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Quantum Cryptography: D.Deepika B.Tech Iv Year

Quantum cryptography uses principles of quantum mechanics to develop secure communication methods. It was first proposed in the late 1960s and revived in 1982 by Bennett and Brassard who combined quantum processes with public key cryptography. In quantum cryptography, photons are used to transmit encryption keys that can be used for secure communication. By exploiting properties like the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, any eavesdropping can be detected as it will introduce errors. This allows Alice and Bob to detect the presence of an eavesdropper, Eve, and discard the key if needed to maintain secure communication.

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112 views22 pages

Quantum Cryptography: D.Deepika B.Tech Iv Year

Quantum cryptography uses principles of quantum mechanics to develop secure communication methods. It was first proposed in the late 1960s and revived in 1982 by Bennett and Brassard who combined quantum processes with public key cryptography. In quantum cryptography, photons are used to transmit encryption keys that can be used for secure communication. By exploiting properties like the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, any eavesdropping can be detected as it will introduce errors. This allows Alice and Bob to detect the presence of an eavesdropper, Eve, and discard the key if needed to maintain secure communication.

Uploaded by

Nevin Francis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTUM

CRYPTOGRAPHY
D.DEEPIKA
B.TECH IV YEAR

CRYPTOGRAPHY
(krypts)
hidden
+
(grpho)
write
=
Hidden Writing

INTRODUCTION
What is Cryptography?

Cryptography is the art of devising codes and ciphers.

Crypto analysis is the art of breaking them.

Cryptology is the combination of the two i. e Cryptography and


Crypto analysis

What is Quantum Cryptography?

Quantum Cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a


common communication channel to create a body of shared and
secret information. This information, which generally takes the
form of a random string of bits, can then be used as a
conventional secret key for secure communication.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle and quantum
entanglement can be exploited in as system of secure
communication often referred to as quantum Cryptography.

HISTORY OF QUANTUM
CRYPTOGRAPHY

Stephen Wiesner wrote Conjugate Coding in


the late sixties
Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard revived
the field in 1982 by combining quantum process
with public key cryptography

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

Key distribution
Eavesdropping
Detecting eavesdropping
Noise
Error correction
Privacy Amplification
Encryption

KEY DISTRIBUTION
Alice and Bob first agree on two representations for
ones and zeroes
One for each basis used, {,}
and {, }.
This agreement can be done in public
Define
1= 0=
1= 0=

KEY DISTRIBUTION

KEY DISTRIBUTION - BB84


1.

2.

3.

Alice sends a sequence of photons to Bob.


Each photon in a state with polarization
corresponding to 1 or 0, but with randomly
chosen basis.
Bob measures the state of the photons he
receives, with each state measured with respect
to randomly chosen basis.
Alice and Bob communicates via an open
channel. For each photon, they reveal which
basis was used for encoding and decoding
respectively. All photons which has been
encoded and decoded with the same basis are
kept, while all those where the basis don't agree
are discarded

EAVESDROPPING
Eve has to randomly select basis for her
measurement
Her basis will be wrong in 50% of the time.
Whatever basis Eve chose she will measure 1 or 0
When Eve picks the wrong basis, there is 50%
chance that she'll measure the right value of the
bit
E.g. Alice sends a photon with state
corresponding to 1 in the {,} basis. Eve picks the
{, } basis for her measurement which this time
happens to give a 1 as result, which is correct.

Alices
basis

Alices
bit

Alices
photon

1
{,}

Eves
basis

Correct

Eves
photon

Eves
bit

Correct

{,}

Yes

Yes

{, }

No

Yes

No

{,}

Yes

Yes

{, }

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

{,}
1

{, }
0

No

{, }

Yes

Yes

{,}

No

No

Yes

Yes

{, }

yes

EVES PROBLEM

Eve has to re-send all the photons to Bob


Will introduce an error, since Eve don't know the
correct basis used by Alice
Bob will detect an increased error rate
Still possible for Eve to eavesdrop just a few
photons, and hope that this will not increase the
error to an alarming rate. If so, Eve would have
at least partial knowledge of the key.

DETECTING EAVESDROPPING
When Alice and Bob need to test for
eavesdropping
By randomly selecting a number of bits from the
key and compute its error rate
Error rate < E
max assume no eavesdropping

Error rate > Emax assume eavesdropping


(or the channel is unexpectedly noisy)
Alice and Bob should then discard the whole key
and start over

NOISE
Noise might introduce errors
A detector might detect a photon even though
there are no photons
Solution:
send the photons according to a time schedule.
Then Bob knows when to expect a photon, and
can discard those that doesn't fit into the
scheme's time window.
There also has to be some kind of error correction
in the over all process.

ERROR CORRECTION
Alice and Bob agree on a random permutation of
the bits in the key
They split the key into blocks of length k
Compare the parity of each block. If they compute
the same parity, the block is considered correct. If
their parity is different, they look for the
erroneous bit, using a binary search in the block.
Alice and Bob discard the last bit of each block
whose parity has been announced
This is repeated with different permutations and
block size, until Alice and Bob fail to find any
disagreement in many subsequent comparisons

PRIVACY AMPLIFICATION

Eve might have partial knowledge of the key.

Transform the key into a shorter but secure key

Suppose there are n bits in the key and Eve has


knowledge of m bits.
Randomly chose a hash function where
h(x): {0,1\}n {0,1\} n-m-s
Reduces Eve's knowledge of the key to 2 s / ln2 bits

ENCRYPTION
Key of same size as the plaintext
Used as a one-time-pad
Ensures the crypto text to be absolutely
unbreakable

ADVANTAGES:

The biggest advantage of public key


cryptography is the secure nature of the
private key. In fact, it never needs to be
transmitted or revealed to anyone.
It enables the use of digital certificates and
digital timestamps, which is a very secure
technique of signature authorization.

DISADVANTAGES:
Transmission time for documents encrypted using
public key cryptography are significantly slower then
symmetric cryptography. In fact, transmission of very
large documents is prohibitive.
The key sizes must be significantly larger than
symmetric cryptography to achieve the same level of
protection.
Public key cryptography is susceptible to
impersonation attacks.

CONCLUSION
Quantum cryptography is a major achievement
in security engineering.
As it gets implemented, it will allow perfectly
secure bank transactions, secret discussions for
government officials, and well-guarded trade
secrets for industry!

QUERIES

THANK U

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