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Chap1 - Intro Geophys Note

This document provides an introduction to geophysics. It defines geophysics as investigating the Earth using physics methods. There are two types - pure geophysics studies the Earth's physical properties, while applied geophysics uses surface methods to detect geological structures for purposes like resource exploration. Applied geophysics is used in engineering, environmental, and exploration applications. Common methods described include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic surveys. These methods measure properties like density, elasticity, conductivity, and help infer features like mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. A brief history of geophysical prospection in the oil industry is also provided.

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45 views

Chap1 - Intro Geophys Note

This document provides an introduction to geophysics. It defines geophysics as investigating the Earth using physics methods. There are two types - pure geophysics studies the Earth's physical properties, while applied geophysics uses surface methods to detect geological structures for purposes like resource exploration. Applied geophysics is used in engineering, environmental, and exploration applications. Common methods described include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic surveys. These methods measure properties like density, elasticity, conductivity, and help infer features like mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. A brief history of geophysical prospection in the oil industry is also provided.

Uploaded by

NatalieCmF
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GEOPHYSICS (SKPP 4253)

LECTURER:
PROF. DR. RADZUAN JUNIN
ROOM: N 06 (101-01)

GEOPHYSICS (SKPP 4253)


(Geofizik)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Definition: Investigating the Earth, using the


methods and techniques of Physics.
Two types:
a. Pure/general Geophysics: Study of the Earth
by using methods of physics. Deduce the
physical properties of the Earth and its internal
constitution from the physical phenomena
associated with it, such as geomagnetic field.

INTRODUCTION
b. Applied/exploration Geophysics: To
investigate specific, relatively small-scale and
shallow features which are presumed to exist
within the earths crust.
Uses surface methods to measure the physical
properties of the subsurface Earth, in order to
detect or infer the presence and position of ore
minerals, hydrocarbons, geothermal reservoirs,
groundwater reservoirs, and other geological
structures.

Application of Applied Geophysics


The techniques are used in the fields of:
Engineering geophysics
Study on soil mechanics (ground properties)
Provide development plans
Environmental geophysics
Study on disposal waste site
Monitoring waste deposits/location of contamination
Exploration geophysics
Search for economic deposits (include mineral,
ground water, oil and gas).
Monitor fluid flow

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Methods in Applied Geophysics


Seismic methods, reflection and refraction
seismology: main method in petroleum exploration.
Gravity method: petroleum exploration
Electrical surveying: mineral exploration
Magnetic surveying: mineral & petroleum
exploration.
Electromagnetic surveying: environmental
geophysics
Borehole geophysics: well logging

Active and Passive


Passive: Measure naturally occurring phenomena
Gravity field
Magnetic field
Seismic arrivals - earthquakes

Active: Transmit a signal into the subsurface and


record what come back
Seismic arrival explosions
Electrical current
Electromagnetic waves

Methods of Geophysical Survey

Reflection Seismic Method


Most extensively used based on aplication.
Uses the principles of seismology to estimate the
properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected
seismic waves. The method requires a controlled
seismic source of energy.
By noting the time (travel time) it takes for a
reflection to arrive at a receiver, it is possible to
estimate the depth of the feature that generated the
reflection.

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Reflection Seismic Method


Depth of penetration up to 20,000 ft
Can detects lithology and gas directly.
Reflection seismic section images are quite
similar to geologic cross-sections.

Reflection Seismic Method


Depth of penetration up to 20,000 ft
Can detects lithology and gas directly.
Reflection seismic section images are quite
similar to geologic cross-sections.

Refraction Seismic Method


Utilised refracted waves to map subsurface
structure.
To record seismic signal at large distance from
source point as compared to depth.
Was much used before 1930 for oil prospecting but
has now been replaced by the reflection method.
In recent years, however, has found increasing use
in civil engineering projects for bedrock
investigation.

