MICROBIOLOGY

LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

MICROBIOLOGY
I. Definition
II. Brief History of Microbiology
III. Basic Fields of Microbiology
IV. Divisions of Microbiology
V. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell

DEFINITION
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

I. DEFINITION
MICROBIOLOGY
The

scientific study of microscopic

organisms and viruses, and their

roles in human disease as well as

beneficial processes.

I. DEFINITION
MICROORGANISMS

A microscopic form of life

including bacterial, fungal,

and protozoal cells.

I. DEFINITION
MICROORGANISMS

BRIEF HISTORY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

I. BRIEF HISTORY
ROBERT HOOKE

English natural philosopher (the term scientist was not

coined until 1833), was one of the most inventive and
ingenious minds in the history of science.

As the Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society of

London, Hooke was the first to take advantage of the
magnification abilities of the compound microscope.

Although these microscopes only magnified about 25 times

(25x), Hooke's observations of thin slices of cork showed that
these slices consisted of "a great many little boxes"

I. BRIEF HISTORY

MICROGRAPHIA
This book contained Hooke's descriptions of

microscopes and was filled with stunning

handdrawn illustrations, including the first
microorganism (a common bread mold)
made from the objects he saw with his
microscope.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

CORK SLICE
He called the empty, enclosed spaces cella-

from which today we have the word cell.

I. BRIEF HISTORY
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Contemporary of Hooke, was a successful tradesman

Cloth merchant
First to observed microbes
Present his animacules
to the Royal Society

I. BRIEF HISTORY

SIMPLE MICROCOPE
Microscope of Anton van Leeuwenhoek

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ANIMACULES
Leeuwenhoeks drawing on animacules

(bacterial cells)

I. BRIEF HISTORY
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

In the early 1600s, most naturalists were

"vitalists," individuals who thought life depended
on a mysterious "vital force" that pervaded all
organisms. This force provided the basis for the
doctrine of SPOTANEOUS GENERATION.

It suggested that organisms could arise from where

there was purefaction and decay.

I. BRIEF HISTORY
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Regarding the latter, Leeuwenhoek suggested that

maggots did not arise from wheat grains, but rather
from tiny eggs laid in the grain that he could see in
his microscope.

Such divergent observation required a new form f

investigation EXPERIMENTATION and new
generation of experimental naturalist arose.

I. BRIEF HISTORY
FRANCESCO REDI
Performed one of historys first
biological experiments to see if
maggots could arise
from rotting meat.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

REDIS EXPERIMENT
The idea of spontaneous generation could

produce larger living creatures soon

subsided.
However, what about the mysterious and
minute animacules that appeared to straddle
the boundary between the non-living and
living world?
1668

I. BRIEF HISTORY
LOUIS PASTEUR

1859

Disproved the Spontaneous Generation through his

experiment in many years

I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 1

I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2A

I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2B

SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN

MICROBIOLOGY
INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Fracostoro

Mid-1500s

Contagion passes among individuals,

objects, and air

Hooke

Late-1600s

The compound microscope is used for

magnifying small objects;
reproductive structures of a mold
observed and described

Fabricius

Early 1700s

Fungi cause diseases in plants

Jablot

Early 1700s

Various forms of protozoa observed

Needham

Mid-1700s

Animalcules in broth arise by

spontaneous generation

Spallanzani

Mid-1700s

Heat destroys animalcules in broth

Jenner

Late 1700s

Vaccination against smallpox is

successful

SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN

MICROBIOLOGY
INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ehrenberg

Early-1800s

Many of the microscopic

animalcules are called
bacteria

Henle

Mid-1800s

Living organisms could

cause disease

Semmelweis

Mid-1800s

Chlorine hand washing

prevents disease spread

Snow

Mid-1800s

Water is involved in
disease transmission

Pasteur

Mid-1800s

Spontaneous generation
does not occur

SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN

MICROBIOLOGY
INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ehrenberg

Early-1800s

Many of the microscopic

animalcules are called
bacteria

Henle

Mid-1800s

Living organisms could

cause disease

Semmelweis

Mid-1800s

Chlorine hand washing

prevents disease spread

Snow

Mid-1800s

Water is involved in
disease transmission

Pasteur

Mid-1800s

Spontaneous generation
does not occur

THE CLASSICAL
GOLDEN AGE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

I. BRIEF HISTORY
LOUIS PASTEUR

Proved that yeast are the organisms that are responsible for
the chemical process of wine fermentation

I. BRIEF HISTORY
LOUIS PASTEUR

Germ Theory of Disease

He recommended a practical solution for the wine disease

problem: heat the grape juice to destroy all the evidence of
life.

