UMTS Radio Planning : Fundamentals

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview on 3GPP, IMT2000, etc.

Mathematical background of SS-CDMA Systems
Multiple Access

DS-Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum Modulation

Properties of Spread Spectrum System
Tolerance of Narrow-band interference
Modulation Example
Processing Gain in BPSK DS-SS Systems
Tolerance to Wide-Band interference

WCDMA in Cellular Radio Networks

Multipath Environment characteristics

Soft, Softer, and Hard Handover
Power Control : Inner-loop, outer-loop, etc.
WCDMA Load Equation : Definition of Eb/No

UMTS RF Fundamentals

Dr. Hatem MOKHTARI

UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning

UMTS System Dimensioning

General Guidelines
Dimensioning Workflow
Link budget Parameters

Eb/No for different Multipath Radio Propagation Channels

Load Factor
Bit Rates as defined in the ETSI Recommendations
WCDMA Spectral Efficiency (throughputs in kbps per carrier per cell)
Orthogonality
HO Gains
BTS Static Sensitivity : TMA, Antenna Gain, Sectorization Gain,
SOHO Overhead, Signaling Overhead,
Link budgets and Coverage Efficiency of WCDMA

Cell Ranges Selection Process

Dimensioning Guidelines

Guidelines for Traffic-per-cell computation

UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning

Dimensioning Rules

BTS Processing Capability

BTS Dimensioning Principles

Examples of Dimensioning for Different Operator Strategies

Detailed Planning : A Step further in Network Dimensioning

Requirements for Detailed Planing

Capacity and Coverage Planning

WCDMA / GSM co-location requirements and constraints

Pilot Planning

Uplink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes

Downlink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes

Cell Search Procedure

UMTS Radio Planning : Site Consideration

Interference Checking :Per Environment basis

Background noise interference notion
Site clearance and roof-top selection
UMTS/UMTS and UMTS/GSM co-location issues from RF standpoint
Site-sharing : Practical guidelines
Results of Isolation measurements between antennas in collocation in
the UMTS frequency band :
Vertical Polarization results
Dual Polarization results
Conclusions

CDMA Fundamentals

W/R : Defined as the system processing gain

In CDMA, the Reverse Link Capacity is often the limiting link in terms of
capacity
In CDMA : Uplink Receive Power is equal from all MSs.
Per user : S/N = 1/(M-1)
M : Total Number of users in the cell
S = S (The wanted signal)
N = (M-1)S => S/N = 1/(M-1)
Example : If M=7 then S/N = 1/7

W
M R
Eb
No

if M>>1 then

M : The Number of simultaneous users a CDMA cell can support

CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread

Spectrum (SS)

Each User encodes its signal

Code Signal Bandwidth (W) > Information Bandwidth

Transmission

Spread Spectrum

The Receiver knows the code sequence

Reception

P
Despreading

CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread

Spectrum (SS)
Eb = Signal Power / Bit Rate = S/Rb
No = Noiser Power / Bandwidth = N/W

Eb S W

N o N Rb

Signal to Noise Ratio

Processing Gain
Example :
Eb
Given a Demodulator Performance
6dB

No

Bit rate Rb = 8 kpbs

Bandwidth W = 1.2 Mbps => G = W/Rb = 150 = 21 dB

dB

Eb

No

Rb
dB

6dB 21dB 15dB

dB

CDMA Multiple Access Principle

Shannon Theorem
Channel Capacity C (Bit/s) given by Shannon Theorem :

S
C W log 2 1
N

W : System Bandwidth (Hz)

S/N : Signal to Noise Ratio (numerical value)
C : System Capacity (bit/s)
Wide W and Low S/N (such as in WCDMA)
Same Capacity
Narrow W and Large S/N (such as in GSM)

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :

Multiple Access Features
1. All Users Signals overlap in TIME and FREQUENCY
2. Correlating the Received Signal despreads ONLY the WANTED SIGNAL
p

