S-72.

1140 Transmission Methods in

Telecommunication Systems (5 cr)

Exponential Carrier Wave Modulation

 Exponential modulation:
Frequency (FM) and phase (PM) modulation
 FM and PM waveforms
 Instantaneous frequency and phase
 Spectral properties
– narrow band
• arbitrary modulating waveform
• tone modulation - phasor diagram
– wideband tone modulation
– Transmission BW
 Generating FM - signals
– de-tuned tank circuit
– narrow band mixer modulator
– indirect modulators

2 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Contents (cont.)

 Detecting FM/PM
– FM-AM conversion followed by envelope detector
– Phase-shift discriminator
– Zero-crossing detection (tutorials)
– PLL-detector (tutorials)
 Effect of additive interference on FM and PM
– analytical expressions and phasor diagrams
– implications for demodulator design
 FM preemphases and deemphases filters

3 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Linear and exponential modulation

 In linear CW (carrier wave) modulation:

– transmitted spectra resembles modulating spectra
– spectral width does not exceed twice the modulating
spectral width
– destination SNR can not be better than the baseband
transmission SNR (lecture: Noise in CW systems)
 In exponential CW modulation:
– baseband and transmitted spectra does not carry a simple
relationship
– usually transmission BW>>baseband BW
– bandwidth-power trade-off (channel adaptation-suppression
of in-band noise)

4 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment

5 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Phase modulation (PM)
 Carrier Wave (CW) signal: xC (t )  AC cos( C t   (t ))
   
C (t )

 In exponential modulation the modulation is “in the exponent” or

“in the angle”
xC (t )  AC cos( C (t ))  AC Re[exp( j C (t ))]
 Note that in exponential modulation superposition does not apply:
xC (t )  A cos   C t  k f  a1 (t )  a2 (t )  
 A cos  C t  A cos k f  a1 (t )  a2 (t ) 
 In phase modulation (PM) carrier phase is linearly proportional to
the modulation x(t):
x PM ( t )  AC cos( C t   ( t ) ) 3
 x ( t ), 
 Angular phasor has the       
C (t )
instantaneous
frequency (phasor rate) C  2 f C (t )
 t
C

6 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Instantaneous frequency
vq (t )  (t )

Constant frequency carrier:

2   2 rad/s, f  1Hz
0 0

Angle modulated carrier

t  1s t/s
vi (t )
 Angular frequency  (rate) is the derivative of the phase (the
same way as the velocity v(t) is the derivative of distance s(t))
 For continuously changing frequency instantaneous frequency
is defined by differential changes:

d (t ) t Compare to v (t )  ds (t )   s2 (t )  s1 (t ) 
 (t )   (t )    ( ) d linear motion: dt  t  t 
dt   2 1 

7 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment

d (t ) t
 (t )   (t )    ( ) d
dt 

8 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Frequency modulation (FM)
 In frequency modulation carrier’s instantaneous frequency is
linearly proportional to modulation frequency:
 (t )  C   (t )  2 [ fC  f  x(t )]  dC (t ) / dt
 C (t )   2 [ fC  f  x (t )]dt
 Hence the FM waveform can be written as
t

 (t )    ( )d
       
z
xC (t )  AC cos( C t  2f  t x (  )d ), t  t0
t

0


integrate
C (t )

 Therefore for FM
f (t )  f C  f  x(t )
and for PM
 (t )   x(t )


9 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 AM, FM and PM waveforms

Instantaneous frequency directly

proportional to modulation
waveform

constant frequency follows

derivative of the modulation waveform

x PM ( t )  AC cos( C t    x (t ))

xFM (t )  AC cos( C t  2f  x (  )d ) z

t

10 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment

 Briefly summarize what is the main difference between FM and

PM ?
 How would you generate FM by using a PM modulator?

11 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Narrowband FM and PM (small modulation
index, arbitrary modulation waveform)
 The CW presentation: xC (t )  AC cos[ C t   (t )]
 The quadrature CW presentation:
xC (t )  xci (t )cos( C t )  xcq (t )sin( C t )
xci (t )  AC cos  (t )  AC [1  (1 / 2 !) 2 (t )...]
xcq (t )  AC sin  (t )  AC [ (t )  (1 / 3!) 3 (t )...]
 Narrow band (small angle) condition:  (t )  1rad
xci (t )  AC xcq (t )  AC (t )
 Hence the Fourier transform of XC(t) is
F  xC (t )   F  AC cos( C t )  AC (t )sin( C t ) 
1 j
XC ( f )  AC ( f  fC )  AC ( f  fC ), f  0
2 2
F  cos(2 f 0t )  F  cos(2 f 0t   ) x(t )  cos(   )  cos( ) cos(  )
1 1
   ( f  f0 )   ( f  f0 )   X ( f  f 0 )exp( j )  jX ( f  f 0 )exp( j )   sin( ) sin(  )
212 2
Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 Narrow band FM and PM spectra
 Remember the instantaneous phase in CW presentation:
xC (t )  AC cos[ C t   (t )]
 (t )   x (t )
PM 

