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Tectonic Geomorphology Figures: CHAPTER 2: Geomorphic Markers

geomorfologia cap 2

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Manuel Azancot
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41 views19 pages

Tectonic Geomorphology Figures: CHAPTER 2: Geomorphic Markers

geomorfologia cap 2

Uploaded by

Manuel Azancot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TectonicGeomorphologyFigures

CHAPTER2:GeomorphicMarkers

potential mass
movement
sea clif
abrasion
ramp

wave-cut
notch

~1

Figure 2.1: Abraision platform, sea cliff, wave-cut notch, and


shoreline angle.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

original shape of older reef


subaerial erosion

meters
10

clif face
Acropora
'humilis' and 'cuneata'
Maximal
sea level

lagoon sediment
patch
reef

0
older reef

Favia

-10

-20

B
sea level 3, 4

sea level 2

sea
level 1
4

time

reef profiles
at times 1, 2, 3,. 4

notches indicate
short stillstands

meter
s
30

time

20
10
0

Figure 2.2: Coral reef stratigraphy and sea level change.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

5.2

4.8

4.4

3.6

3.2

2
4
100

210

5a

3
4

5e

300

-2

7c

10

12

22

10

-2

1
5

-3

11
13
15
17
19
21

14
18
20

1000

13
14

700
Brunhes/
9c Matuyama
800

B/M

9c

500

9a

9b

300

-1

12

600

10

16

11

7a
7b

500

9a

10

32

5e

7c

9b

7a

7b

400
200

5a
5c

5b
5d

200

5c

5d

-1

100

3
5b

Quaternary isotope record


(composite)
18 O ( )

Specmap isotope record


(stacked and smoothed)
18 O ( )

Equatorial Pacific Core V19-30


(Panama Basin)
18 O ()

1500

15

16

17

18

59

19

20

62

21

2000

Figure 2.3: Isotopic composition of the oceans during the


Pleistocene viewed at three different time scales.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

E = present
elevation

A ( = duration of uplift)

meters

rate = D/
A

40

e = elevatio
n
at time of
formatio
n

present
sea level

- 40

120

40
80
age (ka)

- 80

Figure 2.4: Relationship between relative, real, and apparent sea levels.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

10

1000's of years before present

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

modern sea level

-10
-30
-50
-70

last interglaciation

-90
-110

glacial maximum

-130

Figure 2.5: Variations in real sea level based primarily on dated


terraces on the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

beach ridges

A
240

Turakirae Head

A'

200
160
120

elevation of
beach ridge

80

24 m
22 m

01

miles
16 m

40
0

0.0

1.0
km

Pacific
Ocean

modern A'
beach ridge
7.8 m
2.3 m sea
level

Figure 2.6: Beach ridges.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

Figure 2.7b: Lacustrine shorelines formed by Pleistocene Lake


Bonneville.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

Figure 2.7b: Lacustrine shorelines formed by Pleistocene Lake


Bonneville.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

1350

1625

peak: ~13 ka

peak: ~16 ka

1575

1300

1525

1250

1475
1425

1200

Lahontan

1150

1325

Bonneville

1275

1100
1050

1375

1225
0

5000

15,000

25,000

1175
35,000

Time (yr B.P.)

Figure 2.8a: Lake-level changes.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

number of basins with data


100 33 12 12 14 13 13 14 15 15 17 18 15 13 17 12 12 11 11 12 17 11 10 10 11 10 97

565

lake level status


high

80

intermediat
e

60

low

40

Western U.S. lakes

20
0

51

01

52

02

thousands of years before present (14C)

53

Figure 2.8b: Lake-level changes.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

topset

proxy for water level:


topset-foreset contactforeset
bottomset

coarse

medium

fine

Figure 2.9: Internal bedding geometries in a simple delta.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

Figure 2.10: Schematic representation of the threshold of critical power


as a balance between eroding and resisting forces.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

a.
Fill 1

aggradational
terraces

Fill 2
Fill 3

gravel cap
on strath
degradational
terraces

b.
paired
terraces

unpaired
terraces

c.

aggradational
terrace 1
aggradational
strath terrace
terrace 2
degradational
terraces

aggradational
terrace 3

cut-and-fill history
incisio n
aggradation

tim e

Figure 2.11: Schematic configurations of river terraces.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

a.

distance upstream from the basin edge (km)


200x vertical
exaggeration

10

20

50
25

position of present stream and inferred pre-terrace gradient

b.

10

15
radiocarbon
dates
01

20

distance upstream from basin mouth (km)

c.

distance upstream from the basin edge (km)


200x vertical
exaggeration

10

20 50
10ka

15ka

14ka

13ka

12ka

9ka

8ka

7ka

25
6ka

11ka

Figure 2.12: Terrace formation.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

a.
x

P3

P4

P1

P2

upper
hinge graben
terracexx surface
x
x x

T1

T1
x

x
x

x
x

8.7m

9.0m

x
x
x

offset terrace
x surface
x
x
x

T'0

x
x

x
x

amount
of offset

8.4m

x
x

x
xx
x

7.7m

T1
x

x
x

xx
x xx
xx

x
x

T'0

T'0
x

b.

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

hinge
graben

c.
20
15
surveypoints

10

9.7-m offset
of terrace surface

5
0

100

200

300

horizontal distance (meters)

Figure 2.13: Faulted fan surfaces of the Tien Shan.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

unconformity surface
Cenozoic strata
on Paleozoic rocks

Paleozoic rocks

bedding

Figure 2.14: Exhumed unconformity surface in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

a.

b.

present stream
12 m

12 m

0
fault
trace

upthrown
block

downthrown
block

20
meters

present stream
beheaded
streams

1-m
contours

beheaded
streams

Figure 2.15: Beheaded streams.


Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

b: intial correlation

a: initial data set


continuous terrace
marine terrace
surfaces
platforms
survey point
on terrace

correlation of terraces
based on
initial survey

modern channel
bed

c: expanded data set


additional survey
points on terrace

e: diferentiation of terrace types


continuous fill
terrace surfaces

continuous strath
surfaces

d: revised correlation
revised terrace
correlations

f: final correlation
tread of
fill terrace

final terrace
correlations

strath surface

Figure 2.16: Correlation of remnants of river terraces based on an


example from the Mattole River, northern California.
Copyright 2001 Douglas Burbank and Robert Anderson. This figure may be downloaded and used for
teaching purposes only. It may not be reproduced in any publication, commercial or scientific, without
permission from the publishers, Blackwell Publishing, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.

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