic molecules from CO2 in air and energy in

ATP/NADPH

doesn't need light to work

takes place in stroma

30. Nitrogenous waste is produced by

the metabolism of:
a. fats
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins
d. starches

31. Which of the following is a reflex

act?

a. breathing
b. blinking
c. walking
d. sleeping

32. In an ecosystem:
a. type of soil
b. amount of light
c. amount of rainfall
d. A, B, and C are correct

36. Deficiency of carbohydrates is characterized by:

a. sluggishness
b. pallor
c. obesity
d. bone deformation

37. Salt as a preservative causes

a. cell shrinkage
b. ionization
c. hydrolysis
d. hydration

38. What do you call the practical or industrial

application based on scientific principles?

a. scientific method
b. technology
c. theory
d. experimentation

39. What is the principal cause of earthquakes?

A. faulting
b. landslides
c. nuclear explosions
d. volcanic eruptions

What Causes An Earthquake ?

There

are two main causes of earthquakes

Firstly,

they can be linked to explosive volcanic

eruptions; they are in fact very common in areas of
volcanic activity where they either proceed or
accompany eruptions.

Secondly, they

can be triggered by Tectonic activity

associated with plate margins and faults. The majority
of earthquakes world wide are of this type.

40. Purification of metals can be done best by:

a. filtration
b. flotation
c. aeration
d. electrolysis

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Earth Science- is an all embracing term for the science related to the planet
earth.

How earth works, and how it evolved to its current state.

Two approaches in studying earth science.

Holistic approach - s the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social,
economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not as
collections of parts.

Reductionist Approach - a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts, and that
an account of it can be.

4 major branch of Earth Science

Geology

Oceanography

Meteorology and climatology

Astronomy

Field of study:
1.

Geology - Describes the study of facts of the earth crust.

2.

Physical Geography covers aspects of geomorphology, soil study, hydrology,

meteorology, climatology, and biogeography.

3.

Oceanography the study of Earth oceans and the life and process that affect it.
(covered 71% water)

4.

Meteorology The study of earths atmosphere, weather and more long term process
such as climate and climate changes.

5.

Astronomy the study of earth place in space outside of earth. Stars, planets and
solar system.

6.

Ecology covers the interaction between the biota with their environment.

7.

Glaciology covers the icy part of the earth (cryosphere)

8.

Geophysics investigate shape of the earth, magnetic field and gravity field.

1. Why is the planet earth NOT thrown away by its

orbit?

a. It is controlled by its fast revolution.

b. There is a path that holds it firmly.
c. The size is just right to maintain its
distance.
d. The suns gravitational pull and
inertia put it.

SirIsaac Newton 1642-1726

was an Englishphysicistand mathematician

Created the law of gravity after seeing an apple falling in

the ground.

Gravity a force of attraction that exist between any two

masses

bodies or particles. It is the attraction that exist between two objects

Newtons Law of Gravity

Newton's laws of motion / Inertia

Newtons Law of Gravity

states

that any two bodies in the universe

attract each other with a force that is
directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them

Objects

of greater mass have a stronger pull of

gravity
As

distance increases, the force of gravity

decreases.

The

speed of a planet increases at perihelion due to

an increase in the pull of gravity.

Newton's laws of motion / Inertia

describe

the relationship between a body and theforces

acting upon it, and itsmotionin response to said forces
First

Law: an object either remains at rest or continues to move at

a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an externalforce

Second

Law: greater the mass of an object, the more force it will

take to accelerate the object

Third

Law: for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite

reaction (force).

Gravity and Inertia

Inertia

causes a planet to move in a

straight line.
Gravity pulls a planet toward the sun.

2. The annual journey of the earth around the sun is

called

a. rotation
b. revolution
c. transition
d. precession

What are the two main motion of earth?

Rotation circular movement of an object around the

center of rotation. (rotational, axis, spinning)

Earth's rotation is the rotation of the planet Earth around its own
axis

The Earth rotates from West towards the East.

If we look down at the Earth's North Pole from space we can

notice that the direction of rotation is counter-clockwise.

