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The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. It provides a framework for studying the relationships between different forms of energy and energy transfers. The first law can be expressed as Q = ΔU + W, where Q is heat, ΔU is a change in internal energy, and W is work. Internal energy depends on molecular motion and structure. Examples of processes governed by the first law include isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic.

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53 views

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. It provides a framework for studying the relationships between different forms of energy and energy transfers. The first law can be expressed as Q = ΔU + W, where Q is heat, ΔU is a change in internal energy, and W is work. Internal energy depends on molecular motion and structure. Examples of processes governed by the first law include isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic.

Uploaded by

Megis Hefrindha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction
Energy is important part of most aspect of daily life
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as
thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, magnetic,
chemical, electric etc, and their sum constitutes the
total energy of system.
Thermodynamics is concerned with how energy
flows between different system.
The discussion of thermodynamics is based on the
first and the second laws of thermodynamics

The first Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the


conservation of energy principle, provides a sound
of basis for studying the relationship among the
various forms of energy and energy interactions. It
is stated that energy can be neither nor destroyed
during the process, it can only change forms.

The first Law of Thermodynamics


When the heat is added to
the
system
(closed
system), two thing can
happen,
the
internal
energy of the system may
increase, or the system
may do work on its
surroundings. Either or
both may occur.
System is defined as a quantity of matter or region in space chosen for study
There are two kinds of system, closed system and open system

The first Law of Thermodynamics

If the heat, work and internal energy is represented


by Q, U and W respectively, it can be written;

Q = U + W
Where:
Q = + heat is added to the system
- heat is removed to the
system
U = Internal Energy system
W = + The system does the work
- work is done on the system

Internal Energy

Internal energy is the energy that related to the


molecular structure of the system and the degree of
the molecular activity
For the monatomic ideal gas (see on Kinetic theory
of Gases), U is depend only on temperature, where
U = 3/2 nRT

Work

Look at the system in figure, When heat is added to the system, the gas
Expand and push the piston and piston move at small distance.
In this condition
System does the work.
If W = F.d
F=P.A
dw=PAdx

dW= Pdv

Example
22.0 J of heat is added to 2 moles of
monatomic ideal gas. In the process the
gas does 10 j of work. By how much does
the temperature of the gas increase.

Application of first law of thermodynamics


The relationship between Q, U and W depends
on the process. Process in thermodynamics
mean the change of the system state. State
mean the set of properties matter; pressure,
temperature, volume, mass, density.
There are some processes;

Isobaric (constant pressure)


Isochoric (constant volume)
Isothermal (constant temperature)
Adiabatic (no heat flow in or out)

Isobaric
There is no pressure change in process

Cp = 5/2 R

Q=E+W

Q = nCp T
W = P(V2-V1)
or

W = nR T

Isokhoric
Until process volume is still constant
dV = 0 , so W = 0

The first law : U = Q W =


Q = nCvT
Cv= 3/2R

U = Q

Isothermal
Along temperature is still constant

Isothermal
U 32 n R T 0
The first law: U = Q W = 0
W=Q
V2
W nRT ln
V1

Adiabatic
On the proses, there is no heat transfer in or out the system

In the adiabatic process the system is isolated

Q=0
The first law : U = Q W = 0
W= -nCvT
U= 3/2 nRT

Cv= 3/2R

U = - W

Adiabatic
Contoh Proses
adiabatik
Piston motor

Example
When 1 g of water is boiled at a constant
pressure of 1 atm, it becomes 1670 cm 3 of
steam. The latent heat of vaporization of
water at this pressure is Lv = 2.26 x 10 6
J/kg. Calculate
The work done by the water
The increase in the internal energy

Example
The One mol of ideal gas monatomic gas
moves through the cycle show here.
For each segment of the cycle calculate the
work done, the heat flow, and the change
internal energy.
Find the pressure and volume at point 2 and 3
if the pressure at point 1 is 1 atm

1
P

T1=600 K

R=8,31 J/K

adiabatic

T3=300 K 3

T2=455 K
V

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