S1

RECEIVER of USER 1

S1xC1
f

S2

S2 X C2 X C1

f
S2xC2
f

S1 = S1 X C1 X C1

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :

Interference Rejection
p

S1

S1xC1
f

f
p

S1
IxC1
f

Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power

CDMA Principles
A

m1(t)

B1

D/A

m1(t)
c1(t)

c1(t)

Radio Propagation
Channel

m2(t

B2

D/A

m2(t)

A
c2(t)

c2(t)

Receiver

Transmitter
c1(t) and c2(t) are Orthogonal Codes

c (t )c (t )dt 0
1

CDMA Principles

Cross-Correlation Rxy() :

Rxy ( ) x(t ) y (t )dt

0
T

Cross-correlation if =0 :

Rxy (0) x(t ) y (t )dt

0

If x and y are discrete sequence (binary signals):

Rxy (0) X T .Y

x y

1i I

Example of orthogonal codes :

1
1
X
1

1

1
1
Y
1

1

1
1
Rxy (0) 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 0
1

1

CDMA Principles

To be used in DS-SS CDMA Codes must satisfy the

following conditions :
Zero Cross-correlation
Number of +1s and -1s must be the same
Dot Product must be equal to 1

Example :

Dot product of the previous example is :

X . X / 4 (1 1 1 1) / 4 1
T

CDMA Principles
m1(t)

-1

Tb

Tc : Chip Rate of the PN Code

Tb : Information rate (voice/data)
M1(f)

2Tb

1/Tb

3Tb

C1(f)

c1(t)

f
Tc
m1(t).c1(t)

4Tc

1/Tb

1/Tc

C1(f)* M1(f)
f
1/Tb

1/Tc

Amplitude

CDMA Principles

distance

/2

Mobile

The MS crosses 2 fades in

2
v

Example : @ 900 MHz and v = 90 km/h (25 m/s)

MS crosses fades every 6.67 ms
@ 1800 MHz MS crosses fades every 3.335 ms

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

Received Power

1= 3s

2= 4s
3

Time (s)

Inter Symbol Interference can occur if the delay spread n is greater than
one symbol period

: The higher the bit rate, the more ISI occur

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

Example 1:

Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses R b = 270.83 kbps

The bit period is thus Tb = 1/270830 = 3.69 s

Conclusion : bit period almost equal to 4 s as shown on the delay spread

power profile => ISI would normally exist ! Without use of EQUALIZER

Example 2:

Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses R b = 1.2288 Mbps

= 1228800 bps
The bit period is thus Tb = 1/ 1228800 = 1 s
Conclusion : bit period is much LESS than 4 s as shown on the delay spread
power profile => ISI would normally exist !
Important note : CDMA Rake Receive uses a special form of Time Diversity to
recover the signal. CDMA Rake receiver combines multipath components and
suppresses phase differences provided that delays are not very small

The Principal of Maximum Ratio Combining in CDMA Rake Receiver

Transmitted Symbol
- Amplitude
- Phase

Received Signal
at each time delay

Modified Signal
Using Channel Estimator

Combined
Symbol

Figure #1
Figure #2
Figure #3

Block Diagram of CDMA Rake Receiver

Input RF Signal
Correlator

I
Q

Code
Generator

Channel
Estimator

Channel
Estimator

Code
Generator

Channel
Estimator

Delay
Equalizer

Finger # 2
Phase
Rotator

Correlator

Delay
Equalizer

Finger # 1
Phase
Rotator

Correlator

Code
Generator

Phase
Rotator

Delay
Equalizer

Q
Combiner

Finger # 3
Timing (finger allocation)

Matched Filter

CDMA Rake Receiver : Components

Digitized input samples are received from RF Front-end in the form of I and Q
components
Code Generator and Correlator : Perform despreading and integration to user data
symbol

Channel estimator : Uses the Pilot symbols to estimate the channel state

Phase Rotator : aligns the symbols to the initial phase (phase cancellation)