One rotation completes in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds.

tilted at 23.5 degrees from perpendicular to the plane of our orbit

tilted at 23.5 degrees from perpendicular to

the plane of our orbit

Angular Rate of Rotation:

THINK one complete rotation

a. 360 degrees

b. 24 hours

Rate = 3600/24 hours = 150/hour

Effects of the Earth

(Day and NIght)

Apparent daily motion of the sun

a. Earth rotates from WEST to EAST

b. Sun appears to move in an arc from EAST to WEST

2. Revolution orbiting of one object to another

object.

Earth completes one complete revolution around the Sun

in 365 days, 5 hours, 45 minutes and 46 seconds.

The path which Earth takes around the Sun is called

Earths Orbit.

The Earth's orbit around the Sun is not circular, but oval or
elliptical.

The orbiting of one celestial body around another celestial

body.

 Earths Angular
360
365

Rate of Revolution

degrees

days

Rate

= 3600/365 days ~ = 10/day

Effects of Earths Revolution

A.

Nighttime constellations change in a yearly cycle.

B.

Constellation groups of stars that form patterns of imaginary things such

as animals, legendary heroes, and mythological gods

C.

Zodiac a band of 12 constellations that forms a background for the Sun

as seen from the revolving Earth.

D.

Seasons Yearly Cycle

Causes:

Earth revolves around the sun

Earth is tilted/inclined on axis 23 1/2o

Earths axis always points in the same direction

Trivia
Speed

of 108,000 km/h
Rotates 24hrs
Perihelion 147,098,074 km (6.9% solar
energy) January 3
Aphelion 152, 097,701 km June 4

6. A planets elliptical orbit means that

the planet
a. keeps the same distance
b. is very near the sun
c. is very far from the sun
d. gets nearer and farther from the sun

Johannes Keppler (1611)

Proposed the Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific

laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.
1.

Planet moves in an elliptical orbit

2.

Planet will cover equal areas in its orbit in an equal amount of

time.

3.

Period of revolution around the sun is related to its distance from

the sun. (The farther the planet in the sun the longer it will take
to go around the sun.)

Earths Orbit
Perihelion

point in a planets orbit when it is closes

to the sun (Kinetic energy highest-Potential Energy
Higest Velocity Increases)

Aphelion

Point of a Planet when it is the farthest to

the sun. (Potential energy lowest-kinetic energy
lowest, Velocity decreases)

When the vertical rays of the sun strike the equator,

the whole earth will have

a. equals day and night

b. longer days and shorter nights
c. longer night an shorter days
d. shorter nights and shorter days

8. In summer, we see the sun rise early and set late.

Why?

a. The tilt is neither away or toward the

sun.
b.The tilt of the axis is away from the
sun.
c. The tilt of the axis toward the sun.
d. The tilt is changing in degrees.

9. The seasons of the year change mainly because of

a. changing wind direction in summer and

winter.
b. changing speed of earths revolution.
c. the inclination of the axis and revolution.
d. the elliptical orbit of the earth and
revolution.

10. Exactly how long does it take for the trip around
the sun?

a. 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 sec

b. 362 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 45 sec
c. 365 and days
d. 364 days

11. What dangerous rays kill space travelers?

a. X-rays
b. Radio waves
c. Gamma rays
d. Cosmic rays

12. It is the length of time between two consecutive

vernal equinoxes - 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46
seconds. This

a. Sidereal year
b. Calendar year
c. Solar year
d. Tropical year

Solstices and Equinoxes

Solstices One of two point of Ecliptic at which the sun is the furthest
from the celestial equator. The day is either shortest or longest.

Equinoxes The intersection of the ecliptic with the celestial

equator. Nearest

The summer solstice is the solstice that occurs on June 21 or 22 in the

Northern Hemisphere and is the official first day of summer

The winter solstice is the solstice that occurs on December 21 or 22 in the

Northern Hemisphere and is the official first day of winter.

The autumnal equinox is the equinox that occurs on September 22 or 23 in

the Northern Hemisphere

The spring equinox is the equinox that occurs on March 21 or 22 in the

Northern Hemisphere.