PASTEURIZATION

Heating technique to kill the pathogens

I. BRIEF HISTORY
LOUIS PASTEUR

His experiment demonstrated that yeast and bacterial cells

are tiny, living factories in which important chemical changes
takes place.

Infections could cause disease- GERMS

I. BRIEF HISTORY
ROBERT KOCH

He developed methods of staining bacterial cells and

preparing permanent visual records.

In 1877, he accepted an appointment to the Imperial Health

Office, and while there, he observed a sliced potato on which
small masses of bacterial cells, which he termed colonies,
were growing and multiplying.

I. BRIEF HISTORY
ROBERT KOCH

He tried adding gelatin to his broth to prepare a solid culture

surface in a culture (Petri) dish.

He innoculated bacterial cells on the surface and set the dish

aside to incubate.

Withing 24 hours, visible colonies were present on the

surface.

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Joseph Lister (1865)

Great Britain

Developed the principles of aseptic

surgery

Otto Obermeier (1868)

Germany

Observed bacterial cells in relapsing

fever patients

Ferdinand Cohn (1872)

Germany

Established bacteriology as a science;

produced the first bacterial taxonomy
scheme

Gerhard Hansen (1873)

Norway

Observed bacterial cells in leprosy

patients

Ernst Karl Abbe (1878)

Germany

Developed the oil-immersion lens and

Abbe condenser for the compound
microscope

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Friedrich Loeffler (1883)

Germany

Isolated diphtheria bacillus

Georg Gaffky (1884)

Germany

Cultivated the typhoid bacillus

Hans Christian Gram

(1884)

Denmark

Introduced staining system to

identify bacterial cells

Elie Metchnikoff (1884)

Ukraine

Described phagocytosis

Paul Ehrlich (1885)

Germany

Suggested some dyes might control

bacterial infections

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Daniel E. Salmon (1886)

United States

Studied swine plague

Emile Roux and

Alexandre Yersin (1888)

France

Identified the diphtheria tOxin

Shibasaburo Kitasato
(1889)

Japan

Isolated the tetanus bacillus

Emilvon Behring (1890)

Germany

Developed the diphtheria antitoxin

Sergius Winogradsky
(1891)

Russia

Studied the biochemistry of soil

bacteria

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Dimitri Ivanowsky
(1892)

Russia

Studied tobacco mosaic disease from

which he
isolated a filterable agent

Richard Pfeiffer (1892)

Germany

Identified a cause of meningitis

William Welch (1892)

United States

Isolated the gas gangrene bacillus

Theobald Smith (1893)

United States

Proved that ticks transmit Texas fever

Masaki Ogata (1897)

Japan

Discovered that rat fleas transmit

plague

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ronald Ross (1898)

Great Britain

Showed mosquitoes can transmit

malaria

Kiyoshi Shiga (1898)

Japan

Isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery

Martinus Beijerinck
(1899)

Netherlands

microbiology and provided some of

the first clues for viruses as infectious
agents

Walter Reed (1901)

United States

Studied mosquito transmission of

yellow fever
in Cuba

David Bruce (1903)

Great Britain

Proved that tsetse flies transmit

sleeping sickness

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR

TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Almroth Wright (1903)

Great Britain

Described opsonins to assist

phagocytosis

Jules Bordet (1906)

France

Described opsonins to assist

phagocytosis

Albert Calmette (1906)

France

Developed immunization process for

tuberculosis

Howard Ricketts (1906)

United States

Showed that ticks transmit Rocky

Mountain
spotted fever

Charles Nicolle (1909)

France

Proved that lice transmit typhus fever

BASIC FIELDS OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

VIROLOGY

PROTOZOOLOGY

MYCOLOGY

PHYCOLOGY

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY
Study of Bacteria and Archea

Today, it is estimated that there may be more than 10 million bacterial

species. Most are very small, single-celled organisms (although some
form filaments, and many associated in a bacterial mass called a
"biofilm").
Based on recent biochemical and molecular studies, these bacterial
species have been divided into two domains, called the Bacteria and the
Archaea.

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

VIROLOGY
Study of Virus

Although not correctly labeled as microorganisms, currently there are

more than 3,600 known types of viruses.
Viruses are not cellular; rather, they have a core of nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Among the features
used to identify viruses are morphology (size, shape), genetic
material (RNA, DNA), and biological properties (organism or tissue
infected).

