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Subsynchronous Oscillations (SSO) WECC - ERCOT - Presentation

This document discusses subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) and how they relate to power system planning and operations in ERCOT. It provides background on what causes SSO, examples of historical SSO events, and how ERCOT studies and plans the system to prevent SSO from damaging generators connected to transmission lines with series capacitors. ERCOT identifies generators at risk of SSO and requires detailed studies or mitigation measures to ensure safe operation during transmission outages. Outage coordination procedures aim to prevent outage combinations that could expose generators to increased SSO risk. PowerWorld software applications help ERCOT study and model the system to identify and prevent potential SSO issues.

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Wilber Lucas
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© © All Rights Reserved
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249 views

Subsynchronous Oscillations (SSO) WECC - ERCOT - Presentation

This document discusses subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) and how they relate to power system planning and operations in ERCOT. It provides background on what causes SSO, examples of historical SSO events, and how ERCOT studies and plans the system to prevent SSO from damaging generators connected to transmission lines with series capacitors. ERCOT identifies generators at risk of SSO and requires detailed studies or mitigation measures to ensure safe operation during transmission outages. Outage coordination procedures aim to prevent outage combinations that could expose generators to increased SSO risk. PowerWorld software applications help ERCOT study and model the system to identify and prevent potential SSO issues.

Uploaded by

Wilber Lucas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

Subsynchronous Oscillations (SSO)

and PowerWorld Applications at


ERCOT
Anuj Dixit and Priya Ramasubbu
ERCOT Planning and Grid Co-ordination
May 21, 2014

The Electric Reliability Council of


Texas (ERCOT)
ERCOT ISO manages the flow of electric
power to 23 million Texas customers representing 85 percent of the state's
electric load.
Performs financial settlement for the
competitive wholesale bulk-power market
Enables retail electric choice for Texas
customers
2

Presentation Outline

*CREZ Network and Resonance


What causes SSO?
Studying and Preventing SSO
How does this impact
transmission planning and
operations?
PowerWorld Applications
*Competitive Renewable Energy
Zone
3

Definition
Competitive Renewable Energy Zone a
geographic area in the state of Texas initially
identified by AWS Truewind (as ERCOTs
consultant) as an area suitable for multiple
100 MW wind development projects. Of the
original 25 zones the Public Utility
Commission (PUC) chose a small set based
on input from potential windfarm developers.
4

CREZ Areas

What and Where


New CREZ 345kV lines built both inside
ERCOT load-serving areas and far into
areas where load is served by SPP.
CREZ will not add any new connections
between ERCOT and SPP.
CREZ areas are Panhandle A, Panhandle
B, Central, West, and McCamey.
6

CREZ 345kV Lines

Series Compensation
The use of capacitors connected inline with a
transmission line.
Benefits:
Increases power flow by reducing line
impedance.
Relieve bottlenecks.
Increases stability and reduces voltage variation.

Series Compensation in ERCOT


Series Compensation:
CREZ
Tule Canyon Tesla
Edith Clarke Clear
Crossing
Dermott Clear Crossing
West Shackleford Sam
Switch/Navarro
Big Hill Kendall
Clear Crossing Willow
Creek (2016)

Rio Grande Valley


Lon Hill Rio Hondo
Lon Hill Edinburg
Lobo Edinburg (2016)

HorseHollow GenTie
Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations
9/9/2013

How Resonance Can Occur in


Power System
Complementary Storage Elements creates
resonant circuit (e.g. generator & series
cap).
Generator introduces negative damping.
Low frequency power oscillations develop.
Generator

Load
Normal Energy

~
Generator

Normal Energy

Series Capacitor

Load

~
Oscillations

10

Mohave SSO Incident (1970)


An example of SSO Torsional Interaction

Mohave generator: 1,580 MW coal-fired in NV.


Gradually growing vibration that eventually
fractured a shaft section.
First investigations incorrectly determined cause.
After 2nd failure in 1971 cause was identified as
Subsynchronous Resonance interaction with nearby
series capacitors.
An electrical resonance at 30.5 Hz excited a
mechanical resonance at 30.1 Hz.
Problem was cured by reducing compensation
percentage and installing a torsional relay.

11
D. Baker, G. Boukarim, Subsynchronous Resonance Studies and Mitigation Methods for Series Capacitor Applications, IEEE 2005.
D. Walker, D. Hodges, Results of Subsynchronous Resonance Test At Mohave, IEEE 1975.

Presentation Outline

CREZ Network and Resonance


What causes SSO?
Studying and Preventing SSO
How does this impact
transmission planning and
operations?
PowerWorld Applications

Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations


9/9/2013

12

South Texas SSR Event (2009)


A fault occurred on the Ajo to Nelson Sharpe line.
Fault cleared in 2.5 cycles by opening this line.
The wind farms were then radially connected to the Ajo
to Rio Hondo series compensated transmission line.
Undamped oscillations at 22 Hz.
Voltages at generator doubled in ~150 ms.
Damage to wind generators and series capacitors
occurred.

Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations


9/9/2013
From AEP presentation by Paul Hassink, Sub-synchronous Control Interaction, Utility Wind Integration Group Spring Workshop April 15, 2011
Also: http://www.elforsk.se/Global/Vindforsk/Konferenser/HF_symposium_111206/Gotia_Power_V309_subsynchronus_resonence.pdf

13

South Texas SSR Event (2009)


Series capacitors installed on long 345 kV lines to allow
full loading.
1,000 MW of wind farms connected to Ajo.

345 kV series
compensated lines

Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations


9/9/2013

14

Lessons Learned South Texas 2009

Wind farms are vulnerable to SSO due to nearby


series capacitors.
Understanding and analysis techniques have
advanced considerably.
Wind farms are now routinely analyzed for risk.
AEP resolved this problem by installing
protection to automatically trip the wind farm.*

* This solution was site-specific. In other locations, protective tripping may not
Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations
be appropriate
as a first defense.
9/9/2013

15

Whos At Risk? -- General Observations


More Risk for SSO:
Electrically closer to series capacitors.
Long shaft / multi-mass generators (Coal, NG
Steam, Combined Cycle).

Less Risk:
Hydro, CTs, reciprocating engines.
Solar inverters.
HVDC ties.

Because SSO is a concern for all generation


technologies, all generators are reviewed.
ERCOT notifies developers whose units might
be at risk.

16

Presentation Outline
CREZ Network and
Resonance
What causes SSO?
Studying and Preventing SSO
How does this impact
transmission planning and
operations?
PowerWorld Applications
Conclusion.
17

SSO Risk Assessment


TOPOLOGY TEST
TEN or less
contingencies to radial?
ERCOT SSO Screening
Grid-side frequency scan shows risk?
At 6 or fewer concurrent outages?
POWER-FLOW TEST
Outage combination solves in
steady-state w/ few overloads?
DETAILED STUDY REQUIRED
Or rework the proposed interconnection.
Or obtain letter from gen. manufacturer.

This simple test is performed by inspection:


Does it take ten or fewer outages to make
a generator radial to a series cap? This
test will clear many projects, especially
those far from the series capacitors and
those connecting to the lower voltage
network.
This tests whether the network electrical
characteristics are conducive to resonance.
ERCOT performs this test as part of the
transmission planning and GINR process.
This tests the affected outage combinations
to see whether they solve in a min load
case. If the case doesnt solve or has
many overloads, the outage isnt credible.
If credible SSR risk exists, then a study
should be performed. In lieu of a study,
generator resources may obtain a letter
from their manufacturer or they may also
rework their proposed interconnection to
reduce risk exposure.
18

How Study for SSO?


Frequency scans
Graph resistance &
reactance vs. frequency.
Look for dips &
crossovers. Less
accurate so designed to
be conservative.

Time-Domain Simulation

If frequency scan shows


possible exposure risk,
EMT1 simulation may be
able to dismiss the
exposure risk. EMT
simulations are more
accurate.

Electromagnetic Transient simulation: A time-domain analysis similar to a dynamic or stability analysis but capable of
simulating off-nominal frequencies other than 60 Hz. Such simulations generally require more detailed models.
19
1

Detailed Study Results & Action

(As proposed in NPRR562)

Detailed study will determine the system configurations that result


in SSO, particularly the number of concurrent outages required.
Potential Risk

Required Action

Responsible Entity

(# of Concurrent
Transmission
Outages)

3
4
4, 5, or 6

Protection and
Structural Mitigation
Protection
Procedural Mitigation

All affected
All affected
All affected and ERCOT

Procedural Mitigation: Outage Coordination procedures to avoid


scheduling outages that would place a unit at increased risk.
Structural Mitigation: Redesign, controller tuning, etc.
Introduction to Subsynchronous Oscillations
9/9/2013

20

Protection vs. Mitigation?


Protection
Involves forced tripping (removal of generator or series capacitor).
Disruptive for a system that is already in a weakened state due to
outages (double blow).
Generally recommended as backup means of defense.

Mitigation
Involves reducing exposure to SSO risk.
Generally allows the resource to continue operating, even when
outages place the unit in stronger electrical coupling with a series
capacitor.
In many cases, may completely eliminate risk.
E.g. Horse Hollow Energy Center installed mitigation which allowed the
wind turbines to operate radially to the series-compensated transmission
line owned by NextEra.

21

How to Solve SSO Problems?


Mitigation Options:
Control system upgrades (common for
wind).
Re-design of generating unit.
Passive Filters.
Some transmission level options available.

Protection Options:
Torsional relays
(detect shaft twisting on conventional units).
Subsynchronous Current relays.
22

Presentation Outline
CREZ Network and
Resonance
What causes SSO?
Preventing SSO
How does this impact
transmission planning and
operations?
PowerWorld Applications
23

Effect of Outages
Outages are the best indicator for gauging risk
for SSR.
Five double-circuit outages make Big Brown radial
to W.Shackelford Navarro series compensated
line.

