UNDERSTANDING BASIC

ELECTRICAL- PHASE SYSTEM AND

DIFFERENT FITTINGS, REQUIRED
TOOLS AND THEIR USAGE
 Basic Electricity
Things to be covered:
• What is electricity
• Voltage, Current, Resistance
• Ohm’s Law
• Capacitors, Inductors, Transformer
• AC Single Phase and three phase system
• Tools and their usage
• Electrical Safety
 What is Electricity ?
• Everything is made of atoms
• There are 118 elements, an atom is a single part of an
element
• Atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons
 What is Electricity ?
• Electrons (- charge) are attracted to protons (+ charge), this holds
the atom together

• Electrons can be made to move from one atom to another, this is

called a current of electricity.

• Electricity flows through conductors

– water, metal (copper, silver, gold, aluminum), the human body

• Some materials are insulators (air, glass, rubber, most plastics)

Effects of Electricity
 Speed of electricity

IT WOULD TAKE 1.3 SECONDS FOR THE LIGHT TO COME ON

 Voltage
• A battery positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-). The
difference in charge between each terminal is the potential energy
the battery can provide. This is labeled in units of volts.
Water Analogy
 Measurement of DC Voltage

• Voltage is like differential pressure,

always measure between two points.

• Measure voltage between two points

or across a component in a circuit.

• When measuring DC voltage make

sure polarity of meter is correct,
positive (+) red, negative (-) black.
Different types of batteries
 Current
• Battery without
connection

• By connecting a
conductor from the
positive terminal to
negative terminal
electrons will flow.
Current flows through
closed circuit

No Current can flow

through open circuit

Short Circuit Current

flow
 Current

• Uniform flow of electrons thru a circuit is called current.

WILL USE CONVENTIONAL FLOW NOTATION ON ALL SCHEMATICS

 Measurement of Current

• To measure current, must break circuit and install meter in line.

• Measurement is imperfect because of voltage drop created by meter.

 Resistance

• All materials have a resistance that is dependent on

cross-sectional area, material type and temperature.
• A resistor dissipates power in the form of heat
Various resistors types
 Measurement of Resistance

When measuring resistance, remove

component from the circuit.
Resistor Color Code
Ohms Law
Ground
 Ground

• What is Ground ?
A ground is a conductive connection
– between electrical circuit or equipment and
earth or ground plane
– creates a low resistance to the earth.
• Why Grounding ?
– Protection from electric shock
 Grounding
• creates a low-resistance
path

• When a short energy

flows to the ground,
 Improper Grounding

Broken wire or plug on

extension cord
 Capacitance
A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time

Capacitor

Battery

Unit = Farad

Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F

Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F
Capacitors
Samples of Typical Transformers
Three phase transformer
Three Phase Transmission Line
 Three Phase System

Three phases are offset 120 degrees from each other

Animation of Y wound three-phase generator power flow

There are four wires coming out of every power plant:

the three phases plus a neutral or ground
In India
L1 - Red L2 - Yellow L3 - Blue Neutral - Black Ground - Green
Tools required in electrical work

Flat Screw Driver

Line Tester
Tools required in electrical work

Digital Multimeter
Tools required in electrical work

Nose Pliers
Tools required in electrical work

Pliers
 Tools required in electrical work

Slip joint pliers Side cutters Linesman's pliers

Tools required in electrical work

Locking Pliers
 Tools required in electrical work

Wire stripping and Wire Stripper

terminal crimping
pliers
Tools required in electrical work

Automatic wire stripper

Tools required in electrical work

Old hand drill

Tools required in electrical work

Hammer drill
Tools required in electrical work

large drill
Electrical Fictures

Street Lamp
 Electrical Fictures

Fluorescent
Lamp starter

Fluorescent light bulb

Electrical Fictures

Electric bulb
 Electrical Safety

•Hazards of Electricity
–Electrocution/Shock/Burns/Death
 Electrical Shock
• current passes through the
body
• Severity of a shock
depends on:
– Path of current through
the body
– Amount of current
flowing through the body
– Length of time the body
is in the circuit
 Electrical Shock

• A person can just feel less than 5 milliamps of electrical current.