Delay Equalizer : Compensates the Delay in the arrival times of the symbols in each
finger
Rake Combiner : Sums up the channel-compensated symbols, thereby providing
MULTIPATH DIVERSITY against Fading.
Matched Filter : Determines and Updates the Current Multipath Delay Spread. This is
used to assign the Rake fingers to the largest Peaks (Maximum Combining)

CDMA Principles: Delay Spread

In Multipath Environment :

Received power can be written as :

N

n 1

n 1

r (t ) an s (t n ) R ( f ) S ( f ) an exp( j 2f . n )

Fourier Transfer Function :

R( f ) N
H( f )
an e j 2f . n
S ( f ) n 1

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

H(f)

Example with two-equal amplitude paths : a1=a2=A

H ( f ) 2 cos(f )

2A

1
2

3
2

1. Frequency-Selective Fading is evident in the nulls of the Magnitude Spectrum

2. WCDMA is more advantageous than CDMA when the delays are small such
as 0.4 s (Dense Urban and Urban Environments)
3. WCMA using 5 Mbps (bit period of 0.2 s) better than IS-95 CDMA using only
1.2288 Mbsp (bit period 1 s) when ISI are to be considered in Dense Urban
areas

CDMA Fundamentals
If other users from other cells are considered, the actual cell becomes
loaded and :

Eb
1 W 1

. .
No M 1 R 1

where is the loading factor (0 < < 1)

We define F as the Frequency reuse :

1
F
1

CDMA Fundamentals

Cell A

B1

Cell B

C2

B2
C1

Cell C

Interference Introduced by Users in the Neighboring Cells

CDMA Fundamentals

Cell A

Cell B
Cell C

Sectorization Reduces Interference and adds

a Gain to the system : Sectorization Gain

Unwanted interferers
rejected by antenna
pattern of Cell A

CDMA Fundamentals

Sectorization Gain :

Tri-Sectors : = 3 (2.5 in practice)

6-Sectors : = 6 (5 in practice)

Sectorization Gain = = Total Interfering Power from all Directions/

Perceived Interference Power by the sector antenna. G is the antenna
pattern in given direction
2

I ( )d

G ( )
0 G(0) I ( )d

CDMA Fundamentals

Voice Activity Factor : Interference is reduced when

the user is not transmitting

Eb
1 W 1
1

. .
..
No M 1 R 1 v

The final value for M :

W

1
R

M
.
.
Eb 1 v

No

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview

ITU has advanced 3G Telecoms Standards

The European Standard : IMT2000 for International
Mobile Telecommunications in year 2000 or UMTS
The Northern American Standard is CDMA2000
Features :
Adds Multi-media capabilities to 2G standards
(GSM, IS-136, IS-95, etc.)
Support for higher data rates
Packet data networking
IP Access

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview

3G Standard Proposals
WCDMA (up to 20 MHz bandwidth)
Rake Reception possible in both UL and DL
CDMA IS-95 is 1.25 MHz of bandwidth
Dedicated Pilot Channels associated with each dedicated data
channels
intended for adaptive antenna techniques, interference cancellation,
coherent demodulation
Variable rate transmission for the data channels
Forward Link spreading uses Orthogonal variable spreading factor
(OVSF) codes
Asynchronous cell specific signature sequences (UL)

3G in Europe : 3G ETSI will be dual-mode GSM/WCDMA

3G in USA : Smoother migration from IS-95 to CDMA2000

UMTS Standards : IMT200 Requirements

IMT2000 formerly FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile

Telecommunications System)
World-wide Roaming
Small, Low-cost pocket terminals
High rate data services
Advanced Multimedia services : interactivity
Data Services Delivery :
Vehicular Environment : 144 kbps
Pedestrian Environment : 384 kbps
Indoor Environment : 2 Mbps
Single System for Residential, Office, Cellular, Satellite
Environments

