LOGICAL FUNCTION

Logic: relation between two variables, relation of clauses in CC

related words: relate, relative, relativity, relation, ratio
1. Status (TAXIS)
a. Equal: parataxis, paratactic (1, 2, 3..) relation based on
order
Ben arrived early
and Jack came soon.
Ben attended the class but his brother was absent.
1
2
b. Unequal: hypotaxis, hypotactic ()
=independent, = dependent
Ben arrived early,
which surprises us.
Ben went to Bireueun, where his wife was born.

2 Logicosemantic Relation or Logical-semantic Relation

What does clause 1 mean to 2 or to ?
What meaning does clause 1 give to 2 or to ?
1.
a.
b.
c.

Expansion
Elaboration
Extension
Enhancement

=
+
x

equals
is added to
is multiplied by

2. Projection
a. Locution

double quotes (projection of wording)

b.

single quotes (projection of meaning)

Idea

Logical Meanings
LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATION

Expansion

TAXIS
Paratactic
1, 2, ...
1=2

Hypotactic
, ...
=

Elaboration

Extension

1+2

Enhancement x

1x2

Locution

1 2

Idea

1 2

Projection

Univariate

and Multivariate

Multivariate Analysis
One clause or one unit of clause is analyzed as
having more than one function depending on the type
of the Metafunction (i. e. experiential, interpersonal or
textual).
Multivariate analysis is devoted to Experiential,
Interpersonal and Textual Function. CLAUSE
Univariate Analysis
One clause is analyzed by its function in its own
relation to another clause forming a clause complex.
Univariate analysis is referred to the Logical
Function. CLAUSE COMPLEX

Mutivariate and Univariate

Analysis
Well well John really do you
Vocative

Continuative

Adjunct

Finite Topical

Interpersonal

Textual
T

R H E M E

E
Adjunct
RESCirc: M

I love the lady

I love the lady
I love the lady
I love the lady,
I love the lady,
I love the lady,

love the lady?

Finite

Subject

MOOD
Process

Senser

Predicator
-IDUE
: Mental

and she loves me too

but she does not love me
because she loves me
which surprises all the people
he said to me
he thought

Complement

Phenomenon

Paratactic Elaboration
1=2
This specifically divides into
1. exposition in other words P i.e. Q
2. exemplification for example P e. g. Q
3. clarification to be precise P viz Q
The man is blind
;
he cannot see anything
in other words
for example
to be precise
namely
that is
actually
really
definitely
1
=
2
1. exposition:

That clock does not work; its not working.

1
=2

Each argument was fatal to the other; both could not be

accepted.
- coded by a semicolon (;), or (rather), in other words, that is, i. e.

Paratactic Elaboration
2. exemplification:
John is a naughty boy- he used to cheat his
friends.
His face is the same as everybody else hasthe
two eyes, nose in the middle, mouth under.

stated by conjunctives such as for example, for

instance, in particular, e. g. or by the use of
hyphen (-)
3. clarification:
He never said anything to her; in fact his remark
was evidently addressed to a tree.
I was not surprisedit was what I had expected.

coded by conjunctives such as in fact, actually,

indeed, at least or viz.

Hypotactic Elaboration

=
Typically in non-defining relative clause. The may appear in (1) Finite and
(2) Non-finite clauses.
Finite
clauses with which or other pronouns may refer or modify whose either the
whole of the primary/dominant clause or some part of it that is more than a
nominal group
His son graduated from Oxford University, which gives a good reputation to
the family.
His son graduated from Oxford University, which gives
=
a good reputation to the family. (whole clause)
They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which is a good memory in their lives.
Clauses with which, that, who or whose whose domain is a nominal group.
My son bought a new Toyota car, which is a genuine Japanese car of the year.
The ancient Bataks usually believe in datus, whose teachings became the
views of life

Whole and Partial Domain

His son graduated from Oxford University which gives a good reputation to the family

They stayed ininKisaran

Bireuen for two days

where his wife was born.

They stayed in Bireuen for two days, which comforts the family.

