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Plant Growth and Development

1. All organisms grow and develop, but growth and development differ between organisms. Growth refers to an increase in size through processes like cell division and expansion, while development includes all life cycle changes from germination to senescence. 2. Plant growth is enabled by cell division in meristematic regions and elongation of new cells. Growth is influenced by both internal and external factors. Plants can have determinate or indeterminate patterns of growth. 3. Primary examples of plant growth and development include root growth through cell division, elongation and maturation zones; primary tissue formation through meristems in roots, stems and leaves; and growth rates measured mathematically through phases like logarithmic, linear and senescence.

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36 views27 pages

Plant Growth and Development

1. All organisms grow and develop, but growth and development differ between organisms. Growth refers to an increase in size through processes like cell division and expansion, while development includes all life cycle changes from germination to senescence. 2. Plant growth is enabled by cell division in meristematic regions and elongation of new cells. Growth is influenced by both internal and external factors. Plants can have determinate or indeterminate patterns of growth. 3. Primary examples of plant growth and development include root growth through cell division, elongation and maturation zones; primary tissue formation through meristems in roots, stems and leaves; and growth rates measured mathematically through phases like logarithmic, linear and senescence.

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Novi Latifa
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PLANT GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

Do all of organisms grow and develop?


Do the growth and development different?
Explain your answer.
Mention 3 examples of growth and development.
Why do plant able to grow?
Do you know about determinate and
indeterminate growth ? Please explain your
opinion.
Growth was influenced by internal dan external
factor. Please mention them.

Growth and Development

Higher Plantsmulticellular organisms


whose growth is characterized by increases
in both bulk and complexity

Events associated with increases in size and


complexity can be divided into interrelated
processes: growth and development

GROWTH

Growth can be defined as an


irreversible permanent increase in size
of an organ or its parts or even of an
individual cell.
Growth is accompanied by metabolic
processes, that occur at the expense of
energy.
For example, expansion of a leaf is
growth.

DEVELOPMENT

Development is a term that includes all


changes that an organism goes trough
its life cycle from germination of the
seed to senescence.

Growth vs Development

Growth

Quantitative
Number, size, and
volume increase

Development

Qualitative
Emergence of
specialized body
parts

Growth and Development

Growth: irreversible increase in size (net


increase in protoplasm) brought about by
increases in cell size and number.
Development: which includes

Morphogenesis: creation of pattern and shape


resulting in morphological and anatomical
development.
Differentiation: physiological and biochemical
specializations.

Plant growth is measurable

Growth is measured by a variety of


parameters some of which are :
a) Increase in fresh weight
b) Dry weight
c) Length
d) Area
e) Volume
f) Cell Number

Growth

genetically determined life spans (most)


annuals
perennials
plants exhibit :
indeterminate growth,
determinate growth
two types of growth:
primary and
secondary

Life spans

patterns of growth

Type of growth

Phases of Growth

The period of growth is generally


divided into three phases, namely :
a) Meristematic
b) Elongation
c) Maturation

Meristematic phase

Growth in plants is restricted to certain zones:


meristem
Cell always divide

Elongation

cellular product of division do grow and cause


increasing of size

Maturation : DIFFERENTIATION,
DEDIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION- The cells derived from


root apical & shoot apical meristems &
cambium differentiate & mature to perform
specific functions. This act leading to
maturation is termed as differentiation.
DEDIFFERENTIATION- The living
differentiated cells, that by now have lost
the capacity to divide can regain the capacity
of division under certain conditions. This
phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation.

Fate of stem cells- remain as stem cells or


differentiate to other cells

Root Growth

Primary growth divided into three zones:


1. Cell division: apical meristem, this
differentiates into: protoderm, procambium,
and ground meristem (primary tissues)
2. Cell elongation: elongate at least 10X,
pushes tip through the soil
3. Maturation: cells complete their
differentiation

Primary Tissues in the Root

Protoderm: outermost layer of primary meristem,


give rise to epidermis, many with root hairs
Procambium: forms stele (central cylinder)
containing xylem and phloem,
Ground meristem: cortex between stele and
epidermis, parechyma cells, stores food, endodermis
single cell layer boundary between cortex and stele,
pericycle inside endodermis

Primary Growth of Stems

Apical meristem forms primary meristems


(protoderm, ground meristem, and
procambium)
Procambium forms vascular tissue in bundles
Ground meristem forms pith and cortex
Protoderm forms epidermal tissues

Leaf Growth

Ground tissues form the mesophyll


procambium forms the veins
Protoderm forms the upper and lower
epidermis, guard cells waxy cuticle

Growth Rates

The increased growth per unit time is


termed as growth rate
Rate of growth can be expressed
mathematically.

Growth kinetics

S(sigmoid)-shapes growth curve


3 phases :
Logaritmic phase
Linier phase
Senescense phase
HOMEWORK : explain the mechanism of
all phases, complete with figure

Topics

Growth factors (4 des)


Growth regulators / phytohormones (4 des)
Seed germination (11 des)
Plant movements (11 des)
Photoperiodism ( ?)
Senescence (?)

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