Air Interface Compromise in ETSI

W-CDMA
Team:
Ericsson
Nokia
NTT DoCoMo
NEC

UMTS Air Interface

W-CDMA for FDD

Systems
TD/CDMA for TDD
Systems

TD/CDMA
Team :
Alcatel
Bosch
Italtel
Motorola
Nortel
Siemens
Sony

IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

UMTS Total bandwith for Europe : 215 MHz

Important Note :15 MHz less the initial IMT-2000 by WARC 92 because
DECT operation
FDD Paired Bands : 1920 1980 MHz (Uplink) ;
2110 2170 MHz (Downlink)
FDD supports W-CDMA
TDD Unpaired bands : 1900 1920 MHz and 2010 2025 MHz for TDD
CDMA systems

IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

1900

1920

TDD
UL/DL

1980

FDD
UL

2010

2025

MSS TDD
UL UL/DL

2110

2170

FDD
DL

FDL
FDL/UL
FUL

FDD Mode

TDD Mode

2200

MSS
DL

Radio Access : GSM vs UTRA and TDD vs FDD

GSM

Fr
eq

ue

UTRA/TDD
nc

0.2 MHz

16 Timeslots per frame : 10 ms

577 s

Power / Code
5 MHz

UTRA/FDD

625 s

5 MHz

Time

W-CDMA Air Interface

W-CDMA = Frame structure of 72 frames

1 frame = 15 Time slots corresponding to one Power Control
period (or a rate of 1500 Hz)
The Slot structure UPLINK is different from the DOWNLINK
Each Link comprises a Data Channel = DPDCH and a
Control Channel = DPCCH

UMTS Frame Structure

10 ms (one frame)
S1

S2

Si

S15

DATA
DPDCH
PILOT
DPCCH

TFI : Transport Format combination Indicator

FBI : FeedBack Information
TPC = Transmit Power Control

TFI

FBI

TPC

Spreading and Modulation : Uplink

Cd

Cscramble

DPDCH

To QPSK
Modulator

DPCCH

Cc

IQ
MUX

Example of UMTS Spectrum Allocation :

United Kingdom

One licence reserved for a new Operator 2*15

MHz paired spectrum + 5 MHz of unpaired
spectrum (for TDD component)
One licence for 2*15 MHz paired spectrum
Three licences for 2*10 MHz paired spectrum + 5
MHz of unpaired spectrum

UMTS Radio Planning : Maximum Bit Rates

Rural Outdoor :
384 kbps has been evaluated
Up to 500 km/h is supported (SMG2 Q&A Workshop)
Suburban Outdoor :
384 kbps at the required velocity
Indoor and low-range outdoor :
2048 kbps
Range of bit rates :
100 bps to 2048 kbps with a granularity of 100 bps
Note :Transmitted bit rate can change during a call on a 10ms
(frame) basis for efficient spectrum usage, i.e. variable rate due
to nature of speech

UMTS Parameters for UDD Services in DL

Source
Rate

64 kbps

144 kbps

384 kbps

2048 kbps

60.8 kbps

243.2
kbps

486.4
kbps

64 kbps

128 kbps

512 kbps

1024 kbps

ON

ON

ON

ON

Information 30.4 kbps

bit rate
Physical
Channel
Rate
Antenna
Receiver
Diversity

Radio Access Network Planning

WCDMA System operates with a frequency reuse of 1

Common Radio Resource in WCDMA for all users is Power

WCDMA Supports different bearer services

Bearer Services characterized by : Bit Rate, Delay and BER

Different Settings for different Services

No need need for planning of code or code phase

Asynchronous Operation : No need for inter-base synchronization

UMTS System Characteristics

W-CDMA : 5 MHz or more can be offered

Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz
W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s
Information bit rate = between 8 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s
Multiple Access Scheme :
Duplex Scheme :
Chip Rate :
Carrier Spacing :