Hypotactic Elaboration
When a nominal group is not in the final position of the primary clause, the
hypotactic clause is often enclosed and is configured as << = >>
Inflation, which is an important indicator in economic development, struck
Indonesia in 1998
Clauses with when or where which have as their domain of time or place
such as
We need a cooling period, when the problems are becoming less important
She was born in Kisaran, where the river of Silau flows.
Non-finite hypotactic elaboration
He worked in a farm at that time, growing rice.
He worked in a farm at that time, which was growing rice.
That is his idea-to maintain the purity of his ethnic group identity.
There was a huge fire in Parapat, burning all trees all around.
Its my own inventionto keep clothes and sandwiches in.
He was an absolute loner of man, pursuing some dream of exploration in the
jungles.
More women in the Cabinet were announced, featuring movements against
women discrimination

 He worked in a farm at that time, growing

rice.
He worked in a farm at that time, which was
growing rice.

Final, Medial and Initial

I saw the man, who attended the night classes.

The man, who attended the night classes, is my

brother

<< = >>

Extension
1+2
One clause extends the meaning of another by adding
something new to it
Principal Markers of Extension
Category
Meaning
1. addition additive/positive: and
A and B
additive/negative: nor
not A and not B
adversative:
but
A and conversely B
2. variation replacive:
instead not A but B
subtractive:
except A but not all B
alternative:
or
A or B.

Paratactic Extension (1+2)

addition type: and, too, in addition, also, moreover, on
the other hand,
- My father grows rice and my mother sells fruit.
1
+2
- (I said) you looked like an egg, sir; and some eggs are
very pretty, (you know).
- They did not come here, nor did their sons.
- She was stingy, on the other hand she was pushy.
variation type: conversely, alternatively, on the other
hand,
- Dont just sit there, but tell me your name.
- I should have informed you about the matter, only I
couldnt find your telephone number .

Hypotactic Extension

Finite
conjunctions or conjunctives: whereas, while, except that, but (for the fact)
that (not in the sense of temporal).
- The boy opened the door, whereas his sister cleaned the floor.
- He pretended to know all about it, whereas in fact he had no idea (of what
was happening).
- The director did not attend the meeting except that the personal manager
was also on leave.
Non-finite
conjunctions or conjunctives: besides, apart from, instead of, other than,
without
- We used to go away at the weekend, taking all our belongings with us.
- Beside spending a week in Kisaran, she searched for a prospect for her
business
- We stayed at home for days instead of following his instructions.
- They did everything without asking further instructions from her.
- She wandered on, talking to herself (as she went out)

He was a soldier while his brother is a

businessperson
He was in the army while his brother was
serving in the Navy.
We came while he was reading a report (not
hypotactic relation as it refers to time)

 We used to go away at the weekend,

taking all our belongings with us.
We used to go away at the weekend and
took all our belongings with us.

Paratactic Enhancement
1x2
a notion of coordination with a circumstantial
feature
- expressed by
(1) conjunctions then, so, for, but, yet, still,
(2) conjunction group with and: and then, and
there, and thus, and so, and yet
(3) and in combination with a conjunctive (that is
cohesive devicesnot structural) such as
and at that time, and soon afterwards, and till
then ,and in that case, and in that way .

Category

Principal Markers of Paratactic

Enhancement
1x2
Meaning
Markers

1 temporal
-same time
-different time: later
-different time: earlier

A meanwhile B
A subsequently B
A previously B

(and) meanwhile, (when)

(and) then, and + afterwards
and/but + before that/first

2 spatial
same place

A there B

and there

3 manner
-means
-comparison

A is via/by means of B
A is like B

(and) in that way, (and) thus

(and) similarly, (and) so, thus

because A so result B
because intension A so action B
if A then B
if not A then B
if A then contrary to expectation B
contrary to expectation A then B

(and) so, (and) therefore

for, because
(and) then, (and) therefore
or else, (or) otherwise
but, (and) yet, still, but +
nevertheless
(though)

4 causalconditional
-causeeffect
-effectcause
-condition: positive
-condition: negative
-concession consequence
- consequence concession

Use of Paratactic Enhancement

temporal
It is the officer from the Head Office, now I have to talk to him
She fired two shoots, then the deer collapsed to the ground.
spatial
My son stood, and there he showed us his power
The man stared at me from a small hole on the wall, thence I knew him
manner
Sit there and in that way you can observe their behaviors
He looked at me and so did his companion.
causal-conditional
He did no want to interfere with our problems so he said nothing
He left quickly for he did not want to interfere with our problem.
The tiger lay motionless; still it breathed its power through its silent roars.
Even a small boy knows the answer though he does not know the words.