 (t )  2f
FM zx( )d , t  t
 t0
t
0

 The small angle assumption produces compact spectral

presentation both for FM and AM:
1 j
XC ( f )  AC ( f  fC )  AC ( f  fC ), f  0
2 2
 ( f )  F[ (t )] What does it mean to set this
component to zero?
 X ( f ), PM

 jf  X ( f ) / f , FM
G ( )
t g ( ) d    G (0) ( )
t

0
j
13 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 XPM ( f ) XFM ( f )
Example

1  f 
 Assume: x(t )  sinc2Wt  X ( f )   
2W  2W 
1 j
X C ( f )  AC ( f  f C )  AC ( f  f C ), f  0
2 2
 PM ( f )  F [ PM (t )]   X ( f )  FM ( f )  F [ FM (t )]   jf  X ( f ) / f
1 j  f  fC 
X PM ( f )  AC ( f  f C )  AC   , f  0
2 4W  2W 
1 f  f  fC 
X FM ( f )  AC ( f  f C )  AC   , f  0
2 4 f  fC W  2W 

14 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment

15 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Solution

16 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Tone modulation with PM and FM:
modulation index 
 Remember the FM and PM waveforms:
x PM (t )  AC cos[ C t    x (t )]

 (t )

xFM (t )  AC cos[ C t  2f  x (  )d ]

  t   
z
 Assume tone modulation  (t )

R
x (t )  S
A sin( t ), PM
m m

TA cos( t ), FM
m m

 Then
  x(t )   Am sin( mt ), PM
 
 (t )  
 2 f  t x( )d   ( Am f / fm )sin( mt ), FM
 

17 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Tone modulation in frequency domain:
Phasors and spectra for narrowband case
 Remember the quadrature presentation:
xC (t )  AC cos[ C t   (t )]
xC (t )  xci (t )cos( C t )  xcq (t )sin( C t )
xci (t )  AC cos  (t )  AC [1  (1 / 2 !) 2 (t )...]
xcq (t )  AC sin  (t )  AC [ (t )  (1 / 3!) 3 (t )...]
 For narrowband assume   1,  ( t )   sin( mt ), FM, PM
xC (t )  AC cos( C t )  AC  sin( mt )sin( Ct )
AC 
 AC cos( C t )  cos( C   m )t
2
AC   PM   Am
 cos( C   m )t
2  FM  Am f  / f m
1
sin( ) sin(  )  cos(   )  cos(   )
18 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
2
 Narrow band tone modulation:
spectra and phasors
 Phasors and spectra resemble AM:
AC 
xC (t )  AC cos( C t )  cos( C   m )t
2
AC 
 cos( C   m )t
2

19 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment
AM
xC (t )  AC Am  cos(mt )cos(C t )  AC cos(C t )
AC Am  A A 
 cos(C  m )t  C m cos(C  m )t
2 2
 AC cos(C t )

NB-FM
AC 
xC (t )  AC cos( C t )  cos( C   m )t
2
AC 
 cos( C   m )t
2

(i) Discuss the phasor diagrams and explain phasor positions based on
analytical expressions (ii) Comment amplitude and phase modulation
in both cases
20 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 FM and PM with tone modulation and
arbitrary modulation index
 Time domain expression for FM and PM:
xC (t )  AC cos[ C t   sin( m t )]
 PM   Am
 Remember: cos(   )  cos( )cos(  )  FM  Am f  / f m
 sin( )sin(  )
 Therefore:
xC (t )  AC cos(  sin( m t ))cos( C t )
 AC sin(  sin( m t ))sin( C t )

cos(  sin( m t ))  JO (  )  n even 2 Jn (  )cos(n m t )

sin(  sin( m t ))  n odd 2 Jn (  )sin(n m t )
Jn is the first kind,
21 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen order n Bessel function
 Wideband FM and PM spectra
 After simplifications we can write:

xC (t )  AC n Jn (  )cos( C  n m )t
  Am , PM
 
 Am f  / f m , FM

note: J  n (  )  (1) n J n (  )
22 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 Assignment
xC (t )  AC n Jn (  )cos( C  n m )t
  Am , PM
 
 Am f  / f m , FM

Assuming other parameters fixed, what happens to spectral

width and line spacing when
(i) Frequency deviation increases in FM
(ii) Modulation frequency increases in FM
(iii) Phase deviation decreases in PM

