CE405IU

Hydraulic Structures

Storage structures: reservoir, dam.

Dr. Pham Ngoc

10/04/15

I. Reservoir engineering:
Areservoiris a natural orartificial
lake,storage pond,
orimpoundmentfrom aDam
which is used to store water.
Reservoirs may be created in river
valleys by the construction of a dam
or may be built by excavation in the
ground or by conventional
construction techniques such as
brickwork or cast concrete.
Types of a reservoir based on
purposes: Irrigation, Flood control,
Water supply, Hydropower,
Navigation, Recreation, or multipuposes
Pertinent structures dam, spillway,
intake, outlet, powerhouse..
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Son La Hydropower plant

Dam downstream face

10/04/15

http://www.vncold.vn/Web/Content.aspx?
distid=128

Son La Hydropower plant:

Reservoir

10/04/15

Area of free water surface: 224 km2

Storage capacity: 9,26 Bil. m3 nc,
Electricity: 10,2 t kwh

Spillway Crest

Phuoc Hoa Reservoir,

Binh Phuoc province

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Hoover Dam Spillway

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Hoover dam Outflow

Channel

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Hoover Dam Outlet Tunnel

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How many reservoirs are there in

Vietnam?
Based on Directorate of Water Resources
, Vietnam:
Totally, there are 6.648 reservoirs till
2012, in which:
-Storage capacity (SC) greater than 10
Mill. m3: 103 ones;
-SC in the range of 3-10 Mill. m3 : 152
ones;
-SC smaller than 3 Mill. m3: 6.393 ones.

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Reasonable water resources development and utilization in DNRB:

Can n
N4

N5
SRFu
Mieng

S. Be

N6

Phc
Hoa
Dau
Tieng

ng
o
S.

i
Na

ai
Ninh

Ta Lai
Phu Tan 1
N8
Phu Tan 2
Thanh Sn
Ngoc nh

Rach Chanh

Tr An

Ta
Pao

Song Luy
Bnh Thuan

La Nga 3

SRFu
Mieng

S. o
ng Nai

Ham
Thuan

Song C
Phan R

a
Mi

S. L
a

n
o
G

ng
o

Co

Nga

i
Sa
S.

m
Va
S.
S. Va
m C
o Ta
y

N2

N6A

Vo at

TP. Ho
Ch Minh
Ha
lu
o
ng
Nai

a
Nhim

N3

Thac M

Song Dinh/Ray
BThuan/Nai
Existing

N3

Under construction

N8

Planned

N8

Proposed

Procedure to design a
reservoir
Topography
Field
Investigation

A Reservoir

Determine
technical
parameters
Design optional
structures

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Analyze and
select real
option

Geology
c
Hydrology
Models,
software,
c
Other Cal.
Tech
Drawings
c

Economic and
c
environmental
criteria and tools
11

Criteria for Site Selection of a

Reservoir
1) Large storage capacity
2) Suitable site for the dam: downstream, good foundation,
shorter length
3) Watertightness of the reservoir: pervious foundation are
preferable
4) Good hydrological conditions:
adequate runoff available for storage;
catchment area of the river should give high yield;
Should not be heavy water losses (evapo-transpiration..)
5) Deep reservoir: reduce water losses, cost of land acquisition,
weed growth
6) Small submerged area: mitigate negative impacts (ecology,
social economic)
7) Low silt inflow: extend life span of a reservoir
8) No objectionable minerals: prevent water contaminated
9) Low cost of real estate: dam, dwellings
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12

Basic (technical) terms and definitions

of a Reservoir

FRL, NPL

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13

How to calculate Available Storage

Capacity (ASC) of a reservoir?
The ASC of a reservoir
depends upon the
topography of the site and the
height of dam.
To determine the ASC of a
reservoir up to a certain level
of water, a topographic survey
of the reservoir area
is usually conducted, and a
contour map of the area is
prepared.
scale of 1 cm = 100 m or 150 m with a
contour interval of 1 to 3 m, depending
upon the size of the reservoir
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14

Steps to calculate ASC of a

reservoir:
(1) Derive Elevation-Area curve from
topographic map.
(2) Derive Elevation-Capacity Curve:
-Trapezoidal formula: V1 = h(A1+A2)/2
V = Vi; i = 1-n
-Cone formula:
- Prismoidal formula:

Combined diagram
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Do an example?

