Wave Power

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Introduction
Ocean waves are both
clean and renewable
sources of energy with a
tremendous worldwide
potential of generating
electricity.
If fully exploited, about
40% of the worlds power
demand could be supplied
by this resource
equivalent to as much as
800 nuclear power plants.

How Waves Form ?

Differential warming of the earth causes pressure differences in
the atmosphere, which generate winds.
As winds move across the surface of open bodies of water, they
transfer some of their energy to the water and create waves.
A few factors determine how strong an individual wave will be.
These include:
Speed of wind: The faster the wind is traveling, the bigger a wave will be.
Time of wind: The wave will get larger the longer the length of time the
wind is hitting it.
Distance of wind: The farther the wind travels against the wave (known
as fetch), the bigger it will be.

Wave Power
Wave
power
is
the
transport of energy by
ocean surface waves, and
the capture of that energy
to do useful work for
example,
electricity
generation,
water
desalination,
or
the
pumping of water (into
reservoirs).

What is Wave Energy?

Some of the kinetic (motional) energy in the wind is transformed
into waves once the wind hits the ocean surface.
Wind energy ultimately forms due to solar energy and its influence
on high and low pressure.
The density of the energy that is transported under the waves
under the ocean surface is about five times higher compared to the
wind energy 20 meter (about 65 feet) above.
In other words, the amount of energy in a single wave is very high.

History
The first known patent to use energy from ocean waves dates
back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his son.
An early application of wave power was a device constructed
around 1910 .
From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in the UK
alone.
Modern scientific pursuit of wave energy was pioneered by Yoshio
Masuda's experiments in the 1940s.
A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil crisis
in 1973.
In the 1980s, a few first-generation prototypes were tested at sea.
In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was opened in Portugal.

Wave Energy Environments

The strongest
winds blow
between 30
and 60 in
latitude.
Western
coastlines at
these latitudes
experience the
most powerful

Harnessing Techniques
In order to extract this energy, wave energy conversion
devices must create a system of reacting forces, in
which two or more bodies move relative to each other,
while at least one body interacts with the waves.
There are many ways that such a system could be
configured.

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Harnessing Techniques
Waves retain energy differently depending on water
depth
Lose energy slowly in deep water
Lose energy quickly as water becomes shallower because of
friction between the moving water particles and the sea bed

Wave energy conversion devices are designed for

optimal operation at a particular depth range.

Three Basic Kinds of Systems

Offshore (deals with swell
energy not breaking waves)

Near Shore (maximum wave

amplitude)

Embedded devices (built

into shoreline to receive breaking
wave but energy loss is
occurring while the wave is
breaking)

Wave Energy Devices

Wave Profile Devices: They turn the oscillating
height of the oceans surface into mechanical energy.

Oscillating Water Columns: They convert the

energy of the waves into air pressure.

Wave Capture Devices: They convert the energy

of the waves into potential energy.

Wave Profile Devices

If the physical size of the wave profile
device is very small compared to the
periodic length of the wave, this type of
wave energy device is called a "point
absorber".
If the size of the device is larger or longer
than the typical periodic wavelength, it is
called a "linear absorber.

Point Absorber

More commonly they are collectively

known as "wave attenuators".

Wave Attenuators

Working
The waves energy is absorbed using
Vertical motion (heave)
Horizontal motion in the direction of wave travel (surge)
Angular motion about a central axis parallel to the wave
crests (pitch)
or, angular motion about a vertical axis (yaw)
or a combination of all four
The energy being generated by reacting these different
movements against some kind of fixed resistance called
a reaction point.

Working
To make efficient use of
the force generated by the
wave, we need some kind
of force reaction.
In other words, we want
the waves force on the
float to react against
another rigid or semi-rigid
body.
Reaction points can be
inertial masses such as
heavy suspended ballast
plates, sea-floor anchors or
a fixed deadweight or pile
as shown.

The Power Buoy

As the buoy bobs upand-down in the
waves, a oscillatory
mutual force reaction
is generated between
the freely moving
absorber and the
heavy plate causing a
hydraulic pump in
between to rotate a
generator producing

Wave Attenuators
As the waves pass along the
length of the device, they cause
the long cylindrical body to sag
downwards into the troughs of the
waves and arch upwards when the
waves crest is passing.
Connecting joints along the body
of the device flex in the waves
exerting a great deal of force
which is used to power a hydraulic
ram at each joint.
The hydraulic ram drives oil
through a hydraulic motor which
drives a generator, producing the
electricity.

