General Packet Radio Service

(GPRS)
Petteri Lappalainen
23.11.1998
IP Tech School
Seminar Presentation
Based on the material by
Tuomas Niemel (-97), Hannu H. Kari (-98) and ETSI

Wireless roadmap

Contents
1. Introduction to GPRS
What is GPRS ?
GPRS characteristics
Applications
2. GPRS architecture
Network elements
3. GPRS Operations
Radio interface
resource reservation
Security operations
Connecting to GPRS
Data transfer
Mobility management
Interworking with GSM
services

4. Special issues
SMS
Charging
O&M
Supplementary services
QoS
Performance
5. GPRS business view
What must be invested
How to make money with
GPRS
Users' benefits of GPRS
Business model

6. GPRS specifications

1. Introduction to GPRS
1.1. What is GPRS ?
1.2. GPRS access interfaces and reference points
1.3. How is GPRS seen by external networks and GPRS
users
1.4. Air interface resources
1.5. GPRS characteristics
1.6. Applications

1.1. What is GPRS ?

Part of GSM phase 2+
General Packet Radio Service

General -> not restricted to GSM use

Packet Radio -> enables packet mode communication

over air
Service, not System -> existing BSS (partially also NSS)
infrastructure is used

Requires many new network elements into NSS

Provides connections to external packet data networks

(Internet, X.25)
Main benefits

Resources are reserved only when needed and charged

accordingly
Connection setup times are reduced
Enables new service opportunities

1.2. GPRS access interfaces and

reference points
R reference point
TE

MT

MS

Um

Gi reference point
GPRS network 1

PDNs or
other networks

Gp

GPRS network 2

GPRS provides packet switched connections from MS to

packet data networks (PDN)
Different operators GPRS networks are connected
through Gp interface

1.3. How is GPRS seen by external

networks and GPRS users?
HOST
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .5 5

GPRS
SUBNETW ORK
SUBNETW ORK
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .X X X
" R o u te r "
SUBNETW ORK
1 3 1 .4 4 .1 5 .X X X

SUBNETW ORK
1 9 1 .2 0 0 .4 4 .X X X

C o r p o r a te 1
R o u te r

HOST
1 9 1 .2 0 0 .4 4 .2 1

Local
a re a
n e tw o r k

P acket
D a ta
nn ee twt wo rok r k

R o u te r

C o r p o r a te 2

( In te r n e t)

Local
a re a
n e tw o r k

HOST
1 3 1 .4 4 .1 5 .3

1.4. Air interface resources

An example of occupied TCH
capacity by CS traffic during
busy hour with n% blocking
GPRS "steals" any TCH
capacity not used by CS
traffic

14

Free
Capacity

12
10
8
TCH
6
4

14

12

Capacity occupied by CS traffic

TCH

10
8

1:00 PM

4
2
0
3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00

1:15 PM

1:30 PM

1:45 PM

1.5. GPRS characteristics

GPRS uses packet switched resource allocation
resources allocated only when data is to be
sent/received
Flexible channel allocation
one to eight time slots
available resources shared by active users
up and down link channels reserved separately
GPRS and circuit switched GSM services can use
same time slots alternatively
Traffic characteristics suitable for GPRS
Intermittent, bursty data transmissions
Frequent transmissions of small volumes of data
Infrequent transmission of larger volumes of data

1.6. Applications

Standard data network protocol based

GPRS specific protocol based

SMS delivery (GPRS as a bearer for SMS)

IP based applications
WWW, FTP, Telnet, ...
Any conventional TCP/IP based applications
X.25 based applications
Packet Assembly/Disassembly (PAD) type approach
Point-to-point applications
Toll road system
Point-to-multipoint applications
Weather info, road traffic info, news

2. GPRS architecture
2.1. Interfaces, reference points and network elements
2.2. Functional view on GPRS
2.3. Subscription of GPRS service
2.4. New network elements
2.4.1. GGSN
2.4.2. SGSN
2.4.3. Other elements
2.4.4. GPRS backbones
2.5. GPRS Mobile classes
2.6. MS multislot capabilities

