Introduction
Introduction
Biomedical
Instrumentation
Biometrics: science that includes measurement of physiological
(not
physical)
variables/parameters
and
biomedical
instrumentation provides the tools
-some BI are unique
-other adaptation of widely used-thermistor/strain gage
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Indicating
Recording
Monitoring
Data Logging
Control
Crux
Aim: Introduce all aspects of BI from motivation, design, use
and maintenance.
Pre-requisites: elementary background in electronics and
casual familiarity with human anatomy and physiology.
Outcome: (1) Perspective of the field and feel of subject, (2)
develop understanding of living subjects especially main
systems like cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory
systems, and (3) get the concept of man-instrument system
and problem encountered in attempting measurement form
living bodies. (4) enable research
Suggestion: Go through Medical Terminology and Glossary
Syllabus
Transducers for physiological parameter reading and their
characteristics.
Action potential, ECG, EEG and EMG signals: origin and application
to medical diagnosis.
Electrodes for recording biomedical signals.
Instrumentation amplifier, signal conditioners,
A/D and D/A converters
Computerized automatic analysis
Ultrasound, CT, MRI based diagnosis
Lasers in medical diagnosis and therapy.
Prosthesis
Safety aspects
1st lecture ends.
Age of Biomedical
Engineering
Early scientific discoveries (Archimedes and its Greek
contemporaries )-lead to emergence of engineeringprogressed after industrial revolution (1760-1830).
Ages:
steam
engine,
automobile,
radiocommunication-took a decade for rapid development.
Since WW-II (1939-45): overlapping tech ages-nuclear
and aerospace engg.-reached peak and settled down
to a routine, orderly progression.
Recently, computer engg.-rapidly grown and still has
potential.
Now, the time for the era of health care has arrived.
Problems: As its an
emerging area
Defining the terms and personnel involved:
-like bioengineering, biomedical engineer, clinical engineer,
hospital engineer, medical engineer, biophysicist etc.
Committees or professional societies:
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Group
The Instrument Society of America
The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Subcommittee B (Instrumentation) of Engineers Joint
Council
Committee on Engineering Interactions with Biology
and Medicine
Association
for
the
Advancement
of
Medical
Instrumentation (AAMI)
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
Many devices were developed in the early 19th
century
At the end of century, Einthoven used ECG
machine for the first time.
BIOMETRICS
The branch of science that includes the measurement of
physiological variables and parameters is known as
biometrics.
Measuring instruments related to body use sensors and
transducers
Transducers: convert one form of energy to another
Sensors-detect changes in process parameter/physical
stimulus-uses transducers along with other component
like signal conditioning ckts.
Eg. Glucose sensor: receptor+transducer
Glucose oxidase selectively react with glucose-producing H 2O2
Transducer changes concentration (chemical energy)of H 2O2
to electrical energy
Physiological measurements:
2nd
Output
Output
Input
Input
al
e
Id
r
u
s
a
e
M
Din(Max)
Input
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE:
The
frequency
response of an instrument is its variation in
sensitivity over the frequency range of the
measurement.
In practice, you have attenuation of lower and higher
frequencies
Waveshape should be a faithful reproduction of
original physiological signal
Av
Flat response for desired frequencies is required
Av = Vo/Vi
1.0
0.707
FL
FH
Frequency () radians per second
COMPONENT
1.
2.
Subject
Stimulus-not in all
Visual (light flush)
Auditory (tone)
Eg. Evaluate loss of hearing
Electrical stimulus to part of brain
or defibrillation
3.
4.
5.
amplify, modify
changes output from transducer/s
Suitable for display or recording
Display equipment
-graphical pen recorder of analog waveform
6. Recording, data processing,
and Transmission equipment
-for future playback
7. Control devices control stimulus
Metabolism
Catabolism:protein in food to amino acid
Anabolism:amino acids to structure like bone, muscles
Responsiveness: ability to detect and respond to changespotential threat muscle cell contract to save you from
danger like fire.
Movement: WBC move to site of injury-platelet -clot
formation
Growth: in size and shape
Differentiation: stem cells: unspecialized to specialized cell
-fertilization of ovum by sperm-develops into embryo, fetus, infant, child to
adult
ORGANIZATION OF BODY
Body: starts with single fertilized cell (Ovum by
sperms)
-differentiate to allow specific cell to acquire specialized
functions-then these in group form tissue
-division of cells to make multiple copies
Organs-functional units
Organ systems-several organ act together to
perform specific function
IVF:Intra
ISF:Interstitial
vascular fluid- fluid
1/4 ECF
b/w cells and
protein
vasculature-co
[Na]=[Na]
nnective
tissues
roteins
[K]=[K]
qual distribution becoz Barrier epithelial
Active
pumpsATPase
2K
3 Na
-leaky
70 Kg man- TBW=42L
ICF=cytoplasm (2/3 TBW)=28L
ECF=surrounding cells is an interface to ext.
environment. (1/3 TBW) =14L
Summary
Cells require tightly regulated environment
They require specific factors to be within a range like
O2, CO2, H ions, temp., glucose presented to cells.
