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Wireless Communication: at The Speed of Light - By: Anuj Garg 06EAREC017

Free space optics is an optical wireless technology that transmits data through the air using visible light, infrared, or ultraviolet beams instead of glass fibers. It provides high-speed broadband connections at speeds up to 1.25 Gbps over line-of-sight links. While FSO faces challenges from weather effects like scintillation and fog attenuation, it offers advantages like low cost deployment without trenching, high security since the beams cannot be intercepted easily, and the ability to provide temporary network connections for disaster recovery. FSO has applications for last mile connectivity, military communications, and industrial campus networks.

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1K views

Wireless Communication: at The Speed of Light - By: Anuj Garg 06EAREC017

Free space optics is an optical wireless technology that transmits data through the air using visible light, infrared, or ultraviolet beams instead of glass fibers. It provides high-speed broadband connections at speeds up to 1.25 Gbps over line-of-sight links. While FSO faces challenges from weather effects like scintillation and fog attenuation, it offers advantages like low cost deployment without trenching, high security since the beams cannot be intercepted easily, and the ability to provide temporary network connections for disaster recovery. FSO has applications for last mile connectivity, military communications, and industrial campus networks.

Uploaded by

anujgarg88
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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FREE SPACE OPTICS

wireless communication
at the speed of light .

By:
ANUJ GARG
06EAREC017
WHAT IS FREE SPACE OPTICS

 It is a line-of-sight technology in which voice,


video and data are sent through the air on beams
of light at speeds up to 1.25 Gbps.

 Like fiber ,FSO uses lasers to transmit data but


instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass
fiber, it is transmitted through air.
HISTORY
 This was first developed in 1960’s both
domestically and internationally for secure
communications by military.

 In late 19th century Bell’s FSO experiment


converted voice sounds to telephone signals and
transmitted them via air space. Although Bell’s
Photo phone never became a commercial
success.
PRINCIPLE
 Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic
principle as Infrared television remote controls,
wireless keyboards or wireless Palm devices.

 FSO transmits invisible, eye-safe light beam from


one “telescope” to another using low power infrared
lasers in tera hertz spectrum.

 It provides full-duplex bi-directional capability.


Free Space Optics is an optical wireless,
line-of-sight, broadband (1.5 Mbps-2.5 Gbps)
MAJOR COMPONENTS
 IN EARLY STAGES:
1.TRANSMITTERS
2.RECEIVERS

 AT PRESENT
TRANSRECEIVERS
A FSO TRANSRECEIVER
HOW IT WORKS?

3 A receiver at the other end of the


2 Transmitter projects the link collects the light using lenses
carefully aimed light pulses and/or mirrors
into the air

5 Reverse direction data


transported the same way.
• Full duplex

4 Received signal
1 Network traffic
converted into converted back into
pulses of invisible fiber or copper and
light representing connected to the
1’s and 0’s network
WHY FSO BECOMING POPULAR?

• Availability of Fiber Optic cables is less


(i.e. it reaches only 10-15% of buildings in
the world).
• Greater demand for bandwidth and keeping
the high budgets of other networks in
mind, FSO came into existence.
• Deployment of fiber optic cable had
become a challenge.
FSO:CHALLENGES
SCINTILLATION

WHAT IS IT?
• Solar energy heating
small pockets of air to
slightly different
temperatures
• Creating regions of
varying refractive
index along the
propagation path.
SCINTILLATION(ON BRIGHT SUNNY DAYS)

SOLUTION

• Larger aperture receiver


• Widely spaced transmitter
• Automatic gain control characteristics
• Finely tuned receive filtering.
RAIN,SNOW,FOG( Rain and snow have very little
effect on FSO technology)

ATTENUATION SOLUTION
• RAIN low attenuation • NETWORK
<9dB /km PLANNING (to shorten
FSO link distances and to
• SNOW moderate add network
attenuation <12dB /km redundancies).