2.1. Interfaces, reference points and

network elements
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
MAP-H

SM-SC
MAP-C

Gd
MSC/VLR
Gs

A
TE

MT
R

MAP-D

Gb
BSS

Um

HLR
Gc

Gr
SGSN

Gp

Gi
PDN

GGSN
Gn

MAP-F
EIR

GGSN
Other PLMN
Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

TE

2.2. Functional view on GPRS

BTS
R/S

Um

Packet
network
PSTN

BSC

MSC
Gb

Packet
Inter-PLMN
network
Backbone
network

Serving GPRS
Support Node
Gn
(SGSN)
Border
Gateway (BG)
Intra-PLMN
backbone
network
(IP based)
Gp
Firewall Point-ToMultipoint
Service
Center
(PTM SC)

Gn

Gr

Gs
Gd

Gr
Packet
SS7
network
Network

Gs
GPRS
INFRASTRUCTURE

HLR/AuC

Gd

EIR

Corporate 1
Server

MAP-F
Router

Gateway GPRS
Support Node
(GGSN)

Firewall

Gi.IP
Gi.X.25
Firewall

Data
Packet
network
network
(X.25)

SMS-GMSC

Data
Packet
network
network
(Internet)

Local
area
network

Corporate 2
Server

Router

Local
area
network

Assignment of functions to general

logical architecture
Function
Network Access Control:
Registration
Authentication and Authorisation
Admission Control
Message Screening
Packet Terminal Adaptation
Charging Data Collection

MS

X
X

BSS

SGSN

X
X

GGSN

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Mobility Management:

Logical Link Management:

Logical Link Establishment
Logical Link Maintenance
Logical Link Release

X
X
X

X
X
X

Packet Routeing & Transfer:

Relay
Routeing
Address Translation and Mapping
Encapsulation
Tunnelling
Compression
Ciphering

Radio Resource Management:

Um Management
Cell Selection
Um-Tranx
Path Management

HLR

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

2.3. Subscription of GPRS

service (1/2)
Subscription storage: HLR
Supports Multiple Subscriber Profile (MSP)
Mobile identification: IMSI
One or several PDP addresses per user
Each subscribed configuration contains

(e.g., IP, X.25)

PDP type
PDP address (static, e.g. 128.200.192.64)
Subscribed QoS (level 14)
Dynamic address allowed
VPLMN address allowed
GGSN address
Screening information (optional)

2.3. Subscription of GPRS

service (2/2)
Subscription is copied from HLR to SGSN during GPRS
Attach
Part of PDP context is copied to relevant GGSNs when a
PDP address is activated
Possible PDP address allocation alternatives
Static address allocated from HPLMN
Dynamic address allocated from HPLMN
Dynamic address allocated from VPLMN
HPLMN operator specifies which alternatives are possible

2.4.1. Gateway GPRS Support Node

GGSN
Typically located at one of the MSC sites
One (or few) per operator
Main functions
Interface to external data networks
Resembles to a data network router
Forwards end user data to right SGSN
Routes mobile originated packets to right destination
Filters end user traffic
Collects charging information for data network usage
Data packets are not sent to MS unless the user has activated
the PDP address

2.4.2. Serving GPRS Support Node

SGSN
Functionally connected with BSC, physically can be at
MSC or BSC site
One for few BSCs or one (or few) per every BSC
One SGSN can support BSCs of several MSC sites

Main functions
Authenticates GPRS mobiles
Handles mobiles registration in GPRS network
Handles mobiles mobility management
Relays MO and MT data traffic
TCP/IP header compression, V.42bis data

compression, error control MS- SGSN (ARQ)

Collect charging information of air interface usage

2.4.3. Other elements

BG (Border Gateway)
(Not defined within GPRS)
Routes packets from SGSN/GGSN of one operator to a SGSN/GGSN of an
other operator
Provides protection against intruders from external networks
DNS (Domain Name Server)
Translates addresses from ggsn1.oper1.fi -format to 123.45.67.89 format
(i.e. as used in Internet)
Charging Gateway
Collects charging information from SGSNs and GGSNs
PTM-SC (Point to Multipoint -Service Center)
PTM Multicast (PTM-M): Downlink broadcast; no subscription; no ciphering
PTM Group call (PTM-G): Closed or open groups; Down/up -link; ciphered
Geographical area limitation

2.4.4. GPRS backbones

Enables communication between GPRS Support Nodes
Based on private IP network
IPv6 is the ultimate protocol
IPV4 can be used as an intermediate solution
Intra-PLMN backbone
Connects GPRS Support Nodes of one operator
Operator decides the network architecture

LAN, point-to-point links, ATM, ISDN, ...