• A person can't let go of an object with 5 to 20 milliamps of electrical
current.
• 20 to 60 milliamps of electric current is possibly fatal.
• 60 to 8000 milliamps of electric current is probably fatal.
 Examples electrical current found in
common household appliances, which are
probably fatal to the human body:

7.5 watt Christmas tree light 60 milliamps

12 watt electric shaver 90 milliamps
100 watt light bulb 800 milliamps
1000 watt hair dryer 8000 milliamps
 If Electrocution Occurs :
• Call for help

• DO NOT touch the victim or the conductor

• Shut off the current at the control box

• If the shutoff is not immediately available, use

a non-conducting material to free the victim
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

• Tripped circuit breakers or blown

fuses
• Warm tools, wires, cords,
connections, or junction boxes
• GFCI that shuts off a circuit
• Worn or frayed insulation around
wire or connection
 Insulation

• Check insulation prior

to using cables, tools,
or equipment
 Electrical Burns

• Occurs when you touch

faulty electrical wiring or
equipment for longer time
• Typically occurs on the
hands
• Very serious injury
 Overload Hazards

If too many devices are

plugged into a circuit, the
current will heat the wires
to a very high temperature,
which may cause a fire
 Hazards in Electricity

Electricity is always trying to get

to the ground.

Kite string and you are one of the

best conductors for electricity.
 Hazards in Electricity

Metal Ladder and you are

one of the best conductors
for electricity.
 Hazards in Electricity
Water and you are one of the best
conductors for electricity.

It is important to keep all electrical

appliances away from water, and to
make sure your hands are dry and you
are not standing in water when you
touch anything electrical.
 Hazards in Electricity
Appliances have protective insulated
cords and coverings to keep you from
contacting the electricity inside.

A live wire inside an appliance, spoon and

you are of the best conductors for
electricity.
 Hazards in Electricity

Have you ever wondered why the birds that

sit on power lines don't get electric shocks?

It's because the electricity is always looking

for a way to get to the ground, but the birds
are not touching the ground or anything in
contact with the ground.
Preventing Electrical Hazards

Ways of preventing electrical hazards are:

1. Use Fuse
2. Use Circuit Breakers
3. Use Electrical protective devices (GFCI)
4. Use Good Insulation Wires
5. Use Grounding
 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
• Fuses and circuit breakers are safety devices.

• Fuse uses a thin piece of foil or wire quickly vaporizes

when an overload of current runs through it

• Circuit breaker uses the heat from an overload to trip a

switch, and circuit breakers are therefore resettable.

• Can you imagine what will happen ?

-A fan motor burns out, causing a direct connection between power and
ground.
-A wire comes loose in a lamp and directly connects power to ground
-A mouse chews through the insulation in a wire and directly connects
power to ground etc
 Ground fault circuit interrupters
(GFCI’s)
• A GFCI is not an overcurrent device like a fuse or circuit
breaker
• GFCI contains a special sensor

• If the current flow in the grounded wire is within 5

milliampers all the current will flow in the normal path
• If the current flow in the grounded wire is more than 5
milliampers, the GFCI will quickly open the circuit
 Do’s and Don'ts
• Do plug power equipment into wall
receptacles with power switches in the Off
position.
• Do unplug electrical equipment by grasping
the plug and pulling. Do not pull or jerk the
cord to unplug the equipment.
• Do not plug equipment into defective and
damaged receptacles.
• Do check for frayed, cracked, or exposed
wiring on equipment cords.
 Do’s and Don'ts

• Consumer electrical equipment or

appliances should not be used if not
properly grounded.

• Employees should know the location of

electrical circuit breaker.
 Myths and Misconceptions
• Electricity takes the path of least
resistance.
• Electricity wants to go to ground.
• If an electric tools falls into a sink or tub
of water, the item will short out.
• AC reverse polarity is not hazardous.
• It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts is
not dangerous.
THAT’S ALL…..