13. The sun never sets at summer time in this part of

the earth

a. Northern hemisphere
b. Southern hemisphere
c. North of Arctic Circle
d. South of Antarctic Circle

14. The sun never sets at summer time in this part of

the earth

a. Northern hemisphere
b. Southern hemisphere
c. North of Arctic Circle
d. South of Antarctic Circle

15. The ground water which accumulates above the aquifer underground has
many sources. Which of the following is a source of this kind of water?

a. Flood water
b. Meteoric water
c. Connate water
d. Magnetic water

16. A type of barometer used to measure approximate

altitude above the earths surface is the

a. barograph
b. altimeter
c. mercurial barometer
d. aneroid barometer

17. Because of the earths rotation on air movement, the path of things that
move over the earth tends to curve sidewise. This is known as

a. coriolis effect
b. doldrums
c. circumpolar whirl
d. mountain breeze

18. At night, the land cools faster than

the water, then the wind
a. sea breeze
b. land breeze
c. valley breeze
d. mountain breeze

19. A type of front is formed when moving cold air mass

wedges its way under a warm air mass. It is called

a. cold front
b. warm front
c. stationary front
d. violent front

FRONTS
1.

Stationary front -A front that is not

moving.
Leading edge of warmer air
that is replacing cooler air.

2.

Warm front

Gradual

Onset

Warm

Air over Cool Air

Little

Turbulence

Weather

Rarely Violent

2. Cold front

Leading edge of colder air that is replacing warmer air.

Abrupt Onset

Cold Air Lifting Warm Air

Considerable Turbulence

Weather Sometimes Violent

Thunderstorms Common

Can Spawn Tornadoes

3. Occluded Front

When a cold front catches up to a warm front.

Two fronts merge

Any two types of front can occlude

Most common: Cold Front overtakes Warm Front

Starts off like a warm front, finishes like a cold front

20. In a swimming pool, as we go deeper, water

pressure

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. is balanced

21. What characteristic do air, water and minerals

have in common?

a. They contain atoms

b. Their atoms are close together
c. Their atoms are moving at the same
speed
d. Their atoms are separate from great
distance

22. Due to the sinking of the faulting in the islands, huge sea waves
rose and swept four towns into the sea. These are called

a. Tsunamis
b. Isostasies
c. sea quakes
d. fissures

23. The nearest galaxy to the Milky Way

is
a. Andromeda
c. Large Magellanic Cloud
b. Sirius
d. Cygnus

24. A mountain cannot be formed by

a. volcanic eruption
b. folding
c. faulting
d. weathering

25. When the moon is between the earth and the sun,
we experience a

a. Lunar eclipse
b. Solar eclipse
c. Full moon
d. New moon

Eclipses of the Sun & Moon

Lunar Eclipses

Moon passes through the Earth's shadow

Total, Partial, & Penumbral lunar eclipses

Solar Eclipses

Earth passes through the Moon's shadow

Total, Partial, & Annular solar eclipses

The Eclipse Year

How often do eclipses occur?

Umbra and Penumbra

Because the Sun appears as a disk ~1/2 across, Sun shadows are fuzzy
rather than sharp.

This means shadows cast by the Earth & Moon are two-part shadows:

Umbra: Inner core of total darkness

The disc of the Sun is completely blocked.

Penumbra: Outer, partial shadow

Sun's disc is only partly blocked, with a bit peeking over the edge.

Lunar Eclipses

Lunar Eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth.

They only occur during Full Moon when the Earth is between the Moon and the
Sun.

The Earth's umbra is ~1.4 Million km long:

About 3.7x the mean Earth-Moon distance.

Umbra's width is 9000 km at the distance of the Moon, or ~2.6x the Moon's
diameter.

The Earth's umbra is not totally dark because of light scattered by the Earth's
transparent atmosphere. This gives the fully eclipsed Moon a slightly ruddy
appearance (think about how the Sun looks reddish at sunset or sunrise).

Total Lunar Eclipse:

Entire Moon is within the Earth's umbra.

Can spend up to 1h 40m in the umbra

Whole show can last ~6 hours

Partial Lunar Eclipse:

Only part of the Moon enters the umbra.

Penumbral Eclipse:

Moon misses the umbra completely, only passes through the penumbral shadow

Solar Eclipses

Solar Eclipses occur when the Earth passes through the shadow of the Moon.

Solar Eclipses only occur duringNew Moon, when the Moon is between the
Earth and the Sun.

The Moon's umbra is only 380,000 km long:

Just long enough for the tip to touch the Earth.

But not large enough to cover the entire Earth.

Solar Eclipses can be seen only where the shadow passes overhead.

Total Solar Eclipse:

The observer is inside the Moon's umbra.

The Moon completely covers the Sun.

Partial Solar Eclipse:

The observer is inside the Moon's penumbra.

