CHAIN BLOCK

The most important thing to remember is that heavy

items have mass and mass equals energy.
It may not be obvious but you know if you drop
something heavy on your foot it will hurt.
But it may do more than hurt.
An anvil, swage block or milling vise dropped on one's
foot could break numerous bones, disable and cause
considerable expense.

There are three types of chain hoist.

Differential,
Lever Ratchet, and
Handchain.

Differential Hoists
These use a continuos loop of chain and a double
chainwheel at the top with different number of pockets on
the two sides. The lower "hook" wheel has grooves to ride
on the chain but no pockets.
As the chain is pulled around the inner load loop gets
smaller or larger by the difference in the number of
pockets on the chainwheel (the differential).
As the lifting loop gets shorter the hand loop gets longer
and vise versa. This is a bit of an inconvenience but the
mechanism is as simple as they get.

Differential Hoists

Lever Ratchet Hoists

These are small portable units with capacities up to 5 tons
but the common ones are rated 1/2 or 1 ton. The ratchet
handle operates simple gears that pull a short load chain.
The load is supported by a disk type friction brake similar
to an automotive clutch disk held by a paw and sprocket
(ratchet). Lifting rotates the brake/clutch on the ratchet.
Lowering releases the pressure on the brake via a multilead screw similar to a brake Bendix.

Lever Ratchet Hoists

Hand Chain Hoists (standard chain hoists)

These operate like the ratchet hoists above except a
chain wheel and loop of hand chain turns the gearing. A
brake holds the load and a ratchet prevents the brake
from rotating one direction. The chainwheel rides on a
screw that loosens the brake when the chain is pulled in
the lowering direction. Most have planetary gearing on
the brake wheel. Chain hoists are made with straight
pulls and compound pulls up to 10 tons or more. Chain
hoist are made in steel, portable aluminium housings,
spark proof materials and corrosion resistant materials.

Hand Chain Hoists

Common Features and Problems

High quality hoists have ball thrust bearings in the
hook to allow rotating the load.
Load hooks have openings parallel to the back.
Properly rated load hooks that have been overloaded
will spring open and not be parallel.
The brakes in industrial duty hoists are large and
sufficient to support the load. A two ton hoist has an
8" to 10" diameter brake. Small import 2 ton hoists
have small 3 to 4 inch brakes that are patently
dangerous. They will slip under partial load without
operation then due to heat rapidly slip more. These are
dangerous junk that have no place in a safe shop.

Hoist Maintenance and Inspection

Chain hoists are durable and long lasting. The only regular
maintenance is inspection, cleaning and lubricating. Chains
should be kept clean and rust free. There are only a few
bearing points that require oiling but these often require
dismantling the hoist. Depending the use this should be done
once a year or two. Since these devices have gears it is
important to keep them sand and grit free. To clean the gears
requires dismantling. Afterwards they should be greased with a
tacky high pressure lube like Never Seize or gear grease.
Hoists that slip should be tagged "out of order" and repaired if
possible. If not they should be scrapped. Chains that are worn,
kinked or stretched should be replaced. Load chains have
gently curved sides that when overloaded become straight and
sometimes stiff to flex. Stretched, straightened chains should
be scraped and replaced. Load chains on hoists that have been
stretched will not run smoothly on their blocks. Snapping or
popping chains are an indication of overloaded chains.

Safety Factors and Testing

Traditional European and North American load lifting equipment has always
had significant safety factors. Most steel crane and hoist parts are rated to be
loaded to a maximum of 10,000 PSI at 1.5 to 2 times the rated load. This
allows almost all parts to be safely made of mild steel. But then the parts are
often made of steels that have five to ten times the strength of mild steel
thus having huge safety factors. These 15 to 20 to one safety factors are
what allows load lifting equipment to snag or catch a dropping load and
safely absorb the inertia of such over loading.
These safety factors should never be assumed or taken advantage of. The
basic 1.5 rating is the amount of test load that is periodically put on
industrial cranes to test them. Private owners and small shops should also
periodically inspect and test their equipment to full or 1.5x capacity and
record the test.
On our large 10 Ton crane a 30,000 pound test load was not often available
but occasionally we would have large assemblies that we normally did not
lift. We would take advantage of these occasions and carefully lift them a few
inches, have folks in the shop witness the lift then carefully put the load
down. One thing we would have to be wary of was that at test load
conditions the crane bridge would deflect more than that 1/4" or less and the
trolley would try to roll to the center of the beam.

