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This document discusses frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation. It proposes designing an FSK modulator using an XR-2206 function generator to produce sine waves that are transmitted via infrared LED over a wireless channel. For demodulation, a phase-locked loop (PLL) chip like the NE565 would be used. The document explains the components, modulation/demodulation processes, and provides block diagrams for the FSK modulator and wireless transmission system using infrared.

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187 views

FSK New

This document discusses frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation. It proposes designing an FSK modulator using an XR-2206 function generator to produce sine waves that are transmitted via infrared LED over a wireless channel. For demodulation, a phase-locked loop (PLL) chip like the NE565 would be used. The document explains the components, modulation/demodulation processes, and provides block diagrams for the FSK modulator and wireless transmission system using infrared.

Uploaded by

Anonymous l6MhRW
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 23

FREQUENCY SHIFT

KEYING
FSK:
SIGNALS AND DEMODULATION

CONCEPTS
Existing

concept: Design a FSK modulator


using 555/XR 2206 and convert it to sine wave
using filter and transmit the same using IR
LED and demodulate the same PLL NE 565/XR
2212.
Proposed
concept: To design a FSK
modulator using XR 2206 monolithic function
generator to produce a sine wave and transmit
the signal using IR LED over wireless channel
and to demodulate it using PLL NE 565.

WHAT IS FSK?

Frequency-shift keying or FSK is

a frequency modulation scheme in which


digital information is transmitted through
discrete frequency changes of a carrier
wave.
The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK) .
The "1" is called the mark frequency and
the "0" is called the space frequency.

MODULATION

The minimum duration of a mark or


space condition is called the element
Length.
Typical values for element length are
between 5 and 22 milliseconds.
An alternate way of specifying element
length is in terms of the keying
speed(Bauds).

Baud = ______1______
Element length

COMPONENTS IN FSK:
XR-2206:

It is a monolithic function generator IC


capable of producing high quality square,
triangle, ramp and pulse waveform of high
stability and accuracy.
PLL or Phase Locked Loop in FSK e.g. PLL 565 is
used as a demodulator.
IR LED for transmitting over wireless channels
Instead of PLL 565 we can also use XR-2212 also
as a precision Phase locked loop.

Encoder

Laser
Driver
circit

Laser

Amplifier
and
equalizer

Decoder

APD

Digital Information
Source

Digital output

BLOCK DIAGRAM

XR-2206:FUNCTION GENERATOR:
FEATURES
Low-Sine Wave Distortion, 0.5%, Typical
Excellent Temperature Stability, 20ppm/C, Typ.
Wide Sweep Range, 2000:1, Typical
Low-Supply Sensitivity, 0.01%V, Typ.
Linear Amplitude Modulation
TTL Compatible FSK Controls
Wide Supply Range, 10V to 26V
Adjustable Duty Cycle, 1% TO 99%

PIN DETAILS OF XR2206

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
The XR-2206 is comprised of four
functional blocks:
a

voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO),


an analog multiplier and sine-shaper;
a unity gain buffer amplifier;
a set of current switches.

XR-2206 BLOCK DIAGRAM

MODULATION PROCESS:

The XR-2206 can be operated with two separate


timing resistors, R1 and R2, connected to the
timing Pin 7 and 8, respectively.

Depending on the polarity of the logic signal at


Pin 9, either one or the other of these timing
resistors is activated. Thus, the output frequency
can be keyed between two levels.
f1 = 1/R1C and
f2 = 1/R2C

NE/SE565:PLL
The NE/SE565 Phase locked loop (PLL) is a
self-contained, adaptable filter and demodulator
for the frequency range from 0.001Hz to 500kHz.
The circuit comprises a
voltage-controlled
oscillator
stability and linearity,
a phase comparator,
an amplifier
a low pass filter.

of

exceptional

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DEMODULATION USING NE/SE565 PLL

DEMODULATION PROCESS:
The

demodulator receives a signal at one of the


two distinct carrier frequencies, 1,270 Hz or
1,070 Hz.
Capacitance coupling is used at the input to
remove a dc level.
As the signal appears at the input of 565 PLL,
the PLL tracks
between the two possible
frequencies with a corresponding dc shift at the
output.

R1

and
C1 determine
the
free-running
frequency of the VCO.
A three-stage RC ladder filter is employed for
removing the sum frequency component
from the output.
Comparator IC 710 is used to compare the
decoded output with the reference.
An input at frequency 1,070 Hz and 1,270
Hz drives the demodulator output voltage to
a more positive voltage level and less
positive output, respectively.

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION:
Any wireless communication system has three
important parts.
Transmitter:
Receiver

IR LED

: Photo diode

Transmission

Medium: Air

IR(INFRARED) TRANSMISSION:

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic


radiation with a wavelength longer than that
of visible light, measured from the nominal edge
of visible red light at 0.74 micrometers, and
extending conventionally to 300 micrometres.
These wavelengths correspond to a frequency
range of approximately 1 to 400THz, and include
most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects
near room temperature.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CONCLUSION
FSK signals take many different forms
depending on their intended application where
binary FSK is the simplest of them.
With the increasing sophistication of
electronics and signal detection theory, it is clear
that FSK modulators and demodulators, can be
utilized to optimally demodulate the many
different digital signal formats.

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