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IP Over CDMA Digital Cellular: Phil Karn

This document discusses data transmission over CDMA cellular networks. It describes the IS-95 standard for data transmission and the need for a radio link protocol (RLP) to provide reliability over error-prone cellular links. The RLP breaks packets into frames, adds sequence numbers, and supports retransmission of lost frames. It also introduces the High Data Rate (HDR) system under development, which uses a physical layer designed for packet data transmission at variable rates up to 2.4Mbps. A radio link protocol is still required for HDR to provide reliability over fading cellular channels.

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Rashmi Sharma
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78 views

IP Over CDMA Digital Cellular: Phil Karn

This document discusses data transmission over CDMA cellular networks. It describes the IS-95 standard for data transmission and the need for a radio link protocol (RLP) to provide reliability over error-prone cellular links. The RLP breaks packets into frames, adds sequence numbers, and supports retransmission of lost frames. It also introduces the High Data Rate (HDR) system under development, which uses a physical layer designed for packet data transmission at variable rates up to 2.4Mbps. A radio link protocol is still required for HDR to provide reliability over fading cellular channels.

Uploaded by

Rashmi Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP over CDMA Digital Cellular

Phil Karn
[email protected]

Data on CDMA Cellular Channels


IS-95 CDMA (e.g., SprintPCS, Airtouch
Powerband)
IS-707 data standards
No modifications required to cell sites
major advantage given widespread IS-95 deployment

Globalstar
very similar to IS-95 wrt data
fervent hope that packet data will avoid Iridiums fate

The IS-95 Channel


Semi-connection-oriented
hardware allocated to call, but air resource is dynamically shared

Designed for variable-data-rate vocoder


Frames sent at constant 50 Hz (20ms) rate

Four fixed-size frames with raw sizes:


Rate set 1 ("9.6"): 24, 48, 96, 192 bits
Rate set 2 ("14.4"): 36, 72, 144, 288 bits

Viterbi decoder tails and CRCs of varying sizes reduce


usable payload

Data on IS-95 CDMA


The IS-95 physical channel was designed for voice;
data was an afterthought
Voice delay considerations limit frame size
limited interleaving for slow fading
power control helps

Typical frame loss rates: 1-2%


acceptable for voice
unacceptable for data

Performance Without RLP


1500 byte IP/PPP packet, IS-95 Rate Set 1:
1500 bytes/22 bytes/frame = 68+ frames
For FER=.01, probability of packet success is
(1-.01)68 = 0.505 (pretty bad)
For FER=.02, probability of packet success is
(1-.02)68 = 0.253 (even worse)

TCP can only recover by resending entire packet


selective link-level retransmission clearly needed

Packet Data over IS-95


IS-99/657/707 define a Radio Link Protocol for sending
packet data over IS-95 CDMA
RLP breaks variable-length PPP packets into one of the 4
frame lengths supported by IS-95 Rate Set 1 or 2 traffic
channels
RLP senders add 8-bit seq numbers to frames
RLP receivers NAK missing frames and the senders
retransmit them
RLP is mostly reliable; it does not try to provide perfect
reliability

RLP Operation
sync
(rtt)

0
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
6

ack

(deliver)

Nak=2-3
(hold 4,5)
(deliver 2)
(deliver 3,4,5)

IS-95 Data Protocol Stack


Appl
TCP/
UDP
IP
PPP
RLP
packet

IS-95
Physical

Async/fax

Quick Net Connect (QNC)


Original concept: IP packet data support with dormant
mode
similar to demand-dialed ISDN

Political obstacles to CDMA packet data


lackluster carrier interest
vendor resistance (CDPD competition?)
inability to appreciate importance of Internet
some telcos still think data == modems

Asynch data/fax service based on TCP/IP


this was the hook for QNC

HDR
High speed wireless packet data system under
development at Qualcomm
Physical layer borrows from IS-95, but redesigned
specifically for packet data
will require BTS overlays (like CDPD)

1.2288 MHz spread BW (same as IS-95)


Semi-connection-oriented (like IS-95)
Throughput depends on loading and distance
somewhat like ADSL

HDR Forward Link


Single stream of 128-byte frames
somewhat like ATM

Fixed symbol rate


Modulation alphabet and FEC code rate determine
user data rate
Constant transmit power
Data rate controlled by mobile request
38.4kb/s up to 2.4Mb/s
rate depends on SNR

HDR Reverse Link


Fixed-time 53ms frames
Pilot subchannel
Data rate varies from 4.8kb/s - 307kb/s
depends again on link margin

Closed loop power control


similar to IS-95

Speed Considerations
The higher the data rate, the slower the relative
fading
larger packets are good
higher data rates are bad (unfortunately)

Ergo, ARQ link protocol still required


HDR RLP similar to IS-707/IS-95
byte-numbered vs frame-numbered

Cellular Data Summary


IS-95 is inherently cellular-based
asymmetric fwd & rev links on different frequencies
no direct mobile-to-mobile communication
systems centrally managed

Service model: telephone company or ISP


Unanswered question: proper role of cellular data
vs. wireless LANs on unlicensed spectrum (e.g.,
IEEE 802.11)

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