23 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Determination of transmission bandwidth
 The goal is to determine the number of significant sidebands
 Thus consider again how Bessel functions behave as the
function of , e.g. we consider Am  1, fm  W
 Significant sidebands: Jn (  )  
 Minimum bandwidth includes 2 sidebands (why?): BT ,min  2 fm
 Generally: BT  2 M (  ) fm , M (  )  1
M(  )    2

J M (  )  0.01

J M (  )  0.1
  Am , PM
 
 Am f  / f m , FM

24 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Assignment

25 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Transmission bandwidth and deviation D
 Tone modulation is extrapolated into arbitrary modulating signal
by defining deviation by
A f /f m  m Am 1, f m W
 f /W  D
 Therefore transmission BW is also a function of deviation
BT  2 M ( D)W
 For very large D and small D with M ( D)  D  2
BT  2( D  2) f m D1, f  2( D  2)W
m W

 2 DW , D  1
BT  2 M ( D)W
 2W , D  1 (a single pair of sidebands)

 that can be combined into

BT  2 D  1 W , D  1,and D  1   A , PM
   m

 A f / f , FM
m  m

26 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Example: Commercial FM bandwidth
 Following commercial FM specifications

f  75 kHz, W  15 kHz
 D  f / W  5
BT  2( D  2)W  210 kHz,(D > 2)
 High-quality FM radios RF bandwidth is about


B  200 kHz
Note that
T

under estimates the bandwidth slightly

BT  2 D  1 W  180 kHz, D >> 1

27 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 A practical FM modulator circuit
 A tuned circuit oscillator
– biased varactor diode capacitance
directly proportional to x(t)
– other parts:
• input transformer
• RF-choke
• DC-block

28 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Generating FM/PM
 Capacitance of a resonant circuit can be made to be a function
of modulation voltage.
fCC  1 / (2 LC ) Resonance frequency
De-tuned tank circuit

fCC [ x (t )]  1 / {2 LC[ x (t )]} De-tuned resonance frequency

C[ x (t )]  C0  Cx (t ) Capacitance diode
fCC [ x (t )]  fC (1  Cx (t ) / C0 ) 1/ 2 , fC  1 / (2 LC0 )
 That can be simplified by the series expansion
kx 3k 2 x 2 Note that this applies for a
(1 - kx )  1  
1/ 2
... kx  1
2 8 relatively small modulation
fCC [ x (t )]  fC (1  Cx (t ) / C0 ) 1/ 2
index
L
M
 fC 1 
1 Cx (t ) O 1 d (t )
P
N2 C Q 2 dt
0
Remember that the
instantaneous frequency is
f zx (  )d
C
 (t )  2f t  2 the derivative of the phase
2C
C C
t
 0 
f
29 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 Assignment

30 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Phase modulators:
narrow band mixer modulator
 Integrating the input signal to a phase modulator produces
frequency modulation! Thus PM modulator applicable for FM
x PM (t )  AC cos( C t    x (t ))
x FM (t )  AC cos( C t  2f x ( )d ) z
t

 Also, PM can be produced by an FM modulator by

differentiating its input
 Narrow band mixer modulator:

1 j
X C ( f )  AC ( f  f C )  AC X ( f  f C ), f  0
2 2
 (t )   x(t ) PM

d (t ) / dt  2 f (t )  2 [ f C  f  x(t )] FM Narrow band
FM/PM spectra
31 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
 Frequency detection
 Methods of frequency detection
– FM-AM conversion followed by envelope detector
– Phase-shift discriminator
– Zero-crossing detection (tutorials)
– PLL-detector (tutorials)
 FM-AM conversion is produced by a transfer function having
magnitude distortion, as the time derivative (other possibilities?):
xC (t )  AC cos( 0 t   (t ))
dxC (t )
  AC sin[ C t   (t )]( C  d (t ) / dt )
dt
d (t ) / dt  2f (t )  2 [ fC  f x (t )] FM
 As for example

32 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

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 Assignment

39 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Indirect FM transmitter
 FM/PM modulator with high linearity and modulation index difficult to realize
 One can first generate a small modulation index signal that is then applied
into a nonlinear circuit
Mathematica®-expressions

 Therefore applying FM/PM wave into non-linearity increases modulation index

            
should be filtered away, how?

40 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

 Indirect FM transmitter:circuit realization
 The frequency multiplier produces n-fold multiplication of
instantaneous frequency

f 2 (t )  nf1 (t )
  nf c1  n 
 FM: n   2 f  x (  ) d  
 t 
 Frequency multiplication of tone modulation increases
modulation index but the line spacing remains the same

In[14]:=

Out[14]=
1
@@ @D
D
H@@D D
LD
TrigReduce Cos w0 t + A m Sin wm t

1 + Cos 2 Sin t wm Am + 2 t w0
2

41 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen