Scribd
Upload
51 views

Types of Materials: Ceramic S

This document discusses different types of materials and their properties, as well as processing techniques for ceramics. Metals have high density and ductility, while ceramics have high strength but are brittle. Polymers have low density and strength. Common ceramic processing techniques include precipitation from solution, powder mixing, and fusion, but have limitations like agglomeration and inhomogeneity. Improved methods are needed to produce coatings and fibers and remove defects.

Uploaded by

Ir Fankovic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

Types of Materials: Ceramic S

This document discusses different types of materials and their properties, as well as processing techniques for ceramics. Metals have high density and ductility, while ceramics have high strength but are brittle. Polymers have low density and strength. Common ceramic processing techniques include precipitation from solution, powder mixing, and fusion, but have limitations like agglomeration and inhomogeneity. Improved methods are needed to produce coatings and fibers and remove defects.

Uploaded by

Ir Fankovic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Types of Materials

Metals
High density
Medium to
high melting
point
Medium to
high elastic
modulus
Reactive
Ductile

Ceramic
s
Low
density
High
melting
point
Very high
elastic
modulus
Unreactive
Brittle

Polymers
Very low
density
Low melting
point
Low elastic
modulus
Very reactive
Ductile and
brittle types

Ceramics
Covalent or ionic
interatomic bonding
Often compounds;
usually oxides
New engineering
ceramics can also be
carbides, nitrides and
borides

Materials Data
Hard brittle solids - no
unique failure strength
because it depends on
crack size
Data can vary markedly
from manufacturer to
manufacturer
Strength may depend on
history after manufacture
(surface damage)

Some data are invariant structure insensitive e.g.


Melting point, Density,
Elastic Modulus
Others are highly
structure sensitive e.g.
Tensile Strength, Fracture
Toughness, Thermal
conductivity, Thermal
Expansion Coefficient

Processing of Advanced Materials


ceramic particle processing
Ceramic powder synthesis
Ceramic particle interaction in liquid
suspension
Ceramic powder packing
Ceramic forming and sintering

Reading List
Y. M. Chang, Physical Ceramics, John Willey
1997
D. Segal, Chemical Synthesis of Advanced
Ceramic Materials (Cambridge University Press
1991).
J. S. Reed, Principles of Ceramic Processing
(Wiley Interscience 1995)
T. A. Ring, Fundamentals of Ceramic Powder
Processing and Synthesis, Academic Press (1996)

Conventional Routes to Ceramic Powder

Precipitation from solution


Powder mixing
Fusion

Example 1: alumina production via


The Bayer Process:
Alumina occurs as the mineral bauxite and is
refined in the Bayer process whereby ore is
initially dissolved under pressure in sodium
hydroxide so that solid impurities ( SiO2, TiO2,
Fe2O3) separate from sodium alumina solution

Al2O3+2OH-+3H2O=2[Al(OH)4]Al OH 3 NaOH NaAlO 2 H O


2
2

This solution is either seeded with gibbsite (-Al2O3.3H2O)


after its neutralisation with CO2 gas.
NaAlO2 + 2H2O =Al(OH)3 + NaOH
2Al(OH)3= 2Al2O3 + 3H2O
Temperature, alumina supersaturation and amount of seed
affect particle size during crystallisation but, as for other
precipitation reactions, the production is agglomerated.

Production of yttria stablised zirconia from the minerals


baddeleyite (ZrO2) and zircon sand (ZrO2.SiO2)
Zirconia exists in three crystallographic forms while
monoclinic phase exists at room temperature for pure
zirconia phase. The monoclinic zirconia is a brittle material,
and toughening of zirconia can be achieved by
incorporation of oxide such as MgO, Y2O3 and CaO into
zirconia to achieve cubic phase and tetragonal phase.

Precipitation from solution

Powder mixing
1) Blending different oxide powders
2) The mixture is grinded or milled
3) Calcination
4) Firing with intermediate grinding
Example: YBa2Cu3O7-
From mixing Y2O3, BaCO3 and CuO, grinding and
heating at 1223K in air. Powder was then
pressed into pellets, sintered in flowing O2,
cooled to 473K in P2 and removed from the
furnace.

Fusion Route to Ceramics


Reactants are mixed as powders and melted, after which
nucleating agents were added. The temperature is then raised
until crystallisation occurs and the microstructure is developed.

These methods are limited by the melting point of reactants


while high temperature can lead to loss of volatile oxides.

Need for improved synthetic routes for advanced ceramics

1. Produce fine powder with low degree of


agglomeration which commonly occurs in
traditional methods.
2. Coatings and fibre productions which can not
achieved using conventional methods.
3. Remove inhomogeneity and voids which
occurs in ceramics produced with
conventional methods
4. Other starting materials for manufacture of
monolithic ceramics

Questions:
1. Compare different conventional ceramic processing
techniques and describe their limitations.
2. What materials can be produced using conventional
ceramic processing methods?

Liquid Phase synthesis by precipitation


Advantage: making pure products
Disadvantages:
1. Drying and calcination
2. Agglomeration and aggregation

Synthesis by precipitation:
Precipitation and Solubility

1. Precipitation due to evaporation


2. Precipitation due to high pressure
3. Precipitation due to reaction-induced supersaturation.

When a substance is transformed from one


phase to another, the change in the molar
Gibbs free energy at constant pressure and
temperature is given by

G 2 1

where is the chemical potential of phase


1 (solute) and phase 2 (solid).

The molar Gibbs energy change


can also be expressed as

a
G RTLn
RT ln S

a0

There are three main categories of


nucleation:
1.
2.
3.

Primary homogeneous
Primary heterogeneous
Secondary

Homogeneous nucleation occurs in the


absence of a solid interface; heterogeneous
nucleation occurs in the presence of a solid
interface of a foreign seed; and secondary
nucleation occurs in the presence of a solute
particle interface

Homogeneous nucleation

V RT ln S a

G v

vr

2
G r
RT ln S a r

*
std

When S=e=2.718

Standard Critical size


Angstrom

Surface energy (J/m2)

802

1.00

401

0.50

40

0.10

20

0.05

*
std

Nucleation rate ~ super-saturation ratio


as 1/S=0
2

J
long
A log S

J max

Heterogeneous nucleation

J T J hom o J hetero

Crystal Shape

h1 h2 hi

1 2 i

The shape of a crystal can be controlled by either


thermodynamics or kinectics. Only for crystals grown
under very, very low supersaturation ratio is a crystal
habit established by thermodynamics. For most other
crystal growth conditions, the kinetics of slowest
growing crystal faces give rise to a crystal shape.

Kinetic shape

Diffusion shape

Aggregate shape
Particles can aggregate by either Brownian or
shear induced aggregation.

Need for improved synthetic routes


for advanced ceramics

Produce fine powder


Coatings and fibre productions
Remove inhomogeneity and voids
Other starting materials for manufacture of
monolithic ceramics

Questions:
Define super-saturation S and explain why
S >>1 for nucleation in most of cases.
For producing crystal with equilibrium
shape, what level of S should be and
explain why?

You might also like