We take a lot of substance in day to day life-changing
the environment of body
ECF-buffer zone absorbs the changes-preventing cells
maintain life
Proteins, amino acids etc.-GI tract-blood distribution
to cells
ECF constituents are maintained as relatively
constant by parts of body at various level of
hierarchy
Facts
Integumentary: In-inward, tegere-to cover;skin or
integument
Dermatology-medicine that deals, dermatologistranging from acne, sever burning to scarring
22 sq. ft.,5 kg, 7%of body weight,
Eyelid-0.5mm,heels-4mm, over most parts-12mm
400 ml water is evaporated/day
Fat soluble vitamins-A,D,E,K-can be absorbed
Color-hemoglobin (red), carotene (yellow) and
melanin (black)
Epidermis Cells
Keratinocytes-90% of epidermis cells (Keratinohorn like)-produce keratin protein-tough,
fibrous-protect underlying tissue from abrasion,
microbes, chemicals,heat etc.
Melanocytes (8%)-produce melanin (melanoblack)-yellow-red or brown-black pigments-skin
color and absorb damaging UV light
Langerhans cells-arise from red bone marrowimmune system-help recognize invading
microbes to destroy them
Merkel cells-in deepest layer-detect sensation
Pacinian corpuscles in dermis-pressure
Meissner register-touch
Cutaneous sensations:
1. tactile sensation-touch, vibration, pressure,
tickling
2. Temperature, warmth, coolness
3. Pain-indicate impeding or actual damages
RECEPTOR FUNCTION
Dermis
Contain-Collagen, elastic & reticular fibers give
supports
Collagen-provides line of tension
Elastic fiber-skin tone-wrinkles
Reticular fibers form strong meshwork
Collagenous
fibers-clinical
concern-have
definite
direction-line of tension-in surgery-healing is fast with less
scarring along these line
Friction ridges are print patterns in digits-due to pulling
effect of fibers-individualistic and established prenatally
of
Regulate temperature
Acts as a cushion to body
Hypodermic needle-inject fat soluble drugs
longer lasting effect than water soluble drug
Auditory ossciles
The auditory ossicles amplify and transmit sound from the outer ear to
body
Hyoid bone
7 cervical,
12 thoracic
5 lumbar,
4 or 5 fused sacral,
4 or 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
total of 26 movable parts
separated by fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral discs
secured by
interlocking processes and binding ligaments.
limited movement b/w vertebrae but extensive
movements of the vertebral column as a unit.
Joints
Articulating bones are joined by:
Fibrous joints-like suture on skull and b/w teeth
and bone
Cartilaginous joints:-hyaline, eg. Epiphyseal plate
Synovial joint: capsule, membrane and fluid
Movements at synovial
joints
Terms
Scoliosis Excessive lateral deviation of the
vertebral column.
Kyphosis (humpback) An abnormal posterior
convexity of the lower vertebral column.
Lordosis hollow back or saddle back.
Arthritis An inflammatory joint disease of
synovial membrane and the articular cartilage. In
certain types of arthritis, mineral deposits may
form.
Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa.
Dislocation Displacement of one bone away
from its natural articulation with another.
Fracture A cracking or breaking of a bone.
Types
On the basis of structure,
central nervous system (CNS): brain and the spinal cord
And peripheral nervous system (PNS): cranial nerves
from the brain and spinal nerves from the spinal cord
Parts of neuron
Dendrites-little trees, receiving part or input
Glial Cells
Supporting cells-structure and
metabolism support-neuroglia-1/3
rd volume of CNS
Fill spaces in injury
Equilibrium gradients
E
Na
Action Potential
Nerve impulses-carry information-progression of an
abrupt change in the resting potential along the
neuron membrane-traveling disturbance, called
an action potential
The resting membrane potential is about -70 mV.
A threshold stimulus (just adequate) will sufficiently
increase the permeability of the membrane to Na
ions to raise the membrane potential to about -55
mV.
Once this threshold potential has been reached,
complete depolarization and repolarization occur,
and an action potential is generated.
Conduction Speed
Factors influence the speed at which impulses are
conducted along excitable cell membranes:
*Conduction speed-0.5 to 130 m/sec