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Dna Computing: Presented by

This document provides an overview of DNA computing. It defines DNA computing as utilizing DNA molecules and biochemistry instead of silicon-based technology. It describes the internal structure of DNA, including the four nucleotide bases and their complementarity. It explains how DNA can function as memory through encoding data in nucleotide strings. It compares DNA computers to microchip computers, noting DNA's ability to perform massive parallel operations. The document discusses limitations of DNA computing and future possibilities, as well as its development timeline and environmental compatibility.

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tara26star
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706 views

Dna Computing: Presented by

This document provides an overview of DNA computing. It defines DNA computing as utilizing DNA molecules and biochemistry instead of silicon-based technology. It describes the internal structure of DNA, including the four nucleotide bases and their complementarity. It explains how DNA can function as memory through encoding data in nucleotide strings. It compares DNA computers to microchip computers, noting DNA's ability to perform massive parallel operations. The document discusses limitations of DNA computing and future possibilities, as well as its development timeline and environmental compatibility.

Uploaded by

tara26star
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA COMPUTING

Presented by:
Tara Bhushan (IT_2008_018)
IT 2nd year
RCC Institute of Information Technology
Contents
• Definition

• Internal Structure

• DNA Memory Function

• DNA Computer vs. Microchip Computer

• Limitations

• Future Possibilities

• Development Scale

• Environment Compatibility

• Conclusion

• References
DNA Computing

• A relatively new form of computing that, instead of using silicon-based technology,


utilizes the abilities of the DNA molecule and biochemistry.
The DNA Molecule
• The DNA is a double stranded molecule.

• Each strand is based on 4 bases:


• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
The DNA Molecule
• Those bases are linked through a sugar (desoxyribose)

IMPORTANT:

• The linkage between bases has a direction.


• There are complementarities between bases (Watson-
Crick).
(A) (T)
(C)(G)
DNA Memory
A string composed of a series of four types of units (nucleotides), DNA may be viewed as logic
memory or gate.

Number System (Base 4):


Complement
Nucleotide Nucleotide

A T

C G
DNA binding process

Two strings of DNA are bonded by paired nucleotides A-C and C-G which may be considered as
complements. Example:

Number TTACAG has a complement AATGTC


DNA Memory

a t c g t c a t a
g g c a c t
DNA 0 0 0
memory 1 0 1
strands
t a g c c c g t g a

a t c g t c a t a
g

Making DNA Sequences


DNA Computing

1010101011 GATCGACTAC
Microchip computer
Vs

DNA computer

DNA-Based Computers Microchip-Based Computers


slow at individual operations fast at individual operations

can do billions of operations simultaneously can do substantially fewer operations simultaneously

can provide huge memory in small space smaller memory

Require considerable preparations before Immediate setup

DNA is sensitive to chemical deterioration electronic data are vulnerable but can be backed up easily
Advantages
• There is always plentiful supply of it, so it is a cheap resource.

• DNA biochips can be made cleanly and are not toxic like silicon chips.

• Extremely dense information storage.


1g of DNA can hold about 10^14 MB of data.

• DNA computers can be made many times smaller than today’s computers.

• Enormous parallelism.
A test tube of DNA can do trillions operation at a time.

• Extraordinary energy efficiency.


Consuming only 1 joule it can do 10^20 operations.
Limitations
• DNA is redundant.

• The process required much human intervention.

• Automation would be required for a real computer.

• The computation time required to solve problems with a DNA computer does not grow exponentially, but
amount of DNA required DOES.

• Suited for specific problems, difficult to generalize.

• DNA computing involves a relatively large amount of error


a) During chain reaction;
b) About 5% error occur during filteration process.
Future possibilities

• Self Replication:

• Self Repair:

• DNA Computer mutation/evolution:

• New Meaning Of Virus:


Development Scale

Research
1950’s … 1994 2000 2002 2003

R.Feynman’s L.Adleman solves Hamiltonian Olympus Self powered DNA computer


path problem using DNA Lucent
paper on sub builds DNA computers
microscopic Field started
“motor”
computers
Commercial
1970’s … 1996 2000 2018

DNA used Affymetrix sells Human Commercial computer ?


in bio application GeneChip Genome
DNA analyzer Sequenced
Development Scale
Olympus Computer

• First practical DNA Computer

• Tokyo (July 3rd, 2002)

• Olympus Optical Co. Ltd.

• First commercially practical DNA


computer

• Specializes in gene analysis.


Development Scale
Israel’s First DNA computer
•Trillion could fit in a test tube.
•Billions of ops/sec 99.8% accuracy.

•First programmable autonomous computing machine.

•Input, output, software, and hardware all made of DNA.

•DNA comp inside cells to monitor cell vitals.


Environment compatibility
• DNA computer must aim to be compatible with seven environments to succeed.

• Use – Already seen the potential for this.

• Failure –Inherits this from silicon microprocessors.

• Scrapping – Cleaner to dispose of than current microprocessors.

• Political/ecological – Could face opposition from technophobes.

• Intrapsychic – Already complies since it has been conceptualised!

• Construction/manufacture – This will be answered in time.

• Adoption – Should inherit customer base of silicon computers.


Applications of DNA Computing
• Massively parallel problem solving.

• Combinatorial optimization.

• Molecular nano-memory with fast associative search.

• Medical diagnosis, drug discovery.

• Further impact in biology and medicine:


– Wet biological data bases.
– Processing of DNA labeled with digital data.
– Sequence comparison.
– Fingerprinting.
Conclusion
• DNA computers showing enormous potential, especially for medical purposes as well as data processing applications.

• Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged product.
References
• COMPUTING WITH DNA,Leonard M.Adleman,Scientific American, August 1998.

• DNA computing (web):


http://stanford.edu/~alexli/soco/index.html.

• Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems”, L.M. Adleman, Science Vol.266 pp1021-
1024, 11 Nov 1994.

• http://colleges.ksu.edu.sa/.../DNA_orbit_animated.gif.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA.
Thank You !

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