Principal Markers of Hypotactic Enhancement x

Category
1 temporal
-same time: extent
-same time: point

Finite

Non-finite

conjunction

conjunction

preposition

as, while

while

in (the
course/process of)
on

-same time: spread

-different time: later
-different time: earlier

when, as soon as, the when

moment
whenever, every time
after, since
since
before, until/till
until

2 spatial
-same place: extent
- same place: point
- same place: spread

as far as
where
wherever, everywhere

after
before

Principal Markers of Hypotactic Enhancement

Category
3 manner
-means
comparison
4 causalconditional
- cause: reason

Finite
conjunction

conjunction

preposition

as, as if, like, the way

like

by means of

because, as, since, in

case, seeing that,
considering

- cause: purpose

in order that, so that

- condition: positive

if, provided that, as

long as

- condition: negative
- condition: concessive

Non-finite

unless
even if, although

if

with, through, by,

at, as a result,
because of, in case
of
(in order/so as) to,
for (the sake of),
with the aim of, for,
fear of
in the event of
but for, without
despite, in spite of,
without

Use of Hypotactic Enhancement

He was absent because he was ill

x
We were reading the books when he came.
Did you see the man when he entered the
room?
Before going the school I have breakfast
On seeing the man he got very angry.

Analyzing Clause Complexes

1.The doctor advised the patient to stay in the hotel
for two weeks, which alleviate her mental stress
2. The report detailed that the detainee was strictly
interrogated and tortured, which shocked the
Federal Government
3. There was a report that the cases of dengue fever
were lately spotted in the area by which the WHO
proposed that the territory should be quarantined
for social security.
4. It was announced that the Committee would be
readily inspect if the nuclear proliferation act was
reified by which the country would be faced to the
international isolation.

Projection
Ben said, I will go to the party.
Projected Clause

Projecting
Clause

Projecting Process

1. Verbal Process (Locution)

say, tell, ask, order, command,
instruct, confess, suggest, advise
reply

2. Mental Process (Idea)

think, know, realize, remember
want, wish, feel, hear, see, wonder
believe

Representation of linguistic experience in another linguistic experience

Paratactic and Hypotactic Projection

He said, I will go to the party.
1
2
I will go to the party, he said
1
2

Paratactic Locution

He said that he would go to the party.

Hypotactic Locution

He thought, I will go to the party.

1
2
I will go to the party, he thought
1
2

Paratactic Idea

He thought that he would go to the party Hypotactic Idea

Projection in Bahasa Indonesia

Types

Paratactic

Hypotactic

Locuti Benny berkata,

Beny mengatakan
on
Saya akan pergi ke bahwa dia akan
pergi ke pesta itu.
pesta itu.
Dalam hati/hati
saya berkata,
Saya akan pergi
ke pesta itu.
Idea

(not available)

Saya pikir saya

akan pergi ke pesta

Equivalent to 12
I thought, I will buy the car.
Dalam hati saya berkata, Saya akan membeli mobil
itu.
Hati saya berkata, Saya akan membeli mobil itu.
Saya akan membeli mobil itu, dalam hati saya berkata.
Saya akan membeli mobil itu, kata hati saya.
Kata hati saya, Saya akan membeli mobil itu.
*Saya berpikir, Saya akan membeli mobil itu.

