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First Derivative and Graph

This document discusses finding the intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing using the first derivative test. It begins by defining increasing and decreasing functions. It then introduces the concept of using the sign of the derivative to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply this process to find the critical numbers of a function, break the domain into intervals, and test the derivative in each interval to classify where the function is increasing or decreasing. The goal is to be able to sketch the graph of a function and find any relative maxima or minima.

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Kim Marasigan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views

First Derivative and Graph

This document discusses finding the intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing using the first derivative test. It begins by defining increasing and decreasing functions. It then introduces the concept of using the sign of the derivative to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply this process to find the critical numbers of a function, break the domain into intervals, and test the derivative in each interval to classify where the function is increasing or decreasing. The goal is to be able to sketch the graph of a function and find any relative maxima or minima.

Uploaded by

Kim Marasigan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Derivative

and Graph
Name/s: Kim Shekinah B. Marasigan &
Pearl Ann Laroa
C & S: BS Accountancy-A1
Prof: Sir. Renante Tejano

Definitions of Increasing and Decreasing


Functions

inc

c
de

inc

A function is increasing when its


graph rises as it goes from left to
right. A function is decreasing
when its graph falls as it goes
from left to right.

The increasing/decreasing concept


can be associated with the slope of
the tangent line. The slope of the
tangent line is positive when the
function is increasing and negative
when decreasing

Test for Increasing and


Decreasing Functions

Find the Open Intervals on which f


is Increasing or Decreasing
3 2
x Note that f is continuous on its entire domain.
2
To determine the critical numbers of f , set f x equal to 0.
Let f ( x) x 3

f x 3 x 2 3 x 0

3 x x 1 0
x 0, 1

Let f x 0
Factor

Critical Numbers

Since f is defined for all x' s, you can conclude x 0 and x 1 are
are the only critical numbers. The table on the next slide summerizes
the testing of the three intervals determined by these critical numbers.



f ' ( x)
f '(1) 6
0
f '(.5) .75
1
f '(2) 6
Increa sin g

Decrea sin g

Increa sin g

f ( x )

Find the Open Intervals on which f


is Increasing or Decreasing
3 2
x Note that f is continuous on its entire domain.
2
To determine the critical numbers of f , set f x equal to 0.
Let f ( x) x 3

f x 3 x 2 3 x 0
3 x x 1 0

x 0, 1

Let f x 0

Factor
Critical Numbers

Since f is defined for all x' s, you can conclude x 0 and x 1 are
are the only critical numbers. The table on the next slide summerizes
the testing of the three intervals determined by these critical numbers.



f ' ( x)
f '(1) 6
0
f '(.5) .75
1
f '(2) 6
Increa sin g

Decrea sin g

Increa sin g

f ( x)

Find the Open Intervals on which f


is Increasing or Decreasing
3 2
x Note that f is continuous on its entire domain.
2
To determine the critical numbers of f , set f x equal to 0.
Let f ( x) x 3

f x 3 x 2 3 x 0
3 x x 1 0

x 0, 1

Let f x 0

Factor
Critical Numbers

Since f is defined for all x' s, you can conclude x 0 and x 1 are
are the only critical numbers. The table on the next slide summerizes
the testing of the three intervals determined by these critical numbers.



f ' ( x)
f '(1) 6
0
f '(.5) .75
1
f '(2) 6
Increa sin g

Decrea sin g

Increa sin g

f ( x)

Find the Open Intervals on which f


is Increasing or Decreasing
3 2
x Note that f is continuous on its entire domain.
2
To determine the critical numbers of f , set f x equal to 0.
Let f ( x) x 3

f x 3 x 2 3 x 0
3 x x 1 0

Let f x 0

Factor

x 0, 1
Critical Numbers
Since f is defined for all x' s, you can conclude x 0 and x 1 are
are the only critical numbers. The table on the next slide summerizes
the testing of the three intervals determined by these critical numbers.



f ' ( x)
f '(1) 6
0
f '(.5) .75
1
f '(2) 6
Increa sin g

Decrea sin g

Increa sin g

f ( x)