Examples

750 kW Pelamis Wave Energy

Converter, Scotland

PowerBuoy with peak-rated power output of 150 kW. USA

Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

The Oscillating Water Column,
(OWC) is a popular shoreline
wave energy device normally
positioned onto or near to rocks
or cliffs which are next to a deep
sea bottom.
They consist of a partly
submerged hollow chamber
fixed directly at the shoreline
which converts wave energy
into air pressure.

OWC- Working
As the incident waves outside enter
and exit the chamber, changes in wave
movement on the opening cause the
water level within the enclosure to
oscillate up and down acting like a
giant piston on the air above the
surface of the water, pushing it back
and forth.
This air is compressed and
decompressed by this movement every
cycle.
The air is channeled through a wind
turbine generator to produce electricity

LIMPET (Land Installed

Marine Powered Energy
Transformer), Scotland,
Capacity-500 kW

LIMPET

Oceanlinxs world's first 1MW

wave energy converter unit
'greenWAVE, Australia

500 kW offshore OWC, Port Kembla,Australia

Wave Capture Device

A Wave Capture Device also known as a Overtopping Wave Power
Device, is a shoreline to nearshore wave energy device that captures the
movements of the tides and waves and converts it into potential energy.
Wave energy is converted into potential energy by lifting the water up
onto a higher level.
The wave capture device, or more commonly an overtopping device,
elevates ocean waves to a holding reservoir above sea level.
It require sufficient wave power to fill the impoundment reservoir.

Working
As the waves hit the structure they
flow up a ramp and over the top
(hence the name "overtopping"),
into a raised water impoundment
reservoir on the device in order to
fill it.
Once captured, the potential energy
of the trapped water in the reservoir
is extracted using gravity as the
water returns to the sea via a lowhead Kaplan turbine generator
located at the bottom of the wave
capture device.

Tapered Channel (TAPCHAN)

The TAPCHAN is designed by a
company called Norwave,
and a 350kW prototype
commenced operation in 1985
on a small Norwegian island.
The principle behind the
design is to capture waves in a
raised reservoir (about 3
metres above the mean sea
level) and then extracting
useful work as the water is
allowed to flow back to the
sea.

ave Dragon Overtopping Device, Denmark

Toftestallen Wave Power Plant, TAPCHAN, Norw
5 to 12 MW ofcapacity
500 kW

New Idea Use Bottom Waves

Wave Roller device anchored to the sea floor
(obviously near the cost)
Easiest to build electricity export infrastructure.
But energy density is lower; still prototypes are being
developed

Oyster wave power technology , Scotland , peak output of 435kW

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The Future: Wave farms

Challenges
Some devices already been destroyed by the forces of tides and strong storms.
Accessibility, maintenance and repair can also be costly.
The typical efficiency of a wave energy device at the moment being only about
30%.
There is a potential impact on the marine environment.
Noise pollution, for example, could have negative impact if not monitored,
although the noise and visible impact of each design varies greatly.
The major competitor of wave power isoffshore wind power.
Wave farms can result in the displacement of commercial and recreational
fishermen from productive fishing grounds.
Waves generate about 2,700 gigawatts of power.
Of those 2,700 gigawatts, only about 500 gigawatts can be captured with the
current technology.

Conclusion
There is much potential in worldwide wave energy; 1000
TerraWatts available.
Capturing wave energy and converting that into electricity is
difficult but this allows for innovate devices to be designed
Technology produces no greenhouse gas emissions making it a
non-polluting and renewable source of energy.
The technical challenges are solvable.
The problems lie in facilitating the testing and development of
the technology to make it more affordable
Need government funding
Need a regulatory process conducive for rapid deployment of prototypes
and research equipment.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power
http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/wave-energy/w
ave-energy-devices.html
http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/1043
http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htm
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/pure-genius/wave-powerhow-it-works/3769
http://energyinformative.org/wave-energy/
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oc
eanography/wave-energy.htm
http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/wave-devices/

Thank You

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