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File Systems and Databases

This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the evolution of databases from early file systems, flaws in file system data management, and the role of a DBMS. The document also describes different types of database systems and models, including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It explains the functions and advantages of DBMS compared to traditional file systems.

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shivanshubansal
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57 views

File Systems and Databases

This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the evolution of databases from early file systems, flaws in file system data management, and the role of a DBMS. The document also describes different types of database systems and models, including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It explains the functions and advantages of DBMS compared to traditional file systems.

Uploaded by

shivanshubansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Chapter 1

File Systems and Databases

In this chapter, you will learn:


What a database is, what it does, and why database
design is important
How modern databases evolved from files and file
systems
About flaws in file system data management
What a DBMS is, what it does, and how it fits into the
database system
About types of database systems and database
models

Introducing the Database


Data versus Information

Data constitute building blocks of information


Information produced by processing data
Information reveals meaning of data
Good, timely, relevant information key to decision making
Good decision making key to organizational survival

Database Management
Database is shared, integrated computer structure
housing:
End user data
Metadata

Database Management System (DBMS)


Manages Database structure
Controls access to data
Contains query language

Importance of DBMS
Makes data management more efficient and
effective
Query language allows quick answers to ad hoc
queries
Provides better access to more and bettermanaged data
Promotes integrated view of organizations
operations
Reduces the probability of inconsistent data

DBMS Manages Interaction

Figure 1.2

Database Design
Importance of Good Design
Poor design results in unwanted data redundancy
Poor design generates errors leading to bad decisions

Practical Approach
Focus on principles and concepts of database design
Importance of logical design

Historical Roots of Database


First applications focused on clerical tasks
Requests for information quickly followed
File systems developed to address needs
Data organized according to expected use
Data Processing (DP) specialists computerized manual file
systems

File Terminology
Data
Raw Facts

Field
Group of characters with specific meaning

Record
Logically connected fields that describe a person, place, or
thing

File
Collection of related records

Simple File System

Figure 1.5

10

File System Critique


File System Data Management
Requires extensive programming in third-generation
language (3GL)
Time consuming
Makes ad hoc queries impossible
Leads to islands of information

11

File System Critique (cont.)

Data Dependence
Change in files data characteristics requires modification of
data access programs
Must tell program what to do and how
Makes file systems cumbersome from programming and data
management views

Structural Dependence
Change in file structure requires modification of related
programs

12

File System Critique (cont.)

Field Definitions and Naming Conventions

Flexible record definition anticipates reporting requirements


Selection of proper field names important
Attention to length of field names
Use of unique record identifiers

13

File System Critique (cont.)

Data Redundancy

Different and conflicting versions of same data


Results of uncontrolled data redundancy
Data anomalies
Modification
Insertion
Deletion

Data inconsistency
Lack of data integrity

14

Database Systems
Database consists of logically related data stored in a
single repository
Provides advantages over file system management
approach
Eliminates inconsistency, data anomalies, data dependency,
and structural dependency problems
Stores data structures, relationships, and access paths

15

Database vs. File Systems


Figure 1.6

16

Database System Environment

Figure 1.7

17

Database System Types


Single-user vs. Multiuser Database
Desktop
Workgroup
Enterprise

Centralized vs. Distributed


Use
Production or transactional
Decision support or data warehouse

18

DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management
Data storage management
Data transformation and presentation
Security management
Multiuser access control
Backup and recovery management
Data integrity management
Database language and application
programming interfaces
Database communication interfaces

19

Database Models
Collection of logical constructs used to represent data
structure and relationships within the database
Conceptual models: logical nature of data representation
Implementation models: emphasis on how the data are
represented in the database

20

Database Models (cont.)


Relationships in Conceptual Models
One-to-one (1:1)
One-to-many (1:M)
Many-to-many (M:N)

Implementation Database Models


Hierarchical
Network
Relational

21

Hierarchical Database Model


Logically represented by an upside down tree
Each parent can have many children
Each child has only one parent

Figure 1.8

22

Hierarchical Database Model


Advantages

Conceptual simplicity
Database security and integrity
Data independence
Efficiency

Disadvantages

Complex implementation
Difficult to manage and lack of standards
Lacks structural independence
Applications programming and use complexity
Implementation limitations

23

Network Database Model


Each record can have multiple parents
Composed of sets
Each set has owner record and member record
Member may have several owners

Figure
1.10

24

Network Database Model


Advantages

Conceptual simplicity
Handles more relationship types
Data access flexibility
Promotes database integrity
Data independence
Conformance to standards

Disadvantages
System complexity
Lack of structural independence

25

Relational Database Model


Perceived by user as a collection of tables for data
storage
Tables are a series of row/column intersections
Tables related by sharing common entity
characteristic(s)

26

Relational Database Model (cont.)

Figure 1.11

27

Relational Database Model


Advantages
Structural independence
Improved conceptual simplicity
Easier database design, implementation, management, and
use
Ad hoc query capability with SQL
Powerful database management system

28

Relational Database Model


Disadvantages
Substantial hardware and system software overhead
Poor design and implementation is made easy
May promote islands of information problems

29

Entity Relationship Database Model


Complements the relational data model concepts
Represented in an entity relationship diagram (ERD)
Based on entities, attributes, and relationships

Figure 1.13

30

Entity Relationship Database Model


Advantages

Exceptional conceptual simplicity


Visual representation
Effective communication tool
Integrated with the relational database model

Disadvantages

Limited constraint representation


Limited relationship representation
No data manipulation language
Loss of information content

31

Object-Oriented Database Model


Objects or abstractions of real-world entities are stored
Attributes describe properties
Collection of similar objects is a class
Methods represent real world actions of classes
Classes are organized in a class hierarchy

Inheritance is ability of object to inherit attributes and


methods of classes above it

32

OO Data Model
Advantages

Adds semantic content


Visual presentation includes semantic content
Database integrity
Both structural and data independence

Disadvantages

Lack of OODM
Complex navigational data access
Steep learning curve
High system overhead slows transactions

33

Database Models and the Internet


Characteristics of Internet age databases

Flexible, efficient, and secure Internet access


Easily used, developed, and supported
Supports complex data types and relationships
Seamless interfaces with multiple data sources and
structures
Simplicity of conceptual database model
Many database design, implementation, and application
development tools
Powerful DBMS GUI make DBA job easier

34

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