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ME-102 Engineering Graphics

The document discusses various methods of technical drawing projections. It introduces key concepts like projectors, projections, and projection planes. It then covers different projection techniques including multiview, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. Multiview projections produce 2D orthogonal views to fully describe an object using a minimum number of views. Axonometric projections like isometric views display an object's three dimensions at uniform angles. Oblique projections have projectors that are not perpendicular to the projection plane.

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2K views

ME-102 Engineering Graphics

The document discusses various methods of technical drawing projections. It introduces key concepts like projectors, projections, and projection planes. It then covers different projection techniques including multiview, axonometric, oblique, and perspective projections. Multiview projections produce 2D orthogonal views to fully describe an object using a minimum number of views. Axonometric projections like isometric views display an object's three dimensions at uniform angles. Oblique projections have projectors that are not perpendicular to the projection plane.

Uploaded by

salmanshahidkhan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME-102 Engineering Graphics

Introduction to Projections
Lecture # 2 & 3

By: Muhammad Jawad Qarni


Research Associate

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering


Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 1


Projections and Projectors

Projectors or LOS
The rays of light reflecting from different edges
of the object, are known as projectors.

Projections

The image formed on the plane as a result of


projectors is known as projection.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 2


Projections and Projectors

Projectors

Projections

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 3


Projection Theory

 Engineering and technical graphics are dependent on


projection methods.

There are two projection methods


 Perspective
 Parallel

 Projection theory comprises the principles used to


graphically represent 3D object and structures on 2D
media

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 4


Projection Theory
Orthogonal Views Isometric Views
(2D)
(3D)

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 5


Projection Theory

Based on two variables


 Line of Sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye and an object.

 Plane of Projection (i.e. an image or picture plane) is


an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by
the lines of sight is projected.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 6


LOS & Plane of Projection

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 7


Projection Methods

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 8


Projection Methods

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 9


Perspective Projection

 Perspective projection mimic what the human eye sees.


 Requires that the object be positioned at finite distance
and viewed from a single point (SP: Station Point)
 Projectors are not parallel.
 Image formed is always shorter than the actual
dimension of the object.
 Are somewhat difficult to create.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 10


Perspective View

Distorted dimensions

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 11


Perspective view

Short Image

Observer
Object

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 12


Perspective View (Illustration)

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 13


Perspective drawings
Are classified by the number of vanishing points

VP

VP VP

VP VP

VP = Vanishing Point

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 14


VP
Parallel Projections

 If the distance from the observer to the object is infinite,


then the projectors (i.e. projection lines) are parallel.
 Requires that the object be placed at infinity and viewed
from multiple points on an imaginary line parallel to the
object.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 15


Parallel Projections

Projectors

Projections

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 16


Parallel Projection (Illustration)

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 17


Orthographic Projections
 Parallel projection technique.
 Plane of projection is placed b/w the observer and the
object.
 Plane of projection is perpendicular to the parallel lines
of sight.
 Face of object is parallel to the plane of projection.
 Final projection formed is of true size.

Can produce either pictorial drawing (3D) or multi-view (2D) in


one view.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 18


Orthographic projection (Illustration)

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 19


Multiview (Orthographic Projection)
The object is oriented such that only two of its
dimensions are shown.
The features of the part are outlined.
Generally three views of an object are drawn.
Features and dimensions in each view accurately
represent the actual object.
Each view is a 2D flat view.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 20


Multiview (Orthographic Projection)

Horizontal
Profile Plane
Plane

Object

Projection

Frontal Plane

Projectors

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 21


Multiview Drawings
 Frontal Plane of Projection:
The front view of an object shows the width and height
dimensions.
 Horizontal Plane of Projection:

The top view of an object shows the width and depth


dimensions.
 Profile Plane of Projection:

The side view of an object shows the depth and height


dimensions.

???

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 22


Multiview Drawings

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 23


Multiview Drawings

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 24


Glass Box Example

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 25


Unfolding Glass Box

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 26


Six Principal Views
Mutually perpendicular views
produced by mutually
perpendicular planes of
projection.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 27


Animation…

Animation of Glass Box

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 28


View Selection
 Determine the best position of the object.
 Define the front view.
 Determine the minimum number of views needed to
completely describe the object so that it can be
produced.
 Once the front view is selected, determine which other
views will have the fewest number of hidden lines.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 29


Orientation
Good Bad

Most of the lines are


Many hidden lines
parallel and
perpendicular to the
views

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 30


View Selection
Natural position for front view Minimum number of views

Most descriptive view

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 31


Axonometric Projection
 Is a parallel projection technique used to create a pictorial drawing
of an object by rotating the object on an axis relative to a projection
or picture plane.
 LOS are perpendicular to the plane of projection, therefore
orthographic.
 Display three dimensions.

Classification:
 Isometric
 Dimetric
 Trimetric

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 32


Isometric View
 If all the three faces of the object are at same angle with
respect to the plane, the view obtained is called the
isometric projection.

Most easy to draw.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 33


Isometric View

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 34


Dimetric View

 Two out of three faces of the object, makes same angle


with respect to the plane.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 35


Trimetric View
 All the faces of the object, that are inclined to the plane
are at different angles relatively.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 36


Oblique Projection
 Isthe basis for oblique drawing and sketching.
 Form of parallel projection, projectors are parallel to
each other.
 Projectors are not perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
 One face of an object is parallel to the plane of
projection.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 37


Oblique projection
• The object face is parallel to the frontal plane.
• This face will be drawn true size and shape.
• This face should include complex features (arcs, holes, irregular surfaces)
• The longest dimension should be parallel to frontal plane.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 38


Summary, Projection technique
A. Multiview.
B. Axonometric
C. Oblique
D. Perspective

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 39


Auxiliary Views
 An Auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is
projected onto any plane other than one of the six
principal plane.
 Sometimes one of the six principal views will not
completely describe an object.
 When there are inclined or oblique planes or features on
an object.

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 40


Auxiliary Views

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 41


Auxiliary view (Illustration)

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 42


Some practice problems…

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 43


Thank you…

M Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 44

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