Quasi-projection
Saya akan pergi, katanya
Saya akan pergi, pikir hati saya
Saya akan pergi,
Saya akan pergi,
Dokter itu
Value
Katanya
Pikir hati saya
Ben
Token

(adalah)
(adalah)
(adalah/diperankan)
Process: Relational

katanya.
pikir hati saya.
Ben
Token

(adalah)
Saya akan pergi.
(adalah)
Saya akan pergi.
(adalah/memerankan) dokter itu.
Process: Relational
Value

Analysis
Techniques of Analysis

Tree diagram

Bracketing

Lining up
The texts (Clause Complex)
a. Ben was absent because he was ill
b. Ben was absent because he was ill after having been
trapped in a heavy rain.
c. Ben said, I will go to the party and tell the vet to ask his
staff to inspect horses in the farm, that have been infected
by viruses, which had been spreading in the area over the
last three years.
d. You may leave now if you have completed the work but you
must return if I call you when I need you to calculate the
fund, which we have spent on the program.

CC

Ben was absent

because he was ill

2. x
3. Ben was absent

because he was ill x

CC

Ben was absent

because he was ill after having been trapped

in a heavy rain

2 (x (x))
3 Ben was absent

because he was ill

x
after having been trapped in a heavy rain
x

CC

Ben said

2
1

+2

II

I will go to the party

III

and tell the vet

IV

to ask his staff

to inspect the horses in he farm

VI

that have been infected by viruses

which had been spreading in the area over
the last three years

2. 1 2(1 +2( ( ( =( =)))))

3. Ben said,
1
I will go to the party
21
and tell the vet
+2
to ask his staff

to inspect horses in the farm,

that have been infected by viruses,

=
which had been spreading in the
=
area over the last three years.

CC

1
1

+2
x

II

you may leave now if you have completed

the work
but you must return

x
III

if I call you
IV

when I need you

to calculate the fund

that we have spent on the program

Derivational Clauses

You may leave but you must return

You may leave if you have completed the
work but you must return
You may leave if you have completed the
work but you must return if I call you
You may leave if you have completed the
work but you must return if I call you when I
need you
You may leave if you have completed the
work but you must return if I call you when I
need you to count the money
You may leave if you have completed the
work but you must return if I call you when I
need you to count the money, that we have
spent in the party

2. ((1( x))) +2( x( x(=)))

3
you may leave now
1
if you have completed the work
x
but you must return
+2
if I call you
x
when I need you
x
to calculate the fund,
x
which we have spent on the program
=

Quasi-Projection
Pemerintah akan menaikkan gaji PNS.
Kita harus memperbaiki keadaan
dan kesejhateraan mereka. Hal ini
penting sebagi indikator perbaikan
kehidupan kata Menteri.

Analyzing Clause Complex

They said, Ben was absent because he was ill
They said, Ben was absent because he was ill after having been trapped in
a heavy rain
You may go now if you have completed the work but you must come
back if I call you.
He told us that her father attended a meeting and her mother visited
the zoo, which was near my school.
He told us that her father attended a meeting and her mother visited
the zoo, which surprised us.
He told us that her father attended a meeting and her mother visited
the zoo, which surprised us.

I was absent because of John

I was absent because of Johns illness

Analyzing Clause Complex

1.He told us that her father would attend a

meeting and visit the zoo, which was near
our house.
2. He told us that her father would attend a
meeting and visit the zoo, which surprised
us.
3. He told us that her father would attend a
meeting and visit the zoo, which surprised
our neighbour, who had moved to the area
since 1998.

Analyzing Clause Complex

He told us that her father would attend a meeting.

He told us that her father would attend a meeting and
visit the zoo.
He told us that her father would attend a meeting and
visit the zoo, which was near our house.
He told us that her father would attend a meeting and
visit the zoo, which was a surprise to us.

Klausa Kompleks
Kami diberitahu bahwa tetangganya
selalu bertengkar, sehingga
menyusahkan mereka tetapi
menyenangkan tetangga yang lain,
yang baru pindak ke tempat itu karena
mereka tergusur.
Kalau ada sumur di ladang
Bolehlah kita menumpang mandi.
Kalau ada umur yang panjang,
Bolehlah kita berjumpa lagi.