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Chapter 3 - Types of Rocks & Rock Cycle

A presentation on Rocks and the Rock Cycle

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Mariyela Mari
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128 views

Chapter 3 - Types of Rocks & Rock Cycle

A presentation on Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Uploaded by

Mariyela Mari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earth Science

Prof. Ariel T. Capati


Institute of Education
FEU - Manila

Types of Rock &


Rock Cycle

What are Rocks?

A rock is a naturally occurring


solid mixture of one or more
minerals, or organic matter

Rocks are classified by how they


are formed, their composition,
and texture

Rocks change over time through


the rock cycle

Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock begins as magma.
Magma can form:

When rock is heated


When pressure is released
When rock changes composition

Magma freezes between


700 C and 1,250 C

Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm

Igneous Rocks
Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium,
silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no
crystals

Igneous Rocks
Coarse-Grained

Fine-Grained

Felsic

Granite

Rhyolite

Mafic

Gabbro

Basalt

Igneous Rocks

Intrusive Igneous Rocks:


magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the
Earths surface

Extrusive Rocks: forms when


magma erupts onto the
Earths surface (lava), cools
quickly with very small or no
crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusiv
e.html&edu=high&fr=t

Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from
the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so
rapidly that crystals do not form.

Is this rock Felsic


or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?
Is this rock
Intrusive or
Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary

rock is formed by

erosion
Sediments are moved from
one place to
another
Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older
ones
on the bottom
The layers become compacted

http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.ht
m

Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or


near the Earths surface
No heat and pressure involved

Strata layers of rock

Stratification the process in


which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers

Sedimentary Rock
Clastic made of fragments of
rock cemented together with
calcite
or often
quartz
Breccia
is a term most
used for clastic sedimentary
rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments (over
two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the
large angular fragments can
be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral
cement that binds the rock
together.

Sedimentary Rock
Chemical sedimentary minerals
crystallize out of solution to
Limestone
is a sedimentary
become
rock
rock composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in
the form of the mineral calcite.
It most commonly forms in
clear, warm, shallow marine
waters.
It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal debris.

Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary remains
of plants and animals
Coal
is
an
organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation and
preservation
of
plant
materials, usually in a swamp
environment.
Coal is a combustible rock
and along with oil and natural
gas it is one of the three
most important fossil fuels.

Metamorphic Rock
Meaning to change
shape
Changes with
temperature
and pressure, but
remains
solid
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.ht
m

Metamorphic Rocks

Contact Metamorphism heated by nearby magma


Increased temperature changes the composition of the
rock, minerals are changed into new minerals

Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated


metamorphic
rock
produced
by
contact
metamorphism
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.

Metamorphic Rocks

Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic


rock produced by contact metamorphism.
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.

Metamorphic Rocks

Regional Metamorphism
pressure builds up in rocks
that is deep within the Earth

Large pieces of the Earths


crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and
pressure

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html
&edu=high&fr=t

Metamorphic Rock

Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat


minerals

Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of
granular mineral
grains.
It typically
contains abundant
quartz or feldspar

Metamorphic Rock

Non-Foliated mineral grains are not


arranged in plains or bands

Marble is a nonfoliated metamorphic


rock that is produced
from
the
metamorphism
of
limestone.
It
is
composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.

Metamorphic Rock

Determine if the following rock samples are


foliated or non-foliated:

Amphibolite

Quartzite

Phyllite
Foliated

Source

22

http://tinyurl.com/cubdns

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