Gravity Method
Measurements of the gravitational field at a series
of different locations over an area of interest.
The objective is to associate variations with
differences in the distribution of densities and
hence rock types (dense and compacted rocks will
give higher gravitational attraction as compared to
porous rocks).
Usually used in preliminary survey.

Magnetic Method
Measurement of the local geomagnetic field produced
by the variations in the intensity of magnetization in
rock formations.
Sedimentary rock has less magnetic as compared to
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
To map subsurface structure of basement or search
magnetic minerals such as magnetite.
Usually used in preliminary survey.
.

Electric & Electromagnetic Methods


Electrical method to get information on formation or rock
body that has electrical conductivity.
Several types: Induce Polarization (IP) when
electronically conducting minerals (or metals) or clay
minerals (due to ion exchange) are present in the ground.
Self Potential (SP) mesuaring the natural potential
differences which generally exist between any two points
on the ground, due to electrochemical actions in rocks, eg.
sulfite and graphite ores.
Electromagnet measuring natural or induced
electromagnetic field.

Methods in Applied Geophysics


Method
Seismic
Gravity
Magnet
Electric:
Resistivity

IP

SP

Electromagnetic

Parameter measured
Travel times of seismic
waves
Variations in the strength of
the gravitational field
Variation in the strength of
the geomagnetic field
Earth resistivity
Polarization voltage
Electrical potential
Response to electromagnetic
radiation

Physical properties
Density and elastic moduli
Density
Magnetic susceptibility
Electrical conductivity
Electrical capasitance
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity
& inductance

Application of Seismic Survey


Application
Exploration for metallic
minerals
Exploration for non-metallic
mineral
Exploration for petroleum &
coal
Ground water
Engineering site study

Suitable method
S, G, M, (EM)
M, EM, E, SP & IP
S, (E), (G)
E, EM, S, (G)
E, S, EM, (G), (M)

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Brief History of Geophysical Methods


in Petroleum Industry
Before Seismic Existed

Brief History of Geophysical Methods


in Petroleum Industry
The first trial to search oil-bearing structure was
involved gravity method.
1922 - Torsion balance was the first technique
used in Gulf Coast, USA. Then, followed by
refraction seismic method.
1924 application of both techniques were
successfully identified salt dome structure.

Brief History of Geophysical Methods in


Petroleum Industry
1927 reflection seismic method was established.
1928 refraction seismic was introduced in Iran
and successfully recovered oil bearing limestone
structure (Asmari lst.).
1930s extensive used of reflection seismic.
1945 seismic survey has been introduced to
offshore, in Gulf Coast and California offshore.

Brief History of Geophysical Methods in


Petroleum Industry
1956 ocean survey was introduced in the Gulf of
Mexico, California shelf and Maracaibo lake.
1950 tape-recorded data was first introduced.
1963 digital recording was introduced and
digital computer has been used to process seismic
data to replace analogue system.
late 1960s offshore seismic survey was first
introduced in Malaysia.

Brief History of Geophysical Methods in


Petroleum Industry
1967 Exxon shot the first 3D survey over the
Friendswood field near Houston, USA
1984 1st 3D seismic survey shot offshore
Sarawak (D35)
1997 in Malaysia, Hi-Res 3D interpretation
1995 4D Seismic image of DURI field, where
effects of steam injection are visualized in the
seismic data.

Time Lapse Seismic (4D)


Sleipner CO2 Storage
Sleipner natural gas contains ~9% CO2
Contract: 2.5% CO2
CO2 stored; about 1MT annually
CO2 injected into the thick Utsira Fm.
800-1100 m depth below sea level
Porosity 35-40 %
Permeability 2-5 Darcy
CO2 injection 1996-2020
Time-lapse seismic: 1994, 1999, 2001, 2002 (and 2005)

Time Lapse Seismic (4D)


Sleipner CO2 Storage

4D seismic cross-section images of injected CO2 at the Sleipner CO2


sequestration project, offshore Norway. The 1994 image is before CO2
injection, the subsequent images are after injection of about 1 MMt/y
CO2. The effects of the injected CO2 are very strong in the seismic
images.

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