Inter-PLMN backbone
Connects GPRS operators via BGs
Provides international GPRS roaming
Operators decide the backbone in the roaming agreement

2.5. GPRS mobile types

Class A:
Simultaneous GPRS and conventional GSM operation
Supports simultaneous circuit switched and GPRS data transfer
Class B:
Can be attached to both GPRS and conventional GSM services
simultaneously
Can listen circuit switched and GPRS pages (via GPRS)
Supports either circuit switched calls or GPRS data transfer but
not simultaneous communication
Class C:
Alternatively attached in GPRS or conventional GSM
No simultaneous operation
GPRS only mobiles also possible (e.g. for telemetric
applications)

2.6. GPRS multislot capabilities

1-slot

MS RX

MS TX

MS RX

MS TX

MS RX

MS TX

4
0

1 2

Monitor

2-slot

2
7

1 2

Monitor

3-8 -slot

2
7

5
2

Monitor
3 slots:

4th slot:

5th slot:

3. GPRS operations
3.1 Security: Basic security rules
Authentication, key management, ciphering
3.2 GPRS attach
3.3 Data transmission
MO, MT, MO+MT
3.4 Mobility management
3.5 Interworking with GSM services

3.1. Security: Based on GSM phase 2

Authentication
SGSN uses same principle as MSC/VLR:

Get triplet, send RAND to MS, wait for SRES from MS, use Kc

MS cant authenticate the network

Key management in MS
Kc generated same way from RAND using Ki as in GSM
Ciphering
Ciphering algorithm is optimized for GPRS traffic (GPRS - A5)
Ciphering is done between MS and SGSN
User confidentiality
IMSI is only used if a temporary identity is not available
Temporary identity (TLLI) is exchanged over ciphered link

3.2. GPRS Attach

GPRS Attach function is similar to IMSI attach
Authenticate the mobile
Generate the ciphering key
Enable the ciphering
Allocate temporary identity (TLLI)
Copy subscriber profile from HLR to SGSN
After GPRS attach
The location of the mobile is tracked
Communication between MS and SGSN is secured
Charging information is collected
SGSN knows what the subscriber is allowed to do
HLR knows the location of the MS in accuracy of SGSN

3.3. Data transfer: Basic rules (1/4)

SGSN:
Does not interpret user data, except

SGSN may perform TCP/IP header compression

Does not interpret source or destination addresses

Sends all packets to specified GGSN that handles
the PDP context
GGSN:
Performs optional filtering
Decides where and how to route the packet

3.3. Data transfer (2/4)

Mobile originated (left when MS in HPLMN, right when in
VPLMN, no filtering/screening)
BTS

BSC

BSC

SGSN
BG
HPLMN

I nPt ear -cP kL Me tN

b na cek tbwo noe r k
n e tw o r k

BTS

SGSN
BG

In t r a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o rk
(IP b a s e d )

In t r a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o rk
( IP b a s e d )

GGSN

GGSN
DPaat ca k e t
nneet wt wo or kr k
(In te r n e t)

C o rp o ra te
S erve r

R o u te r

Local
a re a
n e tw o r k

VPLM N

3.3. Data transfer (3/4)

Mobile terminated (left when MS in HPLMN, right when in
VPLMN, with/without filtering/screening)
BTS

BSC

BSC

SGSN
BG
HPLMN

I nPt ear -cP kL Me Nt

b na cek tbwo noe r k
n e tw o rk

BTS

SGSN
BG

In tr a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o rk
( IP b a s e d )

In t r a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o rk
(IP b a s e d )

GGSN

GGSN
DPaat ca k e t
nneet wt wo or kr k
(In te rn e t)

C o rp o ra te
S e rv e r

R o u te r

Local
a re a
n e tw o r k

VPLMN

3.3. Data transfer (4/4)

Mobile originated and terminated (left MSs in same
PLMN, right MSs in different PLMN)
BTS

BSC

BSC

SGSN
BG
HPLMN

SGSN

I nPt ear -cP kL Me Nt

b na cek tbwo noe r k
n e tw o r k

SGSN
BG

In tr a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o r k
(IP b a s e d )

In t r a -P L M N
backbone
n e tw o r k
(IP b a s e d )

GGSN

GGSN
DPaat ca k e t
nneet wt wo or kr k
(In te r n e t)

BTS

BSC

BTS

C o rp o ra te
S erve r

R o u te r

Local
are a
n e tw o r k

VPLM N

3.4. Mobility management (1/3)

Instead of Location Area, GPRS uses Routing Areas to
group cells. RA is a subset of LA.