Hanging Hoists
Hoists can be hung statically using a loop of chain or
shackle. Movable hoists are hung on a trolley. In either
case the support method should be rated for the capacity
of the hoist.
Trolleys should be hung on an appropriate beam. Crane or
hoist beams are rated by deflection. Deflection should be
1/4" or less at the middle of the beam when fully loaded.
This rule does two things. At 1/4" deflection trolleys do
not roll down hill. At 1/4" deflection the strain on most
beams is well within a safe range.

Operation
A chain hoist is operated by hand. An operator will pull down on
one of the chain loops on one side of the chain.
This will turn a pulley mechanism inside the chain hoist housing.
When this pulley turns, it will lift up the end of the other chain
which usually has a hook on the end.
By pulling down on one chain, the manual hoist is actually able to
increase the mechanical work that is being done.
This is caused by the gear ratio inside the manual chain hoist

Design
Inside the chain hoist housing are two gears. One is smaller than
the other. Most chain hoists use a 20 cm and 25 cm gear. The two
gears are attached, so when one moves, the other moves. The chain
is looped over the smaller gear, and then hangs down in a loop (the
loop you pull on). The chain then continues on over the larger gear
and down to a point or another loop, depending on the type of hoist
you are using. The operator pulls on the section of chain which is
looped over the smaller gear.

Gear Ratios
When someone pulls down the chain as explained in Section 1, the
smaller gear will turn. However, since it is smaller in size, it turns
faster than the larger gear. It makes more rotations than the larger
gear in a cycle. Since the larger gear is turning slower, it creates
more force, in effect transforming the "pull" on the chain into a
larger force. This is a mechanical advantage. An operator can put
less force on the smaller gear, but still lift large objects. That is
because the larger gear transforms that force into a much larger on

Most chain hoists I've seen have two chains. You have the
loop of pull chain which is the one you grab to move the
hook. Next, you have the lifting chain. The end of the
lifting chain typically has a swivel and hook on the end.
The chain goes up to the hoist, and comes out the other
side. Most of the time it loops down, then back up, and
the end is secured to the hoist. When that loop of chain is
gone, you're at your max height.

OBJECTIVE:
A pulley is a simple machine that makes it easier to
lift objects, by requiring less input force. Learn about
the mechanical advantage of pulleys, and how to
calculate the mechanical advantage, based on the
number of rope sections in the pulley system.

PULLEY

In the illustration to the right we have a rope attached

to a load weighing 100kg. The rope has been passed
through a pulley which is attached to an anchor point
and returns back down to ground level.
The amount of effort required to lift the load in this
situation is 100kg so we have not formed any
mechanical advantage. This system has a ratio of 1:1,
additionally for every metre of rope that the user pulls
through the system the load will be raised by a metre.
All this system does is change the direction of where
the effort needs to be put in, instead of pulling the
rope in an upwards direction it can now be pulled
downwards which is usually more efficient. This is
commonly referred to as a directional or redirect pulley.
In this situation the directional or redirect pulley and its
anchor point will actually be feeling double the weight
of the load, as there is the loads weight on one side
and an effort of 100kg needs to be applied on the

If we take a 1:1 system and turn it upside down it

will result in a 2:1 mechanical advantage. Instead
of the pulley being attached to an anchor it is
now attached to the load (pulley A).
On one side of pulley A the rope has been
attached to a fixed anchor point, the rope on the
other side of pulley A has been sent back down
to the ground via a redirect pulley (pulley B)
where the user applies the effort to lift the load.
As the load is being supported by two sections of
rope (via pulley A), each rope will bear half of the
loads weight or 50kg in this example. Pulley A is
being subject to the full weight of the load
(100kg).
The directional or redirect pulley (pulley B)
supports half of the weight of the load (50kg) on
one side but an effort of 50kg is being applied on
the other side to raise the load, so pulley B and
its anchor are actually being loaded with 100kg.