Wideband DS-CDMA
FDD
3.84 Mchip/s
4.2 5.4 MHz

Spectrum Efficiency

Speech :
78-189 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on type of propagation and
mobile speed. Numbers are higher than in GSM

Connection Oriented Service (384 kbps @BER=10-6) at 120

km/h :

Packet Service (384 kbps) in pedestrian environments :

85-250 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on antenna diversity

470 to 565 kbps/MHz/cell, UL and DL respectively

Packet Service (2048 kbps) in Indoor environments :

230 to 500 kbps/MHz/cell, depending on DL antenna diversity

Coverage and Capacity in UMTS

Trade-off between Capacity and coverage

Lower Capacity means a larger cell

New Cells can be inserted to facilitate capacity

expansion as no frequency re-planning is needed
Extend coverage in case od asymmetric data
traffic (more DL than UL) as UL is limited by MS
power and interference is less

Simplified UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS RNS

Iubi
s

Node B
Node B
Node B

IuPS

RNC

Iubi
s
Iubi

RNC

SGSN

IuPS

Iu
r

Gb
IuCS

GSM BSS

BTS
BTS

MSC

Abis

BSC
Abis

PCU
TRAU
Ater

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning

WCDMA Network dimensioning uses the following

inputs :

Coverage :

RF Propagation Environments (urban, suburban, rural)

Area Type information (Clutter, terrain shape, etc.)
Coverage Regions : need for Marketing input

Capacity

Traffic Density Data

Available Spectrum
Subscriber Profile and Growth forecast

QoS

Coverage Probability (Area)

Outage/Blocking Probability
End User Requirements : Throughput, speed, etc.

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning

Dimensioning involves :
Radio Link Budget Analyses
Coverage Analyses
Required Capacity Estimation
Cell-count estimation in terms of number of sites
required
Number of RNCs (Radio Network Controller)
required
Equipment at different Interfaces
Core Network Elements : Circuit Switched and
Packet Switched Domain Core Networks

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Three Main additional Link Budget Parameters have to be considered when

designing UMTS Networks :

Interference Margin :

Fast Fading (=PC headroom) :

Due to the Loading of the cell from MSs that are in other cells. The higher
the loading allowed, the larger interference margin to be added. Between 20
to 50 % require 1 to 3 dB of interference margin, respectively.

Slow-moving pedestrian mobiles need fast power control to compensate the

fast fading (2 to 5 dB are needed). No Fast Fading Margin is required for
high speed mobiles because no Fast Power control is able to compensate
for Fast moving mobiles.

SOHO Gain (or SOft HO) :

SOHO is a kind of Reception Diversity, which brings an additional gain to the

UMTS System. Generally called : MACRO DIVERSITY COMBINING (2 to 3
dB)

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Assumptions for the MS :

Speech Terminal
Maximum Transmit Power = 21 dBm
Antenna Gain = 0 dBi
Body Loss = 3 dB

Data Terminal
Maximum Transmit Power = 24 dBm
Antenna Gain = 2 dBi
Body Loss = 0 dB

Note : No body loss for Data Terminal as the MS is used away from the
body for Fax, Internet, etcunlike the Speech terminal where the body
effect is straightforward ! Antenna gain is also affected by the body
effect, which justifies the 0 dBi for Speech Terminals

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Assumptions for the Base Station :

Noise Figure = 5 dB (without TMA of course !)

