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Simple Harmonic Motion-By Aditya Abeysinghe 1

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is the motion of an object where the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium and directed towards equilibrium. SHM includes circular motion, oscillations of springs, and pendulums. The period of SHM is the same as the period of circular motion and is given by T=2π/ω. The displacement as a function of time is given by X=A sin(ωt+φ) where A is the amplitude. SHM systems obey conservation of energy and Hooke's law.

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53 views

Simple Harmonic Motion-By Aditya Abeysinghe 1

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is the motion of an object where the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium and directed towards equilibrium. SHM includes circular motion, oscillations of springs, and pendulums. The period of SHM is the same as the period of circular motion and is given by T=2π/ω. The displacement as a function of time is given by X=A sin(ωt+φ) where A is the amplitude. SHM systems obey conservation of energy and Hooke's law.

Uploaded by

IH Maruf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya


Abeysinghe

Consider an object moving round a circle


with center O and rotating with a uniform
angular speed .

Acceleration at A is 2r, and this


acceleration is directed along the radius

Hence the acceleration of P towards O is


w2rCosAOC,
Which is also equal to w2rSin
But r Sin = PO = y say.
Therefore, acceleration of P towards O is
w2y
Since w2 is a constant,
Acceleration of P towards O distance of P
from O.
Since the acceleration of the object is
always directed towards the center,
acceleration should be expressed as,
Acceleration towards O = - 2y.

Thus, Simple Harmonic Motion can be


expressed as follows:

It is the motion of any object


whose acceleration is always
directly proportional to the
distance from its center of
path and the acceleration is
always directed towards the
center.

The relationship between Simple Harmonic


Motion and Circular motion
Consider an object A rotating round its
center of path O.

amplitude

B
C

Period (one
cycle)

The B and C points show the corresponding


points where the circular motion is
equivalent to the wave. Since the circular
motion occurs continuously, it can be
concluded that the corresponding wave
pattern also equals periodically.
Thus Simple Harmonic Motion is the same
concept as moving an object in circular,
continuous motion.

Amplitude of Motion
Consider an object attached to a spring as
shown below.
amplitude

X = Xmin

amplitude

X=0

X = Xmax

Direction of
motion

When you release the mass, the spring


will exert a force, pushing the mass back
until the object reaches the position
x=xmax . This position where the object has
reached its maximum is called its

amplitude.
Theoretically,
Xmin = - Xmax .

Hookes Law
Law: The force exerted on a body by an
external source is directly proportional to
the mean displacement the object has
displaced from its mean position.
Consider a spring-mass system as shown
below.
F

X=0
X displacement from mean
position

According to Hookes law,


F x . (F-Force, X- Mean displacement)
However, theoretically the force on the
object is always acting so that the
direction of force always opposes the
direction of displacement.
For example, when the spring travels to
its amplitude from its mean position, x
increases while F decreases. Similarly
when the object returns to its original
position the force exerted on the object
gradually increases while the
displacement from mean position
decreases.

To eliminate the proportionate sign, we


use a constant k, which is called the
spring constant (since it depends on the
spring used).

Thus, F= -kX.
Since, F=ma, by Newtons 2nd law of
motion, the direction of F is the direction
of acceleration. Thus, like acceleration,
the force that acts on an object in simple
harmonic motion is always directed
towards the center of its path.

Since, this force acts towards


equilibrium, it is called a restoring

Displacement of an object in Simple Harmonic


Motion
t=0
Sin = x/A
X = A Sin
= t

t=t

X = A Sin t
However, if the object when released
(at time=0) is not at the center of its path,
then the displacement of the object
is not accurate to be displaced as above.
Thus for accuracy, the displacement equation
is generally expressed as,

X = A Sin (t + ),
lag.

where is the phase

Period in Simple Harmonic Motion


Since the simple harmonic motion is
analogous to circular motion the period of
an object in simple harmonic motion is the
same as that in circular motion.
Thus, the period is the,
The time taken by an object to complete
one total rotation.
Thus, this can be graphically expressed
as,

Since for one complete revolution is 2,


And that = /t ,
= 2/t or the period of motion,

T = 2 / .
However, f = 1/ T, where f is the frequency
of motion, or the no. of rotations per unit
time,
It is evident that, f = / 2 or

= 2f.

Relationship between velocity and displacement


V = V Cos
But,
Cos = (A2 x2)

(A2- X2)

A
And, V= r
Since r = A or the amplitude,
V = A
Thus, from the above derivations,
V= A Cos or V= A (A2 x2)
V
Thus,
X

V= (A2 x2)

Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya


Abeysinghe

15

Potential energy of a spring


The potential energy of a spring, also sometimes called the
elastic potential energy can be calculated as follows:

U=-

F dx.

However, we know that F = -kX.