With this 5:1 pulley system the user is

required to apply an effort of only 20kg to
lift the 100kg load. Notice that when the
end of the rope is attached directly to the
load this usually results in a mechanical
advantage with an odd ratio.
When the end of the rope is attached to a
fixed anchor point this will normally result
in a mechanical advantage with an even
ratio.

Ablock and tackle[

is a system of two or morepulleyswith aropeor
cablethreaded between them, usually used to lift or
pull heavy loads.
The pulleys are assembled together to formblocks
and then blocks are paired so that one is fixed and
one moves with the load.
The rope is threaded, or reeved, through the pulleys
to providemechanical advantagethat amplifies that
force applied to the rope.

Various ways of rigging a tackle.

Mechanical advantage
If frictional losses are neglected, the mechanical advantage of a block and
tackle is equal to the number of parts in the line that either attach to or run
through the moving block -- in other words, the number of supporting ropes.
The formula is derived using virtual work in detail in the article "
mechanical advantage".
An ideal block and tackle with a moving block supported by n rope sections has
the mechanical advantage,
where FA is the hauling, or input, force and FB is the load.
The mechanical advantage of a tackle dictates how much easier it is to haul or
lift the load. A double tackle has a mechanical advantage of 4, so it will be able
to lift a 100 N load with only 25 N of tension on the hauling part of the line.
Ideal mechanical advantage correlates directly with velocity ratio. The velocity
ratio of a tackle refers to the relative velocities of the hauling line to the hauled
load. A line with a mechanical advantage of 4 has a velocity ratio of 4:1. In other
words, to raise a load at 1 metre per second, the hauling part of the rope must
be pulled at 4 metres per second. Therefore the mechanical advantage of a
double tackle is 4.

A pulley, also called a sheave or a drum;

Sand Castingmethod. Generally use gray iron or
ductile iron material to cast pulley. We also can
supply cast carbon steel pulley.

A pulley, also called a sheave or a drum, is a

mechanism composed of a wheel on an axle or shaft
that may have a groove between two flanges around
its circumference.
A rope, cable, belt, or chain usually runs over the
wheel and inside the groove, if present.
Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied
force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a
mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational
system of motion.
It is one of the six simple machines.
Two or more pulleys together are called a block and
tackle.

Our manufacture processes:

1.Sand Casting, ResinSand Casting
2. Investment Casting, Lost Wax Casting or Precision
Casting
3. Lost foam casting
4. Die casting.
5. Permanent Casting.
6. CNC Machining.
The material included: cast gray iron, ductile iron,
carbon steel, stainless steel, malleable iron ,brass
alloy and aluminum alloy.

Sand Casting is the most commonly used Casting Process, in the

entire Casting Industry.

The Sand Casting ConceptThe top and the bottom of the mold form
the flask. This top and bottom, are also called the flask assembly, and
this flask assembly "holds the whole thing together." The upper or topmost section of the flask is called the cope, while the bottom of the
flask is called the drag. There is always an impression device, in the
middle of the flask assembly. This is called the pattern. The sand
around the pattern is called the, holding medium.
These are the basic, universal casting components, which can be applied
to all Casting and Molding Processes.
To cast an object, the mold maker, uses the pattern to make the
impression in the holding medium, the sand. He then sets the pattern
aside. At that point, the molder closes the cope and drag, to complete
the flask, and forms the mold, with the impression of the pattern
captured in the sand. What the mold maker wants, is the potential
"CASTING" or the void left from the impression of the pattern, in
middle of the sand. To get that "CASTING," the mold maker fills that
void with a molten material; which could be almost anything, but here
just imagine the material is aluminum.