15

Example 1
A reservoir has the following areas enclosed by
contours at various elevation. Determine the
capacity of the reservoir between elevation of
200.0 to 300.0 by various formula above.
Elevati
on

200.
0

Area of 150.0
contour
(km2)

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220.0 240.0 260.0 280.0 300.0

175.0

210.0

270.0

320.0

400.0

16

How to determine Required

Capacity (RC)?
RC depends on the inflow available and demand.
- If available flow > demand: no storage required
- If inflow in the river is small but the demand is
high, a large reservoir capacity is required
The RC for a reservoir can be determined by rge
following methods:
(1) Graphical method, using mass curves.
(2) Analytical method
(3) Flow-duration curves method

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17

(1) Graphical methods to determine

the RC

(a) Storage required for uniform demand.

- used when the mass demand
curve is a straight line.
- Procedures:
1. Prepare a mass inflow curve
from the flow hydrograph of
the site for a number of
consecutive years including
the most critical years (or
the driest years)
2. Prepare the mass demand
curve (MDC) corresponding
to the given rate of demand.
3. Draw the lines AB, FG, etc..
(parallel to the MDC and
tangential to the crests of
MIC)
4. Determine vertical
intercepts CD, HJ
5. Determine the largest
vertical interception = RSC

The same scale

18

(b) Storage required for Non-uniform demand.

19

(c) Storage required when the demand is equal to

the average discharge of the river.

20

Determination of Yield of a Reservoir

Yield is the volume of water which can be withdrawn from a
reservoir in a specified period of time. The time period for the
Theisyield
is equalaccording
to the slopeto the size of the reservoir.
estimation of yield
selected
of flattest
tangent
It may be a day for
a small
reservoir and a month or a year for a
large reservoir.
The yield is usually expressed as Mha-m/year or Mm3/year for large
Reservoirs
Safe yield (Firm yield) Safe yield is the maximum quantity of water
which can be supplied from a reservoir in a specified period of time
during a critical dry year. Generally, the
lowest recorded natural flow of the river for a number of years is
taken as the critical dry period for determining the safe yield.

21

Home work 1
The average annual discharge of a river for 11
years is as follows:

Determine the storage capacity required to meet a

demand of 2000 cumecs throughout the year.

Deadline: 15 Oct. 2014 by

paper
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22

2. Analytical Method for

Determination of Storage Capacity
The storage capacity should be adequate
to supply the water equal to the demand
during the critical period.
a long period, the total outflow volume
from the reservoir must be equal to the
total inflow volume minus the volume of
water lost and wasted during the period.
The capacity of the reservoir is
determined from the net inflow and
demand. The storage is required when the
demand exceeds the net inflow.
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23

The procedure is used for the determination of storage capacity:

1. Collect the stream flow data at the reservoir site during the critical dry period.
Generally, the monthly inflow rates are required. However, for very large
reservoirs, the annual inflow rates may be used.
2. Ascertain the discharge to be released downstream to satisfy water rights or to
honour the agreement between the states or the cities.
3. Determine the direct precipitation volume falling on the reservoir during the
month.
4. Estimate the evaporation losses which would occur from the reservoir. The
pan evaporation data are normally used for the estimation of evaporation losses
during the month.
5. Ascertain the demand during various months.
6. Determine the adjusted inflow during different months as follows:
Adjusted inflow = Stream inflow + Precipitation - Evaporation - Downstream
Discharge
7. Compute the storage capacity for each months.
Storage required = Adjusted inflow - Demand
The storage would be required only in those months in which the demand is
greater than the adjusted inflow.
8. Determine the total storage capacity of the reservoir by adding the storages
required found in Step 7.
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Home work 2
The monthly inflow and monthly pan-evaporation during a critical dry year at the
site of a proposed reservoir are given below.

The net increase in pool area is 500 ha and the prior rights require the release of
the full stream flow or 10 ha-m, whichever is less. Assume that 40% of the
precipitation that has fallen on the submerged area reached the stream earlier and
60% of that directly falls on the reservoir. Determine the storage capacity. Take pan
coefficient as 0.80.

Deadline: 15 Oct. 2014 by paper25

10/04/15

Economic Height of Dam

Theoretically, economic height of dam is the height of dam corresponding
to which the cost of dam per million cubic metre of storage is the
minimum.