(-kx) dx = kx dx
= k x dx = k { x /2}

Thus, U = -

Thus,

U= kx

Oscillating Systems- Spring and


Mass
From Hookes law,
second
F = -kX
motion,

From Newtons
law of
F = ma

Therefore, ma = - kx
Thus, a = - (k/m) x.
However, we know that for any object
experiencing simple harmonic motion,
a= -2x. Therefore, -2x = - (k/m) x.
Thus, 2 = k/m.
Therefore, the period of this motion, T,
T = 2/ = 2/ {(k/m)}

T = 2 m/k

Principle of conservation of
energy in simple harmonic motion
By applying principle of conservation of
energy,
Kinetic energy
at any position
Thus,

Potential energy
at any position

mr2 = kx2

Oscillation of springs
Oscillations of springs can be described
under two categories based on the mode
of oscillation as,
1. Horizontal oscillations
2. Vertical oscillations
The main difference between the two types of
oscillations is that in vertical oscillations the
gravitational potential energy too contributes
towards(in addition to elastic potential energy
and kinetic energy, as in horizontal oscillations)
the total energy at any moment in the motion.
Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya

20

Horizontal oscillation of springs

Xmin

X=0

Xmax

At xmin and at xmax the object


gains the maximum potential
energy, as the object has
reached its amplitude of
motion.
The object gains the maximum
velocity, hence the maximum
kinetic energy as it passes the
mean position or the center of
its path

The total energy of


the spring-mass
composite = elastic
potential energy +
kinetic energy. The
total energy is conserved for
the system or the system
obeys conservation of
Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya Abeysinghe

Vertical oscillation of springs

However, total energy of the


Similar to that in horizontal oscillation ,
spring-mass composite =
the object gains maximum elastic
potential energy at its amplitude and
elastic potential energy +
maximum kinetic energy at its center of
gravitational potential energy
path.
Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya Abeysinghe + kinetic energy
22

Equilibrium Position
Because the mass exerts a gravitational
force to stretch the spring downward, the
equilibrium position is not the position
where x = 0, but,
x = -h, where h is the vertical displacement
of the spring due to gravity.

The equilibrium position is the


place where the net force acting
on the object is zero

Initial Equilibrium Position


(Position without weight)

Final Equilibrium Position


(Position gained due to weight
mg)

Restoring force acting on the spring = -kh


The gravitational force acting on the
object = mg
However, for the object to be stationary, by applying F =
ma for the composite a = o and thus the restoring force =
gravitational force.

Thus, -kh = mg or h = -(g/k)m.


Thus, it should be noted that h m. (higher masses drag
Simple Harmonic Motion- By Aditya Abeysinghe

Coupled Spring Systems


1. Springs in series
Consider two springs with spring constants k 1
and k2 connected to a mass m. When m is
displaced by a distance x, and if the
displacements made by the two springs are x 1
and x2 respectively,

Then x1 + x2 = x.

If the restoring force is F, then


F = -k 1x1 = -k2 x2. Thus, x1 = -F/k
k2

and x2= -F/

Since, x1 + x2 = x , it can be derived that


X = {-F/k

} + {-F/ k2 }.

By applying Hookes law to the spring composite,


we can write it as,

F = -keff X , and hence X = -F/keff. (keff


keffective)
By substituting this to the above derivation,
we find that,

keff = k

k2 /(k

+ k2)

And period of oscillation,T,

2. Springs in parallel
In this case if m is displaced by a
distance of x, both springs display by x.
However, the force exerted by the two
springs on m on extension are unequal.

For first spring,


F1 = -k1x

For second spring,


F2 = -k2 x

Since the total force on m is equal to the


summation of the individual forces
exerted by the two springs,
F = F1+ F2
Thus,
-keff x = (-k1x )+ (-k2 x)
Therefore,

keff = k1 + k2
The period of motion, T,

T = 2 m / (k1 + k2)

3. Masses connected between two strings

If the body is displaced, one of the strings get


extended while the other gets compressed.
Thus, the total force on the object is the sum of the
two restoring forces exerted by the two springs.

Thus, F = F1+ F2
As in the case of springs in parallel,

k1 + k 2

keff =

Pendulums

mg Sin

mg
Cos

F = ma = mg Sin
However, for small angles, Sin = , and, = s/l
Thus, F = mgs/l
Therefore, ma = mgs/l.
Thus, a = gs/l.
Since, the force is in the opposite direction of the displacement. It
should be written as ,
a = -gs/l or a = -(g/l) s
This is in the form a = -2x and the pendulum hence shows a Simple
Harmonic Motion, where,

= g/l.

Period of motionT = 2/ . Therefore,

T = 2 (l/g)

EnergyThe mechanical energy of a pendulum is a


conserved quantity.

= min

=0

= max

Velocity = 0

Velocity= max

Velocity = 0

Potential energy =
max

Potential energy =
min

Potential energy =
max

Restoring force =
max

Restoring force = 0

Restoring force =
max

Tension = min

Tension = max

Tension = min

VelocityX

h
V

X = L Cos
Therefore, h = L - L Cos
From the conservation of energy,
Total initial energy = Total final energy
mv2 = mgL (1- Cos )

VL
V

Thus,

V = {2gL (1- Cos )}

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