Antenna Gain = 18 dBi (tri-sector BS)

Eb/No requirement :

12.2 kbps Speech = 5 dB

144 kbps Real-Time Data = 1.5 dB
384 kbps non-Real-Time Data = 1 dB

Cable Loss = 3 dB

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

The following parameters are needed :

Effective Eb/No :

Eb

No

Effective

Eb
IM PC Error
No

where : IM = Implementation Margin, PCerror = Power Control Error

Thermal Noise Spectral Density = k*T = -174 (dBm/Hz)

Information Rate R(dBHz) = 30 + log(R(kpbs))

BTS Noise Figure NF = 5 dB (or less using a TMA)

BTS Receiver Noise N = R(dBHz) + NF

Eb

S
BTS RX Sensitivity S :
No

N
Effective

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Cable, Combiner and Connector Loss LCCC = 3 dB

BTS Rx Antenna Gain GRX_Ant = 18 dBi

BTS RX Sensitivity @ Air Interface :

S AirInterface S LCCC GRx _ Ant

Log-Normal Fade Margin (@ 98 % Area Probability) LNF = 9 dB

Handover Gain (Macro Diversity Gain) GHO = 3 dB
Penetration Loss Table :
In-building penetration loss dense urban
In-building penetration loss Urban
In-building penetration loss SubUrban
Low In-building penetration loss Rural
In-car penetration loss
Outdoor

20
15
12
7
6
0

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Interference Margin (@ 50% Load) INT_Margin = 3 dB

This margin is in fact a tolerance of a load of 50 % due to interference from MSs

in neighboring cells

Maximum Allowed Path Loss MAPL(dB) :

MAPL(dB) EiRP Lbody LNF GHO L penetration INT _ M arg in

Cell Radius :

MAPL = A + B*Log(r) from Okumura-Hata extended to 2.2 GHz

A and B are frequency, antenna height and environment dependent

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Cell Count

r

Surface of a tri-sectorial cell :

ASector

3 2

r
2

Number of Sites = Number of Cells /3

Example :
if MAPL = 127 dB (typical for Dense Urban)
A = 137.67 for f = 1980 MHz and Hb = 30 m and 3 dB Correction factor for
a Metropolitan Environment (cf. Extended Okumura-Hata)
B = 35.22
then r = 0.409 km and Asector = 0.144 km2
We assume Stotal = 100 km2 for Belgium (Dense Urban) : the Number of Sectors
required is thus 100/0.144 = 690 leading to 230 tri-sectorial Sites.

Dense Urban/Urban
Suburban

Rural/Open

Parameter Definition

Unit

1 Information rate

Speech

Speech

LCD

LCD

LCD

UDD

UDD

UDD

kbit/s

12,2

64

144

384

64

144

384

Transmit: MS
2 Average TX power (per carrier)

dBm

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

3 TX cable, conn. and combiner losses

dB

4 TX antenna gain

dBi

dBm

21

21

23

23

23

23

23

23

dB

7 Required Eb/No

dB

1,5

1,5

1,5

8 Implementation margin

dB

9 Effect power control error

dB

dB

3,5

3,5

3,5

dBm/Hz

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

-174,0

dBHz

65,8

65,8

65,8

65,8

65,8

65,8

65,8

65,8

dB

5,0

5,0

5,0

5,0

5,0

5,0

5,0

5,0

dBm

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

5 EiRP (per carrier)

(2 - 3 +4)

6 Radiation and body loss

Receive: BTS

10 Effective required Eb/No

(7 + 8 + 9)

11 Spectral dens. thermal noise

12 Chip Rate

k*T

10*log10(3840000)

13 BTS Noise figure

14 BTS Receiver Noise Power

(11 + 12 + 13)