IDLE:
MS is not known by the network (SGSN)
STANDBY:
MSs location is known in accuracy of Routing Area
MS can utilize DRX (to save battery)
MS must inform its location after every Routing

Area change (no need to inform if MS changes

from one cell to another within same Routing Area)
Before the network can perform MT data transfer
MS must be paged within the Routing Area
MS may initiate MO data transfer at any time

3.4. Mobility management (2/3)

READY:
MSs location is known in accuracy of cell
MS must inform its location after every cell change
MS can initiate MO data transfer at any time
SGSN does not need to page the MS before MT

data transfer
MS listens continuously GPRS PCCCH channel

DRX in READY state is optional

3.4. Mobility management (3/3)

Mobility management messages:
Cell update (implicit, with any message)

When MS changes the cell within a Routing Area in

READY state

Routing Area update

When MS changes the cell between two Routing

Areas in READY or STANDBY state

Two types of Routing Area Updates (from MSs point
of view only one type)
Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update
Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update

Periodic Routing Area updates are applicable

3.5. Interworking with GSM services

(1/3)
GPRS can interwork with GSM services through Gs

interface
If no Gs interface exists:
Type of the location update procedure is indicated
by the network in the response message to MS
Effects on different MS classes if Gs does not exist:
A-class mobiles must use conventional GSM
services via normal GSM channels
B-class mobiles wont get simultaneous support
from the network. Depending on MS design

MS can try listen both paging channels

simultaneously by themselves
MS does IMSI detach and use only GPRS service

No effect on C-class mobiles as simultaneous

services are not supported

3.5. Interworking with GSM services

(2/3)
Combined GPRS and IMSI attach
To save radio resources
MS indicates its request for combined attach
MS sends combined GPRS and IMSI attach to SGSN
SGSN may authenticate the MS
SGSN informs MSC/VLR about the new MS
Combined Location and Routing Area update
To save radio resources
MS indicates its request for combined update
This is done when both Location Area and Routing Area
changes at the same time
Combined Location and Routing Area update is not done if
MS has CS connection

3.5. Interworking with GSM services (3/3)

Paging CS services via GPRS network
MSC/VLR gets MT call or SMS
In VLR, presence of SGSN address tells that the MS is
in GPRS attached state
MSC/VLR sends the paging request to SGSN address
(not to BSC)
SGSN checks the location of MS (identified by IMSI)
SGSN pages the MS via GPRS channels indicating CS
page status
MS replies to the page using normal GSM channels

4. Special issues
4.1. SMS
4.2. Charging
4.3. O&M
4.4. Supplementary services
4.5. Quality of Service
4.6. Performance

4.1 Special issues: SMS support

MO and MT SMSs can be carried via GPRS network
HLR stores and returns two SS7 addresses to GMSC:
SGSN address
MSC/VLR address
Primary route:
Via SGSN, if available
Secondary route:
Via MSC/VLR, if available and primary failed

4.2 Special issues:

GPRS charging of PTP (1/2)
SGSN gathers charging:
usage of radio resources (packets, bits)
usage of packet data protocols (time)
usage of general GPRS resources

e.g. signaling messages, GPRS backbone

GGSN gathers charging :

based on destination/source of data packets
usage of external data networks (packets, bits)
usage of general GPRS resources
Operator selects what information is used for billing

4.2 Special issues:

GPRS charging of PTM (2/2)
SGSN gathers usage of:
usage of radio resources

amount of data
geographical areas
number of repetition

usage of general GPRS resources

PTM Service Center gathers charging :
usage of general GPRS resource
usage of PTM-G groups

4.3 Special issues:

Operation and management
GSM related parts can be handled with Q3
GPRS backbone network is based on IP network
IP network uses Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)
G P R S /G S M O M C
BTS