Casting a component

Wire ropeis a type ofropewhich consists of several

strands of metalwirelaid (or 'twisted') into ahelix.
Initiallywrought ironwires were used, but todaysteel
is the main material used for wire ropes.
Historically wire rope evolved from steel chains which
had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in
chain links or solid steel bars can lead to catastrophic
failure, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are
less critical as the other wires easily take up the load.
Friction between the individual wires and strands, as a
consequence of their twist, further compensates for
any flaws.

Wires:
Steel wires for wire ropes are normally made of nonalloy carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.4 to
0.95%. The tensile forces and to run over sheaves with
relatively small diameters.

Strands
In the so-called cross lay strands, the wires of the
different layers cross each other. In the mostly used
parallel lay strands, the lay length of all the wire
layers is equal and the wires of any two superimposed
layers are parallel, resulting in linear contact. The wire
of the outer layer is supported by two wires of the
inner layer. These wires are neighbours along the
whole length of the strand. Parallel lay strands are
made in one operation. The endurance of wire ropes
with this kind of strand is always much greater than of
those (seldom used) with cross lay strands. Parallel lay
strands with two wire layers have the construction
Filler, Seale or Warrington.

Spiral ropes:
In principle, spiral ropes are round strands as they
have an assembly of layers of wires laid helically over
a centre with at least one layer of wires being laid in
the opposite direction to that of the outer layer. Spiral
ropes can be dimensioned in such a way that they are
non-rotating which means that under tension the rope
torque is nearly zero. The open spiral rope consists
only of round wires. The half-locked coil rope and the
full-locked coil rope always have a centre made of
round wires. The locked coil ropes have one or more
outer layers of profile wires. They have the advantage
that their construction prevents the penetration of dirt
and water to a greater extent and it also protects
them from loss of lubricant. In addition, they have one
further very important advantage as the ends of a
broken outer wire cannot leave the rope if it has the

Safety:
The wire ropes are stressed by fluctuating forces, by
wear, by corrosion and in seldom cases by extreme
forces. The rope life is finite and the safety is only
given by inspection for the detection of wire breaks on
a reference rope length, of cross-section loss as well as
other failures so that the wire rope can be replaced
before a dangerous situation occurs. Installations
should be designed to facilitate the inspection of the
wire ropes.
Lifting installations for passenger transportation
require that a combination of several methods should
be used to prevent a car from plunging downwards.
Elevators must have redundant bearing ropes and a
safety gear. Ropeways and mine hoistings must be
permanently supervised by a responsible manager and
the rope has to be inspected by a magnetic method

Load testingis the process of putting demand on a

system or device and measuring its response. Load
testing is performed to determine a systems behavior
under both normal and anticipated peak load
conditions. It helps to identify the maximum operating
capacity of an application as well as any bottlenecks
and determine which element is causing degradation.
When the load placed on the system is raised beyond
normal usage patterns, in order to test the system's
response at unusually high or peak loads, it is known
asstress testing. The load is usually so great that error
conditions are the expected result, although no clear
boundary exists when an activity ceases to be a load
test and becomes a stress test.

The Safe Working Load

will normally be equal to the Working Load Limit but
in some circumstances it may be less e.g. If the sling
is used in choke hitch SWL=WLL x 0.8 .
Caution
In all cases, where hooks or shackles are used, the
WLL of the hooks and shackles shall not be less
than that of the leg to which they are attached.

Load Chart

Working Load
Limits Tonnes
Angle to
the
vertical

One Leg
Sling
0

Two Leg Sling

0 - 45

Three and Four Leg Sling

>45 - 60

0 - 45

Endless Sling
- Choke Hitch

>45 - 60

Nomin
al
rope
Tensil
Diame
e
ter
n/mm
mm
2

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

Fibre
Core

Steel
Core

1960

0.76

0.82

1.06

1.15

0.76

0.82

1.6

1.72

1.14

1.23

1.22

1.31

1960

0.96

1.04

1.35

1.45

0.96

1.04

2.02

2.18

1.44

1.56

1.54

1.66

10

1960

1.19

1.28

1.66

1.79

1.19

1.28

2.49

2.69

1.78

1.92

1.9

2.05

Load securing, also known ascargo securing, is

the securing ofcargofortransportation. According to
theEuropean CommissionTransportation Department
it has been estimated that up to 25% of accidents
involving trucks can be attributable to inadequate
cargo securing.[1]Cargo that is improperly secured
can cause severe accidents and lead to the loss of
cargo, the loss of lives, the loss of vehicles, or cause
environmental hazards.

