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Normalization

The document defines different types of database normalization dependencies and normal forms. It provides examples to determine the normal form of different database relations. To normalize a relation to first normal form (1NF), any multivalued attributes should be removed. To normalize to second normal form (2NF), relations with partial dependencies need attributes dependent on part of the primary key removed. To normalize to third normal form (3NF), relations with transitive dependencies need attributes dependent on non-key attributes removed.

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Neha Maurya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

Normalization

The document defines different types of database normalization dependencies and normal forms. It provides examples to determine the normal form of different database relations. To normalize a relation to first normal form (1NF), any multivalued attributes should be removed. To normalize to second normal form (2NF), relations with partial dependencies need attributes dependent on part of the primary key removed. To normalize to third normal form (3NF), relations with transitive dependencies need attributes dependent on non-key attributes removed.

Uploaded by

Neha Maurya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5

Database
Normalization

Dependencies: Definitions

Multivalued Attributes (or repeating groups): nonkey attributes or groups of non-key attributes the
values of which are not uniquely identified by
(directly or indirectly) (not functionally dependent on)
the value of the Primary Key (or its part).

Dependencies: Definitions

Partial Dependency when an non-key


attribute is determined by a part, but not the
whole, of a COMPOSITE primary key.
Partial
Dependency

Dependencies: Definitions

Transitive Dependency when a nonkey attribute determines another non-key


Transitive
attribute.
Dependency

Normal Forms: Review

Unnormalized There are multivalued


attributes or repeating groups
1 NF No multivalued attributes or
repeating groups.
2 NF 1 NF plus no partial
dependencies
3 NF 2 NF plus no transitive
dependencies
5

Example 1: Determine NF

ISBN Title
ISBN Publisher
Publisher Address

All attributes are directly


or indirectly determined
by the primary key;
therefore, the relation is
at least in 1 NF

BOOK
ISBN

Title

Publisher

Address

Example 1: Determine NF

ISBN Title
ISBN Publisher
Publisher Address

The relation is at least in 1NF.


There is no COMPOSITE
primary key, therefore there
cant be partial dependencies.
Therefore, the relation is at
least in 2NF

BOOK
ISBN

Title

Publisher

Address

Example 1: Determine NF

ISBN Title
ISBN Publisher
Publisher Address

Publisher is a non-key attribute,


and it determines Address,
another non-key attribute.
Therefore, there is a transitive
dependency, which means that
the relation is NOT in 3 NF.

BOOK
ISBN

Title

Publisher

Address

Example 1: Determine NF

ISBN Title
ISBN Publisher
Publisher Address

We know that the relation is at


least in 2NF, and it is not in 3
NF. Therefore, we conclude
that the relation is in 2NF.

BOOK
ISBN

Title

Publisher

Address

Example 1: Determine NF

ISBN Title
ISBN Publisher
Publisher Address

In your solution you will write the


following justification:
1) No M/V attributes, therefore at
least 1NF
2) No partial dependencies,
therefore at least 2NF
3) There is a transitive dependency
(Publisher Address), therefore,
not 3NF
Conclusion: The relation is in 2NF

BOOK
ISBN

Title

Publisher

Address
10

Example 2: Determine NF

Product_ID Description
All attributes are directly or
indirectly determined by the
primary key; therefore, the relation
is at least in 1 NF

ORDER
Order_No

Product_ID

Description

11

Example 2: Determine NF

Product_ID Description
The relation is at least in 1NF.
There is a COMPOSITE Primary Key (PK)
(Order_No, Product_ID), therefore there can be
partial dependencies. Product_ID, which is a part
of PK, determines Description; hence, there is a
partial dependency. Therefore, the relation is not
2NF. No sense to check for transitive
dependencies!

ORDER
Order_No

Product_ID

Description
12

Example 2: Determine NF

Product_ID Description
We know that the relation is at least
in 1NF, and it is not in 2 NF.
Therefore, we conclude that the
relation is in 1 NF.

ORDER
Order_No

Product_ID

Description

13

Example 2: Determine NF

Product_ID Description
In your solution you will write the
following justification:
1) No M/V attributes, therefore at least
1NF
2) There is a partial dependency
(Product_ID Description), therefore
not in 2NF
Conclusion: The relation is in 1NF

ORDER
Order_No

Product_ID

Description
14

Example 3: Determine NF

Part_ID Description
Part_ID Price
Part_ID, Comp_ID No

Comp_ID and No are not


determined by the primary
key; therefore, the relation
is NOT in 1 NF. No sense
in looking at partial or
transitive dependencies.

PART
Part_ID

Descr

Price

Comp_ID

No

15

Example 3: Determine NF

Part_ID Description
Part_ID Price
Part_ID, Comp_ID No

In your solution you will write


the following justification:
1) There are M/V attributes;
therefore, not 1NF
Conclusion: The relation is not
normalized.

PART
Part_ID

Descr

Price

Comp_ID

No

16

Bringing a Relation to 1NF

17

Bringing a Relation to 1NF

Option 1: Make a determinant of the


repeating group (or the multivalued
attribute) a part of the primary key.
Composite
Primary Key

18

Bringing a Relation to 1NF


Option 2: Remove the entire repeating group from the

relation. Create another relation which would contain all


the attributes of the repeating group, plus the primary
key from the first relation. In this new relation, the
primary key from the original relation and the
determinant of the repeating group will comprise a
primary key.

19

Bringing a Relation to 1NF

STUDENT_COURSE
Stud_ID

Course

Units

101

MSI 250

101

MSI 415

125

MSI 331

20

Bringing a Relation to 2NF


Composite
Primary Key

21

Bringing a Relation to 2NF

Goal: Remove Partial Dependencies


Composite
Primary Key

Partial
Dependencies

22

Bringing a Relation to 2NF

Remove attributes that are dependent from the part


but not the whole of the primary key from the original
relation. For each partial dependency, create a new
relation, with the corresponding part of the primary
key from the original as the primary key.

23

Bringing a Relation to 2NF

STUDENT_COURSE
Stud_ID

Course_ID

101

MSI 250

101

MSI 415

125

MSI 331

COURSE
Course_ID

Units

MSI 250

3.00

MSI 415

3.00

MSI 331

3.00
24

Bringing a Relation to 3NF

Goal: Get rid of transitive dependencies.


Transitive
Dependency

25

Bringing a Relation to 3NF

Remove the attributes, which are dependent on a


non-key attribute, from the original relation. For each
transitive dependency, create a new relation with the
non-key attribute which is a determinant in the
transitive dependency as a primary key, and the
dependent non-key attribute as a dependent.

26

Bringing a Relation to 3NF

DEPARTMENT
Dept_ID Dept_Name
1

Acct

Mktg
27

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