BSC

In te r - o p e r a to r 's G P R S
bac kbone m anagem ent

P acket

In te r - o p e r a to r
b na cek tb w
o n oe r k
n e tw o r k

SGSN

GPRS
backbo ne
n e tw o r k
( IP b a s e d )

IP
ROUTER
O p e r a to r B 's G P R S
backbone m anagem ent

GGSN

O p e r a to r A 's G P R S
bac kbone m anagem ent

D a ta n e tw o r k
m anagem ent

DPaatac k e t
n ne etwt wo or kr k
( In te r n e t)

4.4 Special issues:

Supplementary services
Most of the conventional GSM supplementary services
are not applicable for GPRS
E.g., Call forwarding when busy, Calling line
identification, Call waiting
Some supplementary services may be applicable
Advice of charge (can be difficult to realize)
Closed user group (can be implemented as part of
external data network)
GPRS has its own supplementary services
Barring of GPRS Interworking Profile(s)

4.5 Quality of Service

Precedence class (1,2,3)
Delay class (1-4)
Reliability class
Peak throughput class; and
Mean throughput class.

4.5.1 Reliability Class

Data reliability is defined in terms of the residual error
rates for the following cases (see GSM 02.60):

Probability of data loss

Probability of data delivered out of sequence
Probability of duplicate data delivery
Probability of corrupted data

4.5.2 Throughput classes

Peak Throughput Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mean Throughput Class

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Peak Throughput in octets per second

Up to 1 000 (8 kbit/s).
Up to 2 000 (16 kbit/s).
Up to 4 000 (32 kbit/s).
Up to 8 000 (64 kbit/s).
Up to 16 000 (128 kbit/s).
Up to 32 000 (256 kbit/s).
Up to 64 000 (512 kbit/s).
Up to 128 000 (1 024 kbit/s).
Up to 256 000 (2 048 kbit/s).

Mean Throughput in octets per hour

Best effort.
100 (~0.22 bit/s).
200 (~0.44 bit/s).
500 (~1.11 bit/s).
1 000 (~2.2 bit/s).
2 000 (~4.4 bit/s).
5 000 (~11.1 bit/s).
10 000 (~22 bit/s).
20 000 (~44 bit/s).
50 000 (~111 bit/s).
100 000 (~0.22 kbit/s).
200 000 (~0.44 kbit/s).
500 000 (~1.11 kbit/s).
1 000 000 (~2.2 kbit/s).
2 000 000 (~4.4 kbit/s).
5 000 000 (~11.1 kbit/s).
10 000 000 (~22 kbit/s).
20 000 000 (~44 kbit/s).
50 000 000 (~111 kbit/s).

4.6 Performance 1/3

Example

SGSN that handles 2 Mbps up and downlink traffic

Average packet size 500 octets (4000 bits)

=> Each packet must be processed totally every 1 milliseconds
IP stack in backbone
possible UDP (de)fragmentation, IP checksums
GTP header processing, finding the right context
possible paging of the MS
compression in SNDCP level, possible segmentation
LLC CRC, LLC acknowledges, LLC timers
handle GPRS ciphering/deciphering
BSSGP protocol
Frame relay protocol

4.6 Performance 2/3

Example continued

Background tasks

Ensuring the QoS for every mobile

Scheduling pending packets to time horizon
Rescheduling everything after MS has changed the cell

Handling charging data collection

Performance monitoring
Handle SGSN operating system, task switching, etc.
Handle diagnostics of the network element
If SGSN handles 65 Mbps, instead of 2 Mbps?
=> SGSN has just about 30 micro seconds to do all
above

4.6 Performance 3/3

Solution to the example

Each network element has limited capacity (x

packets/second)
If operator needs more capacity (e.g. 50x)

use 50 parallel boxes

for example,
every GGSN boxes are really independent of each other
each SGSN handles its own area (list of cells)

Capacity grows linearly but complexity in each box

remains the same
Reliability? Configuration?

5. GPRS Business View

5.1. What must be invested to get GPRS up and running?
5.2. How to launch GPRS with minimised incremental cost
5.3. How to make money with GPRS?
5.4. Users' benefits of GPRS
5.5. Business model

5.1 What must be invested to get GPRS

up and running?

