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Chapter5 Momentum and Impulse Student

This chapter discusses momentum and impulse, and the conservation of linear momentum. It contains the following key points: 1) Momentum is defined as mass times velocity. Impulse is defined as the change in momentum and is equal to the average force times the time interval. 2) The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. This applies to both elastic collisions, where kinetic energy is conserved, and inelastic collisions, where kinetic energy is not conserved. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating momentum, impulse, and using the conservation of momentum principle to solve problems involving 1D and 2D collisions between objects.

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Hema Jothy
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280 views

Chapter5 Momentum and Impulse Student

This chapter discusses momentum and impulse, and the conservation of linear momentum. It contains the following key points: 1) Momentum is defined as mass times velocity. Impulse is defined as the change in momentum and is equal to the average force times the time interval. 2) The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. This applies to both elastic collisions, where kinetic energy is conserved, and inelastic collisions, where kinetic energy is not conserved. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating momentum, impulse, and using the conservation of momentum principle to solve problems involving 1D and 2D collisions between objects.

Uploaded by

Hema Jothy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 5:
Momentum
and Impulse
(2 Hours)
1

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Learning Outcome:
5.1 Momentum and Impulse (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should
be able to:
Define momentum.

Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph


to determine impulse.
Use J p

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

5.1 Momentum and Impulse


Momentum
is defined as the product between mass and
velocity.
velocity
is a vector quantity.

Equation :
p mv

The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1.


The direction of the momentum is the same as the
direction of the velocity.
velocity

Momentum can be
resolve into
vertical (y)
component &
horizontal (x)
component.

py

p x p cos mv cos
p y p sin mv sin

px

PHYSICS
Impulse,

CHAPTER 3

Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time


interval (collision), thus the Newtons 2nd law can be written as

dp
F F dt constant



J Fdt dp p2 p1

where

p2 : final momentum
p1 : initial momentum

F : impulsive force
is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t

OR the change of momentum.


momentum
is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.
4

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s1.


If the force acts on the object is not constant then

t2

J Fdt Fav dt
t1

Fav : average impulsive force

where

Since impulse and momentum


are both vector quantities, then
J F dt p p m v u
it is often easiest to use them in component form :
x

consider 2-D
collision only

av x

2x

1x

J y Fav y dt p2 y p1 y m v y u y

J z Fav z dt p2 z p1 z m v z u z
5

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against


time, t graph is given by the Figure 5.1.

0 t1

t2
Figure 5.1

Shaded area under the Ft graph = impulse


6

PHYSICS

Example 5.1

CHAPTER 3

A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at 25


m/s. Find the constant force needed to
stop it in 4 seconds.

Solution

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Example 5.2 :
A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of 100
ms1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s1 in the opposite
direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Solution :
m 0.20 kg
1

u1 100 m s

Wall (2)

v1 70 m s

v2 u 2 0
8

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,

J dp p2 p1

Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.


s
b. Given the contact time,

Fav 3400 N

PHYSICS
Exercise 5.1 :

CHAPTER 3
F kN

18

0 0.2

1.0

1.8

t ms

Figure 5.2

An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g


struck by a racket is shown in Figure 5.2. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
10

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
5.2 Conservation of linear momentum and impulse
(1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:

State the principle of conservation of linear


momentum.

State the conditions for elastic and inelastic


collisions.

Apply the principle of conservation of


momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions.

11

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

5.2
Principle of conservation of linear momentum
states In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum of that

system is constant.
constant
OR
When the net external force on a system is zero, the total
momentum of that system is constant.
constant

In a Closed system,

From the Newtons second law, thus

F 0

dp
F
0
dt

dp 0

12

PHYSICS
Therefore

CHAPTER 3

p constant then
px constant

constant

According to the principle of conservation of


linear momentum, we obtain

The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum

OR

pi p f
13

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Elastic collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy
(as well as total momentum) of the system is the
same before and after the collision.
collision
Figure 5.4 shows the head-on collision of two billiard
balls.
m1u1 m2 u 2
Before collision

At collision

After collision

m1v1

2
Figure 3.3

m2 v 2
14

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

The properties of elastic collision are


a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
conserved

pi p f
c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.
conserved

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
K i K f OR 2 m1u1 2 m2u2 2 m1v1 2 m2 v2

15

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Inelastic (non-elastic) collision


is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision
(even though the total momentum of the system is
conserved).
conserved)
Figure 5.4 shows the model of a completely inelastic
collision of two billiard balls.
u 0
Before collision

m1u1

2
2

m2

At collision

After collision
(stick together)

Figure 3.4

v
16

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Caution:
Not all the inelastic collision is stick together.
together
In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which
the bodies do not stick.
stick
The properties of inelastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, 0 e < 1

b. The total momentum is conserved.


conserved
p
p

c. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some


of the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is
transferred away by means of sound or heat.
heat But the total
energy is conserved.
conserved

E E
i

OR

K K
i

losses energy
17

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Elastic versus inelastic collision


Elastic collision

e=1

pi p f

Ki K f

Inelastic collision
Coefficient of
resituition

0 e<1

pi p f

Momentum

Kinetic
energy

K K
i

losses energy

18

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Linear momentum in one dimension collision


Example 5.3 :
u A 6 m s 1
u B 3 m s 1
A

B
Figure 5.5

Figure 3.5 shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with object B of
mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed of 2 m s -1 to the left.
.Determine the velocity of A after Collision
:Solution

19

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Linear momentum in two dimension collision

Example 5.4 :
m1

u1

m2

50
m1

Before collision

Figure 5.6

v1

After collision

A tennis ball of mass m1 moving with initial velocity u1 collides


with a soccer ball of mass m2 initially at rest. After the
collision, the tennis ball is deflected 50 from its initial
direction with a velocity v1 as shown in figure 5.6.
Suppose that m1 = 250 g, m2 = 900 g, u1 = 20 m s1 and v1
= 4 m s1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of soccer
20
ball after the collision.

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Solution :

m1 0.250 kg; m2 0.900 kg; u1 20 m s 1 ;


u 2 0; v1 4 m s 1 ; 1 50

From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

pi p f

The x-component of linear momentum,

pix

p fx

m1u1 x m2 u 2 x m1v1 x m2 v2 x

21

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Solution :
The y-component of linear momentum,

piy

p fy

Magnitude of the soccer ball,

v2

v2 x

v2 y

v2 y

2 tan
v2 x

Direction of the soccer ball,


1

22

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 5.2 :

1. An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 ms 1


collides elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg
moving with a velocity 3 ms1 towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision,
calculate the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg ms1; 5 ms1 to the right; 1.7 m s1 to the right

23

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 5.2 :
2. A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s1 strikes an identical ball
that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has
been deviated by 45 from its original direction, and the struck
ball moves off at 30 from the original direction as shown in
Figure 5.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.
ANS. : 8.80 m s 1; 12.4 m s1

Figure 5.7

24

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 6 : gravitational

25

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