15 Interference Margin

dB

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

16 Receiver Interference Power

dBm

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

-103,2

17 Total Effective Noise + Interference

dBm

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

-100,2

dB

26,8

25,0

17,8

14,3

10,0

17,8

14,3

10,0

19 Cable Loss

dB

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

20 BTS Antenna Gain

dBi

18,0

18,0

18,0

18,0

18,0

18,0

18,0

18,0

21 BTS Effective Sensitivity (10 -18 + 17)

dBm

-120,0

-115,1

-114,4

-110,9

-106,7

-114,9

-111,4

-107,2

22 Standard deviation lognormal fading

dB

7,0

7,0

7,0

7,0

7,0

7,0

7,0

7,0

23 Lognormal margin (95% area cov)

dB

7,3

7,3

7,3

7,3

7,3

7,3

7,3

7,3

24 Handover gain

dB

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

3,0

25 In-building penetration loss dense urban

dB

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

26 In-building penetration loss Urban

dB

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

27 In-building penetration loss SubUrban

dB

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

28 Low In-building penetration loss Rural

dB

29 In-car penetration loss

dB

30 Outdoor

dB

31 Interference margin (@50% Load)

dB

32 MAPL dense urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

125,7

120,8

125,1

121,6

117,4

125,6

122,1

117,9

33 MAPL urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

130,7

125,8

130,1

126,6

122,4

130,6

127,1

122,9

34 MAPL Suburban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

133,7

128,8

133,1

129,6

125,4

133,6

130,1

125,9

35 MAPL rural (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

138,7

133,8

138,1

134,6

130,4

138,6

135,1

130,9

36 MAPL roads (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

139,7

134,8

139,1

135,6

131,4

139,6

136,1

131,9

37 MAPL Outdoor (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25)

dB

145,7

140,8

145,1

141,6

137,4

145,6

142,1

137,9

18 Processing Gain

10*log10(38400/Rkbps)

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and

Interference Equations

Let N the BTS Receiver Noise power :

Let IM the Interference Margin (Equivalent Noise Rise above Thermal

Noise) : IM = 3 dB for a 50% Load (usually as a standard value)
The Equivalent BTS Receiver Interference power :
i 10

N 10 log10 (kTW ) NFdB

N IM
10

N
10

10 I 10 log10 i 10 log10 10

Total Noise + Interference

N IM
10

N I dBm N dBm IM

N
10

10

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and

Interference Power Diagrams
Power

I = -98 dBm and (N+I)dBm = -97.2 dBm

Interference Margin = 6.0 dB
N = -103.2 dBm
I is the BTS Receiver Interference Power subject to 6 dB Noise Rise (75 % load)
above Thermal Noise.
If IM = 3 dB (50% Load) I would be = N = -103.2 dBm and N+I = -100.2 dBm

RF Propagation and Cell Count

Cell Radius Computation achieved using :

MAPL A B Log10 (r )

Where MAPL is Bit-rate (Service) and Environment - dependent

Model : COST231-HATA

frequency f (MHz)
base station height hb (m)
A
B
3 dB correction for Metropolitan areas

USING COST231-HATA
Cell radius dense urban
Cell radius urban
Cell radius suburban
Cell radius rural
Cell radius roads
Cell radius outdoor
Dense Urban Area 3-sector
Urban Area 3-sector
Suburban Area 3-sector
Rural Area 3-sector
Roads Area 3-sector
Rural Outdoor Area 3-sector

A=(46,33+33,9*log(f)-13,82*log(hb)
B=(44,9-6,55*log(hb)
PL = A + B * log (R) + correction factor
R (cell radius) = 10^((PL-A-correction factor)/B)
1980
30
137,67
35,22
3

Unit
m
m
m
m
m
m
km
km
km
km
km
km

Speech Speech
375
273
633
461
770
561
1067
778
1140
831
1687
1230
0,12
0,35
0,51
0,99
1,13
2,46

0,15
0,41
0,61
1,18
1,35
2,95

LCD
362
611
744
1031
1101
1629

LCD
288
485
591
819
874
1294

LCD
218
367
447
620
662
980

UDD
374
631
768
1065
1137
1684

0,26
0,73
1,08
2,07
2,36
5,17

0,16
0,46
0,68
1,31
1,49
3,26

0,09
0,26
0,39
0,75
0,85
1,87

0,27
0,78
1,15
2,21
2,52
5,53

UDD
UDD
297
225
502
380
610
462
846
641
903
684
1337
1012
0,17
0,49
0,73
1,39
1,59
3,48

0,10
0,28
0,42
0,80
0,91
2,00