Cargo damage because of improperly

Blocking & Bracing

Blocking & bracing is a load securement method utilizing lumber and metal bars to
reduce or inhibit front to rear shifting of freight/cargo. Plastic forms are also used.
Fasteners]
Depending on the type of load and the particular vehicle, large bolts and nails may
be used. These may be on the load itself or on wood blocks used to brace the
load.

Dunnage
Main article:Dunnage
Dunnage for securing cargo has included scrap wood
to fill voids in cargo, wooden boards forming "cribs",
blocking and bracing, and modern mechanical,
spring-loaded post-and-socket systems, Dunnage
segregates cargo in the hold and prevents shifting of
the cargo in response to ship or vehicle motions.

Strapping
Main article: Strapping
Strapping is used to create a transportable unit.[citation needed] Types of strapping
includesteel, polyester, polypropylene, nylon, paper, and composites. The type of
strap used depends on the requirements, for example, strength, elasticity, ability
to withstand various environments, easy of use, safety, and cost.
All types of tensioned strapping, particularly steel, need to be handled carefully
because of potential injury.

Lashing
Lashing is the securing of cargo for transportation with the goal of minimizing
shifting. Items used for lashing include ropes, cables, wires, chains, strapping, and
nets. These items are anchored to the container and tensioned against the cargo.
Another form of lashing used four devices attached to the top of each corner of a
container.[3][4] Lashing is products and methods are governed by various authorities
such as the Association of American Railroads (AAR) for rail transportation in North
America, the international Maritime Organization (IMO) for ocean transportation and
the National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA).

How to order Wire Rope Slings

Please provide the following information while ordering Steel Wire Rope Slings to
quote you the correct product & rate.

Maximum load to be lifted

Type of material to be handled
Type of Sling to be used
Height of lift
Size & Type of terminal
attachments
Number of sling legs required

fitting

Distribution of load on multiple slings

Construction of the steel wire rope
Diameter / Capacity of steel wire
rope. Refer Wire Rope Sling Capacity
Chart.
Effective Length required
Eye Length & Width
A reference to International Standard if
any

proceed as follows:
1.Take the total weight of the load and divide this by the
number of legs supporting the load. For example,
assume a 2000 pound load is to be supported by 2 legs
of a sling. The above will give a total minimum weight on
each leg of the sling of 2000 pounds divided by 2 legs or
1000 pounds.
2.Determine the load factor by observing the load factor
chart below. Ex. Assume that the leg angle will be 60.
The load factor for 60 from the load factor chart is
1.154.
3.Multiply the load factor times the minimum weight to
be supported by the leg, i.e. 1000 pounds times
1.154=1154 pounds. The rated sling capacity needed is
then 2308 (1154x2) pounds in basket capacity to safely
lift the 2000 pound load.
Leg Angle
90
85
80

Load Factor
1.000
1.003
1.015

To calculate the load on a particular sling leg

proceed as follows:
1.Take the total weight of the load and divide this by
the number of legs supporting the load. For example,
assume a 2000 pound load is to be supported by 2 legs
of a sling. The above will give a total minimum weight
on each leg of the sling of 2000 pounds divided by 2
legs or 1000 pounds.
2.Determine the load factor by observing the load
factor chart below. Ex. Assume that the leg angle will
be 60. The load factor for 60 from the load factor
chart is 1.154.
Multiply the load factor times the minimum weight to
be supported by the leg, i.e. 1000 pounds times
1.154=1154 pounds. The rated sling capacity needed
is then 2308 (1154x2) pounds in basket capacity to
safely lift the 2000 pound load.