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Lecture 5 and Lecture 6 Chapter 7 - Program Logic and Control

This document discusses different types of loops and conditional jumps in assembly language programming. It covers unconditional jumps with the JMP instruction, conditional jumps like JG, JL, JE using flags set by the CMP instruction. Loop constructs include FOR loops using CX and LOOP, WHILE loops that continuously check a condition, and REPEAT loops that execute the body at least once before checking the condition. Examples are provided to illustrate how to implement various loop and conditional control flows in assembly code.

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Nurul Badriah Anwar Ali
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99 views

Lecture 5 and Lecture 6 Chapter 7 - Program Logic and Control

This document discusses different types of loops and conditional jumps in assembly language programming. It covers unconditional jumps with the JMP instruction, conditional jumps like JG, JL, JE using flags set by the CMP instruction. Loop constructs include FOR loops using CX and LOOP, WHILE loops that continuously check a condition, and REPEAT loops that execute the body at least once before checking the condition. Examples are provided to illustrate how to implement various loop and conditional control flows in assembly code.

Uploaded by

Nurul Badriah Anwar Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5 and Lecture 6

Chapter 7 Program Logic and Control

Chapter Outline
Short, near and far address
JMP Instruction
The CMP Instruction
Conditional Jump instruction
The Loop instruction
While Loop
REPEAT Loop

Short,near,and far addresses


1- A short address, limited to a distance of -128 to 127 bytes
2- A near address, limited to a distance of -32,768 to 32,767 bytes
3- A far address, which may be within the same segment at a distance
over 32K or in other segment
SHORT

NEAR

FAR

JMP

YES

YES

YES

JXXX(conditional jump)

YES

YES

NO

LOOP

YES

NO

NO

CALL

NlA

YES

YES

Unconditional Jumps - The JMP Instruction


The JMP (jump) instruction causes an unconditional transfer of
control (unconditional jump).
Syntax:
JMP destination
JMP

SHORT/NEAR/FAR address

Example
JMP
..
L10:

L10

INC CX

Unconditional Jumps - The JMP Instruction


Backward and Forward jumps
Backward:
L10:
.
JMP L10
Forward:
JMP L10
.
L10:

The CMP Instruction


The jump condition is often provided by the CMP (compare)
instruction
Syntax:
CMP destination, source
Compares by computing destination contents minus source contents.
The result is not stored, but the flags are affected.
Destination may not be a constant.
CMP is just like SUB, except that destination is not changed.

Conditional Jumps
Syntax
Jxxx

destination_label

Example
JNZ

PRINT_LOOP

If the condition for the jump is true, the next instruction to be


executed is the one at destinaltion_label (PRINT_LOOP), which
may precede or follow the jump instruction itself.
If the condition is false, the instruction immediately following the
jump is done next.
For JNZ, the cindition is that the result of the previous operation is
not zero.

Conditional Jumps
Signed Jumps: used for signed interpretations.
Symbol
JG/JNLE
JGE/JNL
JL/JNGE
JLE/JNG

Description
jump if grater than
jump if not less than or equal
jump if grater than or equal
jump if not less than
jump if less than
jump if not greater than or equal
jump if less than or equal
jump if not grater than

Condition for Jumps

ZF = 0 & SF = OF
SF = OF
SF <> OF
ZF = 1 or SF <> OF

Conditional Jumps
Unsigned Jumps: used for unsigned interpretations.
Symbol
JA/JNBE
JAE/JNB
JB/JNAE
JBE/JNA

Description
jump if above
jump if not below or equal
jump if above or equal
jump if not below
jump if below
jump if not above or equal
jump if below or equal
jump if not above

Condition for Jumps

CF = 0 & ZF = 0
CF = 0
CF = 1
CF = 1 or ZF = 1

Conditional Jumps
Single Flag Jumps: operates on settings of individual flags.
Symbol
JE/JZ
JNE/JNZ
JC
JNC
JO
JNO
JS
JNS
JP/JPE
JNP/JPO

Description
jump if equal/ jump if equal to 0
jump if not equal/ jump if not 0
jump if carry
jump if no carry
jump if overflow
jump if no overflow
jump if sign negative
jump if nonnegative sign
jump if parity even
jump if parity odd

Condition for Jumps

ZF = 1
ZF = 0
CF = 1
CF = 0
OF = 1
OF = 0
SF = 1
SF = 0
PF = 1
PF = 0

IF-THEN-ELSE
Example: Suppose AL and BL contain extended ASCII characters.
Display the one that comes first in the character sequence.
Solution:
Pseudocode:
IF AL <= BL
THEN
display the character in AL
ELSE
display the character in BL
END_IF
continue

IF-THEN-ELSE
It can be coded as follows:
; if AL <= BL
CMP AL, BL
JNBE ELSE_
; then
MOV DL, AL
JMP DISPLAY
ELSE_:
MOV DL, BL
DISPLAY:
MOV AH, 2
INT 21h

; AL <= BL?
; no, display char in BL
; AL <= BL
; move char to be displayed
; go to display
; BL < AL
; prepare to display
; display it

Branches with compound Conditions


Sometimes the branching condition in an IF or CASE takes the
form:
condition_1 AND condition_2
or
condition_1 OR condition_2

AND condition
OR condition

where condition_1 and condition_2 are either true or false.