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26

Reservoir Losses
(1) Evaporation Losses:
They depend on reservoir area and are expressed in cm of water depth.
The other factors influencing evaporation are temperature, wind velocity,
relative humidity, proximity of other structures etc.
Evaporation losses can be measured on standard pans and after applying
suitable coefficients, reservoir evaporation losses can be evaluated.
(2) Absorption Losses:
They depend on the type of soil forming the reservoir basin. They may be quite
large in the beginning, but gradually reduce as the pores get saturated.
(3) Percolation or Seepage Losses:
They are usually small but may be quite significant where there may be
continuous seam of porous strata or cavernous or fissured rock.

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27

Sedimentation in Reservoirs
Mechanism of Sedimentation
In many respects deposits in a reservoir resemble those in a delta, made by a
stream where it discharges into a lake or sea. These deposits are: (i) bottom set
beds, consisting of the fine sediments brought in by the stream; (ii) the fore set
beds formed of the coarser sandy sediments; (iii) top set beds consisting of
coarser particles; and (iv) density current deposits

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Factors Affecting Sedimentation

( i ) Extent of catchment area and the Unable nature of its different
zones.
( ii ) Amount of sediment load in the rivers.
(iii) Type of rainfall and snowfall in each zone.
(iv ) Mean monthly and annual temperature in each zone.
( v ) Monthly and annual run-off from catchment or sub-catchment.
(vi) Slope of each zone of catchment.
(vii) Vegetation in each zone of catchment.
(viii) Geological formations of each zone and estimated relative
weathering and erosion with due regard to climatic conditions.
(ix) Presence of upstream reservoir and extent of trapping of sediment
therein.
(x) Amount of sediment flushed out through sluices.
(xi) Degree of consolidation of the accumulated sediment depending
upon the extent of exposure to air, sun and wind.
(xii) Volume of water in the reservoir and its proportion to the mean
annual flow in the river i.e. capacity inflow ratio.
(xiii) Operation schedule of the reservoir.
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Control of Silting of Reservoirs

1. Adequate consideration of the silt factor for the
selecting of site and design of the dam.
(a) Selection of reservoir siteIf reservoirs of equal size
could be constructed in either
of the two watersheds at approximately the same cost, the
watershed having less erosion should be preferred.
(b) Ratio of reservoir capacity and size of drainage area. It
also affects the annual rate of storage depletion. According to
Carl. B. Brown, of U.S. Deptt, of Agriculture, a reservoir
should hold at least 3.6 hectare metre of water per square
km of drainage area in order to have a safe life of 100 years.

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Control of Silting of Reservoirs

(cont)

2. A plan of water release designed to eject the

maximum possible sediment load before deposition.
a) Reservoir design A lower darn in the first instance
with provision in its structural design for its being raised
in stages, as its capacity is encroached, would be a
better proposition.
(b) In some of the reservoirs, sluices may be provided
to take advantage of formation of density currents and
thus eject a significant share of Sediment load.
(c) The reservoir may be filled, only after passing the
peak flood-design of Aswan clam
in Egypt provided for this.

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Control of Silting of Reservoirs

(cont)
3. Control of soil erosion and sediment movement in the catchments
area.
(a) Control of sediment inflow Small check dams may be constructed on all
tributaries of the main river. Vegetation screen on the catchment would go a long
way in reducing erosion.
(b) Control of sediment depositThe outlets may be opened at the time when there
is maximum inflow of sediment in the reservoir i.e. during monsoon periods; also
ejection of reservoir water at lower levels would help in reducing silt in the basin.
(c) Removal of sediment deposit Scouring, excavation, dredging etc. may be
resorted to. But these methods are expensive. Loosening the sediment and or
pushing it towards the sluices by mechanical means simultaneously with scouring
would increase the effectiveness of the scouring action to some extent.
(d) Erosion control in the catchments area Soil conservation methods, like
afforestation, control of grazing, terrace cultivation, provision of contour bunds,
gully formation by providing small embankments, where necessary, debris barriers,
weed growth etc. all help to control soil erosion and thus reduce sediment entry in the
reservoir.

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Life of a Reservoir
The dead storage provided in reservoir capacity is allowed for
sedimentation. Actually all the sediment load does not go in
dead storage. It encroaches upon live storage also. The
encroachment and its distribution depend upon many factors
such as reservoir operation, valley characteristics, capacity
inflow ratio, sediment content in the inflow etc.
The useful life of a reservoir is taken till its capacity is reduced
to about 20% of the designed capacity.
The rate of sedimentation is higher in the initial stages and it
decreases with years. This is due to fall in the trap efficiency of
the reservoir, consolidation and shrinkage of deposits and
formation of delta.

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