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Venn Diagram

Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to represent categorical statements about the relationships between classes of objects or concepts. John Venn introduced them in 1880 as a way to visually depict categorical propositions and syllogisms. They allow you to determine the validity of syllogisms by diagramming the premises - if the conclusion is evident from the diagram, the syllogism is valid.

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Jordan Tagao Colcol
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153 views16 pages

Venn Diagram

Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to represent categorical statements about the relationships between classes of objects or concepts. John Venn introduced them in 1880 as a way to visually depict categorical propositions and syllogisms. They allow you to determine the validity of syllogisms by diagramming the premises - if the conclusion is evident from the diagram, the syllogism is valid.

Uploaded by

Jordan Tagao Colcol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VENN DIAGRAM

VENN DIAGRAM

Venn Diagram
- an arrangement of two overlapping circles. Each circle
represents a class.
- Venn diagrams were introduced in 1880 by John Venn
(18341923) in a paper entitled "On the Diagrammatic
and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and
Reasoning" in the "Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science", about the different ways to represent
propositions by diagrams

Venn Diagram
-Since a categorical statement represents the relation of
two classes i.e. S and P, 2 overlapping circles are
drawn and this composes of 4 regions.
-The left-hand circle represents the subject term of the
statement and the right-hand circle represents the
predicate term of the statement as shown below:

REGION
Region 1
- things that are S but not P.
Region 2
- things that are S and P.
Region 3
- things that are P but not S.
Region 4
- things that are neither S nor P.

1
S

Example:
-Suppose the Subject Term is Movie

Star and the Predicate term is Liars.

1 is a Movie star but not a Liar


2 is a Movie star and a Liar
3 is a Liar but not a Movie Star
4 neither a Movie star nor a Liar

The categorical statements are given in Boolean

interpretation.
Each statement is represented by making a single mark
in a pair of overlapping circles.
Two kinds of Marks are allowed:
1. Shading an area means that the area is empty or zero.
- is always used in connection with Universal
statements
2. Placing an X means that at least one thing exists in
that area.
- used in connection with Particular statements.
NOTE: if no mark appears in a certain area, nothing is
known about that area.

The 4 categorical statements are represented below:

P
All S are P
E

P
No S are P

S
P
Some S are P

S
P
Some S are not P

Venn Diagrams are very helpful in determining the

validity of syllogism.
Examine the diagram below:

What have you notice?


Is the categorical syllogism complete?
How about its middle term or its conclusion?

Remember that a categorical syllogism is compose of

three terms: The major term, minor term, and the


middle term.
So, we need to add another circle to represent the
middle term.
In summary, there are three overlapping circles shall be
drawn to represent the three terms of syllogism.

Remember that a categorical syllogism is compose of

three terms: The major term, minor term, and the


middle term.
So, we need to add another circle to represent the
middle term.
In summary, there are three overlapping circles shall be
drawn to represent the three terms of syllogism.
Position the following according to the ff:
Minor term Left-hand circle
Major term Right-hand circle
Middle term Middle circle

Guidelines must be observed in connection with the

Venn Diagram Test:


1. The universal premise should be diagramed first if the
syllogism contains a particular premise.
2. The letter X should be placed on the line dissecting
an area if the whole area is so designated in the
premise. If part of the area has been shaded, the X goes
in the unshaded part.
3. Only the premises should be diagramed. If a syllogism
is valid, the conclusion will be self-evident.

We shall now consider some syllogisms in view of their

validity or invalidity by way of Venn diagrams:


All whales are mammals.
No frogs are mammals.
Therefore, No frogs are whales.

AE:. E

Figure 2

W Whales (Major term)


F Frogs (Minor term)
M Mammals (Middle term)
Three intersecting circles are drawn, labeling each circles with
F, W, and M.

All whales are mammals.


No frogs are mammals.
Therefore, No frogs are whales.1
Step 1: Diagram the major premise.

F
M

Step 2: The minor premise should be likewise diagramed.

M
The conclusion should not be diagramed. In fact, it can
read off in the above diagram. The diagram shows that
the area FW is empty: No frogs are whales.
Therefore, The syllogism is valid.

Another example: Determine whether the categorical


statement is valid or invalid by simply drawing the venn
diagram.
Try it!
All frogs are amphibians.
Some amphibians are turtles.
Therefore, some turtles are frogs.
Determine first the major, minor and middle term.
The draw the venn diagram of each categorical
statements.

All frogs are amphibians.


Some amphibians are turtles.
Therefore, some turtles are frogs.

A
F

T
A

The syllogism is INVALID


since the conclusion is not
self evident as shown in the
diagram

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