Find the Open Intervals on which f


is Increasing or Decreasing
3 2
x Note that f is continuous on its entire domain.
2
To determine the critical numbers of f , set f x equal to 0.
Let f ( x) x 3

f x 3 x 2 3 x 0
3 x x 1 0

x 0, 1

Let f x 0

Factor
Critical Numbers

Since f is defined for all x' s, you can conclude x 0 and x 1 are
are the only critical numbers. The table on the next slide summerizes
the testing of the three intervals determined by these critical numbers.

tells us where the function is increasing and decreasing.



f ' ( x )
f '( 1) 6
0
f '(.5) .75
1
f '(2) 6
Increa sin g

Decrea sin g

Increa sin g

f ( x)

Guidelines for Finding Intervals


on Which a Function Is
Increasing or Decreasing

Theorem 3.6 The First


Derivative Test

Using First Derivatives to Find Maximum and Minimum Values and Sketch
Graphs

Example 1: Graph the function f given by

and find the relative extremes.


Suppose that we are trying to graph this function but
do not know any calculus. What can we do? We can
plot a few points to determine in which direction the
graph seems to be turning. Lets pick some x-values
and see what happens.

f (x) 2x 3 3x 2 12x 12.

Using First Derivatives to Find

Maximum and Minimum Values and


Sketch Graphs
Example 1 (continued):

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs

Example 1 (continued):

We can see some features of the graph from the


sketch.
Now we will calculate the coordinates of these
features
precisely.
1st find a general
f (x) expression
6x 2 6x for
12 the derivative.

2nd determine where f (x) does not exist or


where
f (x) = 0. (Since f (x) is a polynomial, there is
no

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs
Example

1 (continued):
6x 2 6x 12 0
x2 x 2
0
(x 2)(x 1) 0
x2
A

B
-1

x 1

or

C
2

These two critical values partition the number line


into
3 intervals: A ( , 1), B (1, 2), and C (2, ).

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs

Example 1 (continued):
3rd analyze the sign of f (x) in each interval.

Interval

B
-1

Test Value

x = 2

x=0

x=4

Sign of
f (x)

Result

f is
f is decreasing
increasing
on [1, 2]
on (, 1]

f is
increasing
on [2, )

Using First Derivatives to Find Maximum


and Minimum Values and Sketch Graphs
Example 1 (concluded):
Therefore, by the First-Derivative Test,
f has a relative maximum at x = 1 given
by
f (1) 2(1)3 3(1)2 12(1) 12 19

Thus, (1, 19) is a relative maximum

f (2) 2(2)3 3(2)2 12(2) 12 8

And f has a relative minimum at x = 2


given by
Thus, (2, 8) is a relative minimum.

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values
and Sketch the Graph

Example 3: Find the relative extremes


for the
Function f (x) given by

Then sketch the graph.

1st find f (x).

f (x) (x 2)2 3 1
1 3
2
f (x) x 2
3
2
f (x) 3
3 x2

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs

Example 3 (continued):
2nd find where f (x) does not exist or where f (x) =
0.
Note that f (x) does not exist where the
denominator
equals 0. Since the denominator equals 0 when x =
2,
x = 2 is a critical value.
f (x) = 0 where the numerator equals 0. Since 2
0,
f (x) = 0 has no solution.
Thus, x = 2 is the only critical value.

Using First Derivatives to Find Maximum and


Minimum Values and Sketch Graphs
Example 3 (continued):
3rd x = 2 partitions the number line into 2 intervals:

A ( , 2) and B (2, ). So, analyze the signs of


f (x) in both intervals.

Interval

A
2

Test Value

x=0

x=3

f is decreasing on (
, 2]

f is increasing on [2, )

Sign of f (x)

Result

Using First Derivatives to Find


Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs

Example 3 (continued):
Therefore, by the First-Derivative Test,
f has a relative minimum at x = 2
given by

f (2) (2 2) 1 1
23

Thus, (2, 1) is a relative minimum.

Using First Derivatives to Find Maximum


and Minimum Values and Sketch Graphs

Example 3 (concluded):
We use the information obtained
to sketch the graph below, plotting
other function values as needed.

The End!

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