• FOG high attenuation • Engineered such that for a


large fraction of time, an
up to 100dB /km acceptable power is
received even in the
presence of heavy fog.
BUILDING SWAY(DUE TO THERMAL
DIMENSIONAL DISTORTIONS)

SOLUTION
• Designed such that
Orientation do not change
even with unit movement
of transmitter (as it uses a
divergent beam).
.
• AUTO TRACKING
enabled.
PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTIONS
(e.g. birds ,construction cranes)

SOLUTIONS
• Using multiple, spatially
diverse beams and large
receiver.
• An object covering 98%
of the receiving aperture
and all but-1 transmitter
will not cause the FSO
LINK to drop out.
ABSORPTION

WHAT IS IT? SOLUTION


• Occurs when • Use of appropriate
suspended water power according to
molecules in atmospheric condition
atmosphere • Use of spatially
extinguishes photons. diverse beams.
• Causes decrease in
power density of FSO
beam.
EYE SAFETY

• Lasers can cause


damage to eyes if
directly exposed.
SOLUTION
• Class 1M lasers are
used & exposure to
beam do not result in
eye injury .
• Wavelength range >
1400 nm does not
affect the cornea at all.
ADVANTAGES- SECURITY
• FSO laser beams cannot be detected with
spectrum analyzers or RF meters.
• FSO laser transmissions are optical, narrow &
invisible which travel along a line-of-sight path
that cannot be intercepted easily.
• Data can be transmitted over an encrypted
connection adding to the degree of security in
FSO transmission.
SPEED

• Speed comparable to
optical fiber
transmission.
• Has low error rates.
• Provides band widths
of 1.25Gbps; and up
to10 Gbps with
WDM tech.
INSTALLATION

• Can be installed easily


i.e. on the roof tops or
on the walls .

• Reinstallation to a
new site is very easy
and fast.
LOW COST

• Much cost effective than other


means.
• Licensing is not
needed.
• No digging and
trenching.
APPLICATION
SPACE COMMUNICATION

• Used to communicate between space crafts since


outside of the atmosphere, there is little to distort
the signal.
The “Last Mile” Bottleneck
Wide Area Networks between PROBLEM Local Area Networks in
major cities are extremely fast buildings are also fast
• Fiber based • >100Mbps
• >2.5 Gbps

The connections in
between are typically
a lot slower
• 0.3-1.5 Mbps

Only about 5% of commercial


buildings are lit with fiber
DISASTOR MANAGEMENT
SEPTEMBER11,2001,NEW YORK
• Every thing was destroyed
including normal fiber link

Wall street stock


market was closed
because the
communication was
destroyed
• Two of these units were used between
building to re-establish a high speed
communication link.

FSO communication between Merrill Lynch Brokerage


and Wall Street in New York following the terrorist attack
that destroyed normal fiber optic link
SAVING REVENUES
 Service providers deploy fibers in advance by predicting
customer base which may or may not be achieved.

 By FSO this wastage of revenue in laying fibers can be


avoided.

 Customers are non reliable.


• Industrial estates, Science parks and university campus
environments typically exhibit a common problem – a
number of separate buildings, separated by roads or
other obstacles, between which communications links
are frequently in demand.
• Cable digging, increasingly unpopular in cities, is regulated
by the local authority who may restrict re-digging frequency
of roads - and the cost may be prohibitive in any case,
especially if a river or railway is in the way.
Military Application of FSO

• Air Force • Navy


• Its potential for low • Secure
electromagnetic communication
emanation when with submerged
transferring sensitive submarines.
data
OTHER APPLICATIONS
 Connectivity Solutions

 Temporary Network Provision

 CCTV Security Applications

 GSM Microcell Connectivity


FSO ARCHITECTURES

MESH
 Consist of series of
interconnected nodes.

 Every node is connected


to every other node.

 Easy node addition but


restrict distances.
POINT TO POINT

 Creates an extensive link.

 It is a dedicated
connection .

 offers higher bandwidth.


POINT TO MULTIPOINT
 Multiple links emanate
from a single node.

 Offers cheaper
connections

 Facilitates node addition

 Lower bandwidth than


point to point option.
CONCLUSION
 FSO enables fibre like services:
1. As quickly as possible
2. At a very low cost(20% of the price to deploy fibre).
3. Flexible geometry(roofs,windows)
4. Rapid deployment and redeployment.
5. With no need to tear up streets or obtain permits.
6. Is poised to become a rapid development “tool” for
network operators.
THANK YOU!

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