Updates on existing network elements

BTS, BSC, MSC/HLR, O&M, billing system, network

planning

New network elements

Totally new network for GPRS backbone, based on IP

New packet network nodes
A lot of Internet "stuff" (routers, DNS servers, firewalls, )

Totally new skills needed

"Internet way" of thinking

New mobiles and new type of users

New type of business thinking

5.2 How to launch GPRS with minimised

incremental cost

A single SGSN/GGSN combined functional unit

BTSs support basic GPRS services with software

update only, BSCs need HW upgrade to add connection

to SGSN
Use existing paging and control channels for GPRS
Limit the number of radio channels available for GPRS
Gs interface can be deleted => no MSC developments

5.3. How to make money with

GPRS?
New users

More subsribers

New services

New ways to get money from users

New intances to pay instead of the users (e.g. advertisers)

New applications

New ways to get money from users

More data traffic

More data traffic

Small payments per packet, but huge number of packets

5.4. Users' benefits of GPRS

GPRS Selling arguments:

Higher capacity Internet access

Up to 171,2 kbps in theory, 40 kbps in practice

Quicker access to Internet

No set up time, Iternet access all the time available

Lower cost
Flat rate or volume based billing

Or no cost
via anonymous access (somebody else pays the bill)

5.5. Business model

1/2

If the users are paying little (or nothing), how does this
make profit to the operator?

Not the high cost per time but the large number of packets
Somebody else may pay the bill (e.g. anonymous access)

Example business model

# subscribers
Business users
100000
"Normal" users
1000000
Web surfers
1000000
Computers
100000
Total
2200000

QoS level Monthly Cost/kB Volume/ Monthly

Total annual Total data
fee (FIM) FIM
day (FIM) cost/subs cost (MFIM) volume (GB)
High
50
0,02
1000
650
780
36500
Normal
25
0,01
20
31
372
7300
Best effort
50
0
250
50
600
91250
High
50
0,1
20
110
132
730
1884
135780

5.5. Business model 2/2

Volume calculations
Average data
volume

per day
per hour
per sec
per sec

372
15,5
4,3
34,3

GB/d
GB/h
MB/s
Mbps

Peak hour data

volume

per year
per day
per hour
per sec
per sec

43800
120
30
8,3
66,7

GB/a
GB/d
GB/h
MB/s
Mbps

Number of time
slots needed

6667 TSs
Carrier

833 Carriers

all data in 4 busy hours

average 10 kbps/TS

6. GPRS Standardization
GPRS Phase 1: Release 97
Basic set of GPRS functionality
Optional features
GPRS Phase 2: GPRS for UMTS
Certain issues defined in stage 1 documents are not
included in the first release of the GPRS standard
New requirements have been pointed out for UMTS

Standard was approved March/June 1998

6.1 List of participants

The following companies and organizations have been
participating in GPRS work in last 3 years
Some of the manufacturers, operators and others
participating GPRS standardization:
Alcatel, BT, CNET, CSELT, Detemobil, Eplus, Ericsson,
France Telecom, IBM, Inmarsat, Lucent, Mannesmann,
Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Nortel/Matra, Omnipoint, OPI,
Philips, SFR, Siemens, Telecom Finland, Telia, UIC,
Vodafone
EU sponsored project team PT8OV to expedite GPRS
standardization
Support of PT12

6.2 GPRS Specifications

GPRS document structure
Doc.

Title

01.60

Requirements Specification of GPRS

Stage 1
02.60
General GPRS Overview
10.60
GPRS standarsisation status and overview
Stage 2
03.60
03.64
03.61
03.62

General System Description and Newtwork Architecture

Radio Architecture Description
Point to Multipoint Multicast (very draft)
Point to Multipoint Group Call (non existing)

New Stage 3
04.60
Radio stage 3: RLC/MAC Radio Protocol
04.61
PTM-M Services (not existing yet)
04.62
PTM-G Services (not existing yet)
04.64
LLC
04.65
SNDCP
07.60
User Interworking
08.18
BSSGP: The Gb Interface
08.16
Gb Network Service
08.14
Gb Layer 1
09.16
Gs Layer 2
09.18
Gs Layer 3
09.60
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP): Gn & Gp Interface
09.61
External Interworking Networks