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Engineering Measureme Nts

This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurements and metrology. It discusses why measurements are important for generating design data and process improvement. The scope of metrology includes establishing measurement standards and units, developing measurement methods, and analyzing accuracy. Standardization organizations establish standards to encourage interchangeability. Key terms in measurement are defined, such as measuring range, sensitivity, response time, repeatability, and reproducibility. Factors that affect measurement accuracy include the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Precision measures repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with the true value. High accuracy requires controlling all sources of error.

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Anantbhushan Navelkar
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95 views21 pages

Engineering Measureme Nts

This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurements and metrology. It discusses why measurements are important for generating design data and process improvement. The scope of metrology includes establishing measurement standards and units, developing measurement methods, and analyzing accuracy. Standardization organizations establish standards to encourage interchangeability. Key terms in measurement are defined, such as measuring range, sensitivity, response time, repeatability, and reproducibility. Factors that affect measurement accuracy include the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Precision measures repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with the true value. High accuracy requires controlling all sources of error.

Uploaded by

Anantbhushan Navelkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering

Measureme
nts

Introduction to Mechanical
Measurements
Why
Measure?
Generate
Data for
Design

Process
Improvemen
t

Generating design data


Reliable design of a machine component is possible if
its behavior can be analyzed during operating
condition.
Such an activity needs data regarding machine
components viz. material properties made available
through measurements
Process Improvement
Process Improvement theories can be validated by
using measured data
Critical to satisfaction parameters are identified and
process improvement is validated based on measured
data.

Scope of metrology
Establishing units of measurement,
reproducing units in the form of standards,
ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
Developing methods of measurement.
Analyzing accuracy of measurement
methods, establishing uncertainty of
measurement, researching into causes of
errors, and error elimination.

Standardization and Standardizing


Organizations

Diversity should be minimized and interchangeability


encouraged for higher economy, efficiency and
productivity in a factory/country.
Organizations to handle the complexities of
standardization have evolved in each of the
countries.
In India, Bureau of Indian standards is responsible for
evolving standards on metrological instruments etc.
There exits a separate Engineering Metrology
Sectional Committee under Mechanical Engineering
Division Council, EDC, of the BIS.

Other Standardizing Organizations


International Organizationof Weights and
measures
General conference of Weights and Measures
International Organization of Standardization
International Standard of Units (SI)
Established in 1960 by the General Conference
of Weights and Measures(CGPM).
System based on decimal Arithmetic. Units of
different sizes are formed by multiplying or
dividing a single base value by powers of 10.
SI provides only one basic quantity for each
physical quantity.

Physical Measurement
Defined as the act of deriving quantitative
information about a physical action by comparison
with a reference

Elements of a measurement
Measurand :The physical property such as length,
angle being measured.
Comparator: Means of comparing measurand
with some reference to render a judgment.
Reference: The physical quantity to which the
quantity comparisons are made

Important Terms in measurements


1. Measuring range:
. Range of values of measured quantity for
which error under normal conditions do
not exceed maximum permissible.
2. Sensitivity:
. Defined as the ratio of increase in
observed variable (indicated by
pointer/scale) and the corresponding
increase in measured quantity.
. Also defined as length of any scale division
divided by the value of that division
expressed in terms of the measured

3. Response time
Time which elapses after a sudden change in
the measured quantity until the instrument
gives an indication differing from the true
value within permissible error.

The figure below represents a second


order response of an instrument.

4. Repeatability:
Ability of the measuring instrument to give
the same value every time measurement
of a given measurand is repeated.
The method of measurement, observer,
measuring instrument, locations etc are
the same for all measurements.
Repeatability is characterized by
dispersion of indications of the same
quantity described by two limiting values.
Expressed either as maximum
difference between output readings
or percentage of full scale output.

5. Reproducibility
Quantitative measure of the closeness of the
agreement between results of measurements
of the same measurand where individual
measurements are carried out by changing
method, instrument, location etc.
Expressed as the dispersion of results.
6. Magnification
Human limitations to read instruments places
limits on sensitivity of measuring instruments.
Magnification of signal from measuring
instruments can make it better readable.
Possible with the use of mechanical,
electronic, optical, electrical principles.

7. Calibration
Calibration of measuring equipment is
required in order to eliminate errors
arising due to variation in conditions.
Achieved by making adjustments such that
device produces zero output for zero
measured input, and display an output
equivalent to known measurand input near
full scale input value.

Measurement System
A measurement system is made up of five
basic elements:
1. S-Standard
2. W-Work piece
3. I-Instrument
4. P-Person
5. E-Environment
. SWIPE is an acronym for the basic
elements in a measurement system.

Precision and Accuracy


Precision is defined as the repeatability of a
measuring process.
Accuracy is the agreement of the result with the
true value of the measured quantity.
Precision is concerned with set of measurements.
Poor repeatability is a sure sign of poor Accuracy.
Good repeatability of instruments is necessary
but not sufficient condition of good Accuracy.

Accuracy=((Repeatability)2 +
(Systemmatic error*)2)
*systemmatic error=|(mean of readings) (true value)|

Factors affecting accuracy


The Accuracy of a measurement system is affected
due to effects in the Elements of a Measurement
System.
1. Factors affecting Standard
. Coefficient of thermal expansion
. Elastic properties
. Geometric compatibility
2. Factors affecting Workpiece
. Cleanliness, surface finish, scratches, surface
defects etc.
. Hidden Geometry
. Adequate datum on the workpiece

3. Factors affecting characteristics of


Instrument
. Methods of Amplification
. Effect of friction, backlash etc.
. Calibration errors
4. Factors affecting person
. Sense of sight/Sense of hearing/ Sense of
touch of the operator
. Attitude towards personal accuracy.
. Ability to select measuring instruments and
standards.

5. Factors affecting Environment


. Temperature, Humidity etc
. Clean surrounding and minimum vibration
enhance precision.
. Thermal Expansion due to heat radiation
from light, heating elements etc.

High Accuracy is achieved by


controlling all the sources of error
affecting the above elements.

General Rules of Accurate measurements


Equipment chosen for a particular measurement
must bear some relation to the desired accuracy.
eg. If a measurement is desired to an accuracy of
0.01mm, an instrument with accuracy 0.001 must be
used.
Use of highly sensitive, consistent and correctly
calibrated instrument.
Incorporating magnifying devices in the instrument.
Determining knowable sources of error by aid of
superior instruments and calibrating the instrument
accordingly.

References
Metrology M. Mahajan
Engineering Metrology R.K Jain

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