24

Example Timeline of an SSR Event


For a Generator that is N-4 Risk
10 days

1st Planned
Outage

8 days

2nd Planned
Outage

3rd Planned
Outage

5 seconds

Forced
Outage

Generator
Damaged

Take Action!!!

SSR can happen very fast.


Action should be taken well ahead of time.
25

Preventing Risk Example


ERCOT Planning identifies all generators that might be at risk.
ERCOT Planning orders detailed studies.
Detailed studies indicate which outages place a generator at risk.
EXAMPLE:

For Wise County to be at risk, the following lines must be all out of service:
WillowCreek Hicks, WillowCrk Parker, and WillowCrk - Jacksboro
ERCOT Outage Coordination ensures that no two combinations of these
outages go out at the same time. If unavoidable, takes mitigation action.

Outage coordination mitigates risk.


26

Preventing Risk (Continued)


Because Outage Coordination is monitoring, SSR is unlikely to become a Real
Time issue. However, if it does
One of the new SSR Alarms in the Control Room sounds.
Operators follow written mitigation procedures.

Example Mitigation Procedure


1.Call TSP. Ask if tripped line can be put back in service.
2.If unable to re-energize, ask TSP to study bypassing series capacitor.
3.TSP studies, sees minor adjustments required (e.g. move switched
shunt or enforce a partial wind curtailment).
4.TSP bypasses the series capacitor. SSR risk is averted.
5.When possible, operators look for opportunity to place capacitors back in
service and cancel the wind curtailment.

27

Role of ERCOT Planning in SSR


ERCOT analyzed risk exposure of all
existing and proposed power plants.
All exposed plants are undergoing
study.
Several thermal and wind plants are
already moving towards resolution.
Until resolution, series capacitors will
not be energized.*
28
* If situation involves a new generation resource and existing series capacitors, then the new resource would not be allowed to
energize.

How does this impact operators?


List of units prone to SSR may have
to be closely monitored under
stressful system conditions
Keeping an eye out for extreme
contingencies near the series
capacitors
This will be done with the help of new
SCADA displays and alerts
29

Bypassing: The Emergency Kill Switch


Series
Capacitor

Close to
Bypass

Current
Interrupt

Bypassing removes the series


capacitor from service but leaves the
line still in operation.
With capacitor removed, no SSR risk.
30

Bypassing: What effect will it


have?
Line impedance will double, thus less
power will flow on line (and more on
neighboring lines).
Bus voltages may change by ~3%.
A new voltage stability limit may appear.
Because of this, it is recommended to run
an STNET and possibly VSAT study before
bypassing.
Some generation adjustments may be
necessary (e.g. wind curtailment).
31

Example Display SSR Alarm

Source: ERCOT Advanced Network Applications

32

Example Display SSR Alarm cont.

Source: ERCOT Advanced Network Applications

33

Example Display SSR Details

Source: ERCOT Advanced Network Applications

34

Example Display SSR Actions

Source: ERCOT Advanced Network Applications

35

Presentation Outline
CREZ Network and
Resonance
What causes SSO?
Preventing SSO
How does this impact
transmission planning and
operations?
PowerWorld Applications
36

ERCOT System Planning

ERCOT planning performs coordinated planning studies with input


from NERC registered Transmission Planners (TPs), Transmission
Owners (TOs) and other stakeholders to address region-wide
reliability and economic transmission

Performs transmission studies/assessment (both near-term and


long-term planning horizon) to meet ERCOT and NERC standards
(TPL-001-004, PRC-023, FAC-013)

Assesses resource availability of existing units and future


generators

Load forecasting for the near-term and long-term Planning Horizon


37

Regional Transmission Plan (RTP) Objective


Regional Transmission Plan is developed
annually by ERCOT in coordination with the
Regional Planning Group (RPG) and the
Transmission Service Providers (TSPs)
Annual assessment to identify transmission
needs of ERCOT system over the next six years
Projects identified to meet the ERCOT/NERC
reliability requirements (Reliability projects) and
to reduce system congestion (Economic
projects) that meet the ERCOT economic criteria
38

ERCOT RTP Process

39

Use of PowerWorld in RTP

40

Case Building
Assign ERCOT weather zones to
buses and loads
Update AGC flags for non-conforming
loads
Load scaling
Control options for generators (Fast
start, AGC, AVR, Enforce MW Limits)
Geographic onelines
41

SCOPF / Contingency Analyses


Import cost curves for generators
Load throw over information
Conditional modeling and global
actions for SPSs
SimAuto
42

PowerWorld Settings

43

Options and Settings in


PowerWorld

Solution Settings

Common Options
Enforce Generator MW Limits

Island Based AGC


Participation Factors

LP / OPF Settings
Constraint Options
Maximum Violation Cost

Control Options
Fast Start

Areas and Super Areas for OPF


44

Solution Settings

45

Options and Settings in


PowerWorld (Contd.)
Contingency Analysis Options
Basics
Full Power Flow
Generator Participation Factors

Advanced Limit Monitoring


Do not report base case violations

SCOPF Options
Solve base case using optimal power
flow
46

SCOPF Options

47

New Feature Recommendation


N-1-1 capability with system
adjustments

48

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