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

MYCOLOGY
Study of Fungi

The fungi include the unicellular yeasts and the multicellular mushrooms
and molds.
Most fungi grow best in warm, moist places and secrete digestive
enzymes that break down nutrients into smaller bits that can be
absorbed easily Fungi thus live in their own food supply.

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

Study of parasitic
protozoan and
parasitic animals

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PROTOZOOLOGY

Study of Protozoa

The protista consist of singlecelled protozoa and algae. Some are free
living others live in association with plants or
animals.
Locomotion may be achieved by flagella or cilia, or by a crawling
movement.

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PHYCOLOGY

Study of algae

DIVISION OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY

DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY

PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELL
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

PROKARYOTES
A microorganism in the domain Bacteria or

Archaea composed of single cells having a single

chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membranebound compartments;

PROKARYOTIC CELL
Referring to cells or organisms having a single

chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membranebound compartments.

EUKARYOTE
An organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus with

multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and

membrane bound compartments

EUKARYOTIC CELL
Referring to a

cell or organism
containing a cell
nucleus with
multiple
chromosomes, a
nuclear
envelope, and
membranebound
compartments.

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES:

THE SIMILARITIES IN
ORGANIZATION PATTERNS
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

GENETIC ORGANIZATION
All have a similar genetic organization whereby the

hereditary material is communicated or expressed.

The organizational pattern for the hereditary

material is in the chromosome.

COMPARTMENTATION
All prokaryotes and eukaryotes have an

organizational pattern separating the internal

compartments from the surrounding environment
but allowing for the exchange of solutes and waste.

METABOLIC ORGANIZATION
The process of metabolism is a consequence of

compartentation. By being enclosed by a membrane,

all cells have internal envirnonment in which
chemical reactions occur.
The space is called cytoplasm.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
All organisms must make proteins, are workhorses

of cells and organisms. The structure common to all

prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the ribosome, an
RNA-protein machine that cranks out proteins based
on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA.

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES:

THE STRUCTURAL DISTINCTIONS
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION

PROTEIN/LIPID TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
Eukaryotic microbes have a series of

membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytosol

that compose the cell's endomembrane
system, which is designed to transport
protein and lipid cargo through and out of
the cell.
This system includes the endoplasmic

reticulum (ER), which consists of flat

membranes to which are attached (rough ER)
and tubelike membranes without ribosomes
(smooth ER).

Prokaryotes lack an endomembrane system,

yet they are capable of manufacturing and

modifying proteins and lipids just as their
eukaryotic relatives do.
However, many bacterial cells contain so-

called microcompartments surrounded by a

protein shell.

ENERGY METABOLISM

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
In eukaryotic microbes, this occurs in the

cytosol and in membrane-enclosed

organelles called mitochondria.

Bacterial and archaeal cells lack

mitochondria; they use the cytosol and

cell membrane to complete the energy
converting process.

CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is organized into

an interconnected system of fibers, threads,

and interwoven molecules that give structure
to the cell and assist in the transport of
materials throughout the cell.

Prokaryotes to date have no physical

cytoskeleton, although proteins related to

those that construct microtubules and actin
filaments aid in determining the shape in
some bacterial cells.

EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

ORGANELLES/
CHARACTERISTICS

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Size of Cell

Typically 0.2-2.0 m

Typically 10-100 m

Nucleus

No Nucleus

Have Nucleus

DNA

Exist as Single, Circular

Strand

Exist as many strands

Location of DNA

Located in the
nucleotide, an area
without a protective
membrane

The nuclear envelope

surrounds the nucleus,
regulating what goes in
and out

Chromosomes

Have chromosomes

Have Chromosomes

EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

ORGANELLES/
CHARACTERISTICS

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Organelles

Have no organelles
wrapped in membranes

Organelles are wrapped in

membranes

Size of Cell

Smaller

Bigger

Ribosomes

They have smaller

ribosomes

They have bigger

ribosomes

Microtubules in their
Flagella

Do not have Microtubules

in their Flagella

They have Microtubules in

their Flagella /Cilia

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is

made of peptidoglycans,
or protein sugar.

The plasma membranes

are made of phospholipid

Microtubules in their
Flagella

Do not have Microtubules

in their Flagella

They have Microtubules in

their Flagella /Cilia

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is

made of peptidoglycans,
or protein sugar.

The plasma membranes

are made of phospholipid