AND Condition
An AND condition is true if and only if all conditions are true.
Example: Read a character, and if its an uppercase letter, display it.
Solution:
Pseudocode:
Read a character (into AL)
IF ('A' <= character) and (character <= 'Z')
THEN
display character
END_IF
continue

AND Condition
It can be coded as follows:
; read a character
MOV AH,1
; prepare to read
INT 21h
; char in AL
; if ('A' <= char) and (char <='Z')
CMP AL, 'A'
; char >= 'A'?
JNGE END_IF
; no, exit
CMP AL, 'Z'
; char <= 'Z'?
JNLE END_IF
; no, exit
; then display char
MOV DL, AL
; get char
MOV AH, 2
; prepare to display
INT 21h
; display char
END_IF:

OR Condition
An OR condition is true if at least one of the conditions is true.
Example: Read a character. If its 'y' or 'Y', display it; otherwise,
terminate the program.
Solution:
Pseudocode:
Read a character (into AL)
IF (character = 'y') or (character = 'Y')
THEN
display character
ELSE
terminate the program
END_IF
continue

OR Condition
It can be coded as follows:
; read a character
MOV AH,1
INT
21h

; prepare to read
; char in AL

CMP
JE
CMP
JE
JMP

AL, 'y'
THEN
AL, 'Y'
THEN
ELSE_

; char = 'y'?
; yes, go to display it
; char = 'Y'?
; yes, go to display it
; no, terminate

MOV
MOV
INT
JMP

DL, AL
AH, 2
21h
END_IF

; get char
; prepare to display
; display char
; and exit

; if (char = 'y') or (char = 'Y')

THEN:

ELSE_:

MOV AH, 4Ch


INT 21h
END_IF:

; DOS exit

Loop Instruction
The LOOP instruction can be used to implement a for loop.
Syntax:
LOOP

SHORT address

The counter for the loop is the register CX, which is initialized to
loop_count.
Execution of the LOOP instruction causes CX to be decremented
automatically.
If (CX < > 0) control transfers to destination_label
else the next instruction after LOOP is done.

Loop Instruction
Using the instruction LOOP, a FOR loop can be implemented as
follows:
TOP:

; initialize CX to loop_count
; body of the loop
LOOP TOP

FOR Loop
Example: Write some code to display a row of 80 stars.
Solution:
Pseudocode:
; what if CX =0?
FOR 80 times DO
display '*'
MOV CX, 80
END_IF
MOV AH, 2
It can be coded as follows:
MOV DL, '*'
MOV CX, 80
JCXZ SKIP ;jump if CX=0
MOV AH, 2
TOP:
MOV DL, '*'
INT 21h
TOP:
LOOP TOP
INT 21h
SKIP:
LOOP TOP

WHILE Loop
This loop depends on a condition.
Pseudocode:
WHILE condition DO
statements
END_WHILE

WHILE Loop
Example: Write some code to count the number of characters in an
input line.
Solution:
Pseudocode:
initialize count to 0
read a character
WHILE character <> carriage_return DO
count = count + 1
read character
END_WHILE
continue

WHILE Loop
It can be coded as follows:
MOV
MOV
INT

WHILE_:

CMP
JE
INC
INT
JMP

DX, 0
AH, 1
21h

; DX counts characters
; prepare to read
; character in AL

AL, 0Dh
END_WHILE
DX
21h
WHILE_

; CR?
; yes, exit
; not CR, increment count
; read a character
; loop back

END_WHILE:

REPEAT Loop
This loop depends on a condition.
Pseudocode:
REPEAT
Statements
UNTIL conditions

REPEAT Loop
Example: write code to read characters until a blank is read
Pseudocode:
REPEAT
Read character
UNTIL character is blank The code is:
REAPEAT:

MOV AH,1
INT 21H
CMP AL,
JNE REAPEAT

WHILE Versus REPEAT


Use of a WHILE loop or a REPEAT loop is a matter of personal
preference.
A WHILE loop can be bypasses if the terminating condition is
initially false. (a REPEAT loop must be done at least once)
The code for a REPEAT loop is likely to be a little shorter because
there is only one jump. (WHILE loops has two jumps)

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