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Programming Fundamentals

The document discusses fundamentals of arrays including defining and accessing array elements, initializing arrays, multidimensional arrays, passing arrays to functions, arrays as class member data, arrays of objects, and C-strings. Key points covered include using indexes to access array elements, initializing all elements at once, terminating C-strings with a null character, and reading strings with embedded blanks using cin.get().

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Shafaq Khan
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views

Programming Fundamentals

The document discusses fundamentals of arrays including defining and accessing array elements, initializing arrays, multidimensional arrays, passing arrays to functions, arrays as class member data, arrays of objects, and C-strings. Key points covered include using indexes to access array elements, initializing all elements at once, terminating C-strings with a null character, and reading strings with embedded blanks using cin.get().

Uploaded by

Shafaq Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Fundamentals

Todays Lecture
Array

Fundamentals
Arrays as Class Member Data
Arrays of Objects
C-Strings

Array Fundamentals
Arrays

can hold a few data items or tens of


thousands.
The data items grouped in an array can be
simple types such as int or float, or they can be
user-defined types such as structures and
objects.

Array Fundamentals
Arrays

are like structures in that they both group a


number of items into a larger unit.
A structure usually group items of different types
but an array group items of the same type.
More importantly, the items in a structure are
accessed by name, while those in an array are
accessed by an index number.
Using an index number to specify an item allows
easy access to a large number of items.

Example Code

OUTPUT

Defining Arrays
An

array definition specifies a variable type


and a name.
But it includes another feature: a size.
The size specifies how many data items the
array will contain.
It immediately follows the name, and is
surrounded by square brackets.

Array Elements
The

items in an array are called elements


(in contrast to the items in a structure,
which are called members).
All the elements in an array are of the
same type; only the values vary.

Array Elements
The

example array has exactly four elements


The first array element is numbered 0.
Thus, since there are four elements, the last one
is number 3.

Accessing Array Elements


The

first time, we insert a value into the array,


with the line
The second time, we read it out with the line
In

is

both cases the expression for the array element

Accessing Array Elements


This

consists of the name of the array, followed


by brackets delimiting a variable j.
Which of the four array elements is specified by
this expression depends on the value of j; age[0]
refers to the first element, age[1] to the second,
age[2] to the third, and age[3] to the fourth.
The variable (or constant) in the brackets is called
the array index.

Accessing Array Elements


Since

j is the loop variable in both for loops, it


starts at 0 and is incremented until it reaches 3,
thereby accessing each of the array elements in
turn.

Initializing Arrays

Initializing Arrays
When

we initialize all the array elements we dont


need to use the array size since the compiler can
figure it out by counting the initializing variables.
Thus we can write

Multidimensional Arrays

Passing Arrays to Functions

Arrays of Structures

Arrays as Class Member Data

Arrays of Objects

C-Strings

C-String Variables
Each

character occupies 1 byte of memory.


An important aspect of C-strings is that they
must terminate with a byte containing 0.
This is often represented by the character
constant \0, which is a character with an ASCII
value of 0. This terminating zero is called the
null character.
When the << operator displays the string, it
displays characters until it encounters the null
character.

Avoiding Buffer Overflow

String Constants

Reading Embedded Blanks

It

turns out that the extraction operator >>


considers a space to be a terminating character.
Thus it will read strings consisting of a single
word, but anything typed after a space is thrown
away.

Reading Embedded Blanks


To

read text containing blanks we use another


function, cin.get().
This syntax means a member function get() of the
stream class of which cin is an object.

Reading Multiple Lines

Copying a String the Hard Way

Copying a String the Easy Way

Arrays of Strings

Questions???

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