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Sensation and Perception (Contd.) The Other Senses Depth Perception Perception Movement

This document discusses several topics related to sensation and perception. It begins by covering hearing, including the structure of the ear and how sound waves are transmitted and interpreted. It then discusses smell and taste, including the receptors involved and the basic tastes of sweet, sour, salty and bitter. The document also briefly touches on depth perception, perception of movement, and disorders related to hearing and smell.

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Nael Nasir Chiragh
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52 views14 pages

Sensation and Perception (Contd.) The Other Senses Depth Perception Perception Movement

This document discusses several topics related to sensation and perception. It begins by covering hearing, including the structure of the ear and how sound waves are transmitted and interpreted. It then discusses smell and taste, including the receptors involved and the basic tastes of sweet, sour, salty and bitter. The document also briefly touches on depth perception, perception of movement, and disorders related to hearing and smell.

Uploaded by

Nael Nasir Chiragh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE :6

Sensation and Perception (Contd.)


The

other senses

Depth

Perception

Perception

Movement

HEARING
o

The ear is divided into main three divisions: the outer ear
(Eardrum), middle ear(Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup) and inner
ear(Cochlea).
The physical stimuli that prompt the sense of hearing are
sound waves- changes in pressure caused when molecules of
air or fluid collide , then move apart again , transmitting
energy at every collision.
The simplest sound wave what we hear as a pure tone (single
frequency wave) is when the tuning fork vibrates , causing the
molecules of air first to contract and then to expand.
The frequency of the waves is measured in cycles per second ,
expressed in a unit called Hertz(Hz).

CONTD.

Frequency primarily determines the pitch of the sound


how high or low it is.
The human ear responds to frequencies from
approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, a piano for instance
can reach as high as 5,000 Hz.
The height of the sound wave represents its amplitude,
which together with frequency, determines the perceived
loudness of a sound.
As a person grows older , he looses the ability to hear soft
sounds , but the loud sounds are heard as well as ever.

SOUND WAVE

CONTD.

Musical instruments produce overtones


accompanying sound waves that are different
multiples of the frequency of the basic tone. For
instance a violin.
The complex pattern of overtones determines the
timbre which is the quality of the texture of
sound.

HEARING DISORDERS:
Deafness: one of the most common hearing disorders.

It may result from defects in the outer or middle ear


for instance , the ear drum may be damaged , or the
small bones of the middle ear may not work properly.
Deafness may also occur because the basilar
membrane(inside the cochlea, contains sense
receptors of sound) or the auditory nerve has been
damaged, or it could be due to disease, infections and
even long term exposure to loud noise. This includes,
personal stereo system , high impact aerobics and
even chain saws.

SMELL (A CHEMICAL SENSE)

The sense of smell for common odors is activated by a


complex protein produced in a nasal gland. As we
breathe , a fine mist of this protein called odorant
binding protein(OBP), is sprayed through a duct in the
tip of the nose.
The protein binds with airborne molecules that then
activate receptor cells for this sense, located high in each
nasal cavity.
The axons from these millions of receptors go directly to
the olfactory bulb, where some recoding takes place.
These messages are routed to the brain resulting in our
awareness of the smells.

CONTD.

Most mammals including humans , have a secondary sensory


system devoted to the sense of smell which some animals use
for communicating sexual, aggressive, or territorial signals.
Receptors located in the roof of the nasal cavity detect
chemicals called pheromones, which can have quite specific
and powerful effects on behavior.
For example many animals including dogs and wolves use
pheromones to mark their territories.
Human also have receptors for pheromones but it has not yet
been established what or if any role they play on human
behavior.

TASTE

To understand taste we must distinguish it from


flavor, a complex interaction of taste and smell.
Try holding your nose when you eat , you will notice
that most of the foods flavor will disappear and you
will experience only the primary taste qualities:
sweet, sour, salty and bitter. All other tastes are
derived from the combination of these four.
The receptor cells for the sense of taste are housed
in the taste buds , most of which are found on the
tip, sides and back of the tongue.

CONTD.

The tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweetness and


saltiness; the back, to bitterness ; and the sides to
sourness.
The taste buds are embedded in the tongues papillae ,
bumps that you can see .
When we eat something , the chemical substances in the
food dissolve in saliva and go into the crevices between the
papillae , where they come into contact with the receptor
cells .

CONTD.
People can accurately identify a taste within one
tenth of a second after something salty or sweet
has touched a tongue.
Taste like other senses also experiences
adaptation, e.g. salted peanuts or potato chips.
Exposure to one quality of taste can modify other
taste sensations after brushing your teeth in the
morning , you may notice that your orange juice
has lost its sweetness.

PERCEPTION

Sensations transmitted to the brain have little


meaning of their own. They are in the form of raw
neural energy that must be organized and
interpreted in the process we called perception.

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