Only see part of the Sun covered by the Moon.

Annular Eclipse:

The Moon is at or near apogee, and so is too small to cover the Sun.

The Moon's umbra does not touch the Earth, so observer's in the shadow path see the Sun as a ring
("annulus").

Why are eclipses rare?

If the Moon's orbit were exactly aligned with the Ecliptic, we would see

A solar eclipse every New Moon

A lunar eclipse every Full Moon

But, this clearly does not happen. Why?

The moon's orbit is tilted ~5 from the Ecliptic.

Where the moon's orbit crosses the Ecliptic defines the "Line of Nodes"

Eclipse Year

The Line of Nodes align with the Sun every 346.6 days. This is called the "Eclipse Year".

But, it must be a Full or New Moon when the nodes line up to have an eclipse. This happens only
very rarely.

From a given location on the Earth you see.

a Total Lunar Eclipse every 3 years (or so).

a Total Solar Eclipse every 360 years.

Next Total Solar Eclipse near Columbus:

2017 August 21, totality crosses through southern Illinois and western Kentucky

Note that I define "near" to be within a day's drive of Columbus, OH.

The next Total Solar Eclipse visible from Columbus proper will be on 2099 Sept 14.

Eclipse duration will be about 4 minutes in Columbus.

Tell your great-grandkids.

26. Energy from the underground hot springs is utilized in power plants
located in Tiwi, Albay and Mt. Makiling, Laguna. This energy is called

a. nuclear energy
b. hydroelectric energy
c. dendrothermal energy
d. geothermal energy

27. The thinning of the ozone layer is

due to the use of
a. weed killers and insecticide.
b. hydrocarbons like gasoline.
c. supersonic transport and aerosol
sprays.
d. mercury in gold mines

28. As soon as the planets make its regular trip around

the sun, what unit of time is completed?

a. Day
b. Night
c. Year
d. Month

29. An eclipse occurs when the sun, moon and earth are in the same
line. Which of the following statements explain this?

a. Light travels in straight line.

b. Light can be refracted.
c. The speed and direction of light can
be reflected.
d. Light can be reflected.

30. Which part of the sun is visible during the total

solar eclipse?

a. Photosphere
b. Corona
c. Chromosphere
d. Reversing layer

SUN
is

the star at the center of the solar system

Hot

plasma interwave with the magnetic field.

Diameter

1,392,684 km.

Mass

1.989X1030 kilogram or 330, 000X of earth (99.8%

total mass of solar system)

hydrogen and other is helium

Age

4.6 billions of years (gravitational collapse)

Layer of the Sun (Sphere)

Core

innermost centered layer of the sun. Plasma 27

million degree Celsius
In

the core, nuclear reactions combine hydrogen atoms to

form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy in the
process.

Nuclear

fusion reactions The merging together of the nuclei

of atoms to form new, heavier chemical

elements;

huge amounts of nuclear energy are released in

the process.

Generate

energy by converting hydrogen to helium. Fusion is

a process where the nuclei of atoms join together to form a
heavier chemical element. Fusion reactions in the Suns core
produce energy, which we experience as heat and light

Radiative Zone just outside the core (temp 7 million )

Photons-particle of light few millimeters before hit another

particle
(50 million years before reaching radiative zone)

Convection Zone surrounds the radioactive zone

In the convection zone, hot material from near the Suns center
rises, cools at the surface, and then plunges back downward to
receive more heat from the radiative zone.

The Suns Atmosphere

The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun

This is the region of the Sun that emits sunlight.

Its also one of the coolest layers of the Sun (6700 degree centigrade)

Sunlight is emitted from the Suns photosphere.

The chromosphere is the zone about 2,000 kilometers thick that lies directly above the photosphere.

The chromosphere is a thin region of the Suns atmosphere that glows red as it is heated by energy
from the photosphere

Temp 4000oC to about 10,000oC

The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun and is the outermost part of its atmosphere

is the Suns halo or crown

It has a temperature of 2 to 5 million degrees Celsius and is much hotter than the visible surface of
the Sun

31. Latitude is measured from

a. the prime meridian
b. the north pole
c. the equator
d. Greenwich, England

32. Which process IS NOT intended primary to

decrease soil erosion?

a. Strip cropping
b. Contour plowing
c. Soil creep
d. Crop rotation