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Design of Machine Elements Project

This document provides information on geometric tolerancing and dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) symbols. It defines geometric tolerancing as controlling the precise shape and form of a component beyond basic dimensional tolerances. GD&T uses symbolic language on engineering drawings to describe the nominal geometry and allowable variation of a part. The document lists reasons for using GD&T such as simplifying inspection and considering manufacturing and function. It then covers common GD&T symbols for dimensions like straightness, flatness, roundness, and their definitions. Tables provide examples of symbols and how to interpret tolerance zones. Limits and fits refer to maintaining correct sizes of assembled components and define nominal sizes, the British Standards system, and tolerance zones.

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Girish Chandankar
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1K views

Design of Machine Elements Project

This document provides information on geometric tolerancing and dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) symbols. It defines geometric tolerancing as controlling the precise shape and form of a component beyond basic dimensional tolerances. GD&T uses symbolic language on engineering drawings to describe the nominal geometry and allowable variation of a part. The document lists reasons for using GD&T such as simplifying inspection and considering manufacturing and function. It then covers common GD&T symbols for dimensions like straightness, flatness, roundness, and their definitions. Tables provide examples of symbols and how to interpret tolerance zones. Limits and fits refer to maintaining correct sizes of assembled components and define nominal sizes, the British Standards system, and tolerance zones.

Uploaded by

Girish Chandankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF MACHINE

ELEMENTS PROJECT
PRESENTED BY :

Girish Chandankar

GEOMETRIC TOLERENCING

Geometric tolerances are taken into account only

when the size and shape needed to be controlled


more precisely while forming a component
They are used only when the shape or form has a
particular function and errors would result in poor
performance.
Geometric tolerances are applied in addition to
dimensional tolerances.

DEFENITION

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing

(GD&T) is a symbolic language used on


engineering drawings and computer
generated threedimensional solid models
for explicitly describing nominal geometry
and its allowable variation.
GD&T symbols allow a design engineer to precisely
and logically describe part features in a way they can
be accurately manufactured and inspected.

WHY SHOULD GD&T BE USED?


It is a simple and efficient method for describing the

tolerancing mandated by the designer of the part.


It simplifies inspection because hard gages can often
be utilized and inspection fixtures are often
mandated which simplifies inspection for production
quantities.
It forces the designer to totally consider function,
manufacturing process, and inspection methods

SYMBOLS
The symbols are used to control the geometrical

shape and form of a component are themselves


simple but their application needs to considered
carefully
As stated earlier the use of symbols should be done
with care since the application of tolerence symbol
to control a feature or shape may affect the control of
the another.
Example------the use of positional tolerance may
also control straightness and flatness.

TABLE FOR SYMBOLS

Defenition indication of tolerance zone and interpretation of


tolerance zone

STRAIGHTNESS:
A straightness tolerance
specified a tolerance zone
within which an axis or
element must lie Fig.
Straightness is a
condition in which an
element of a surface or
an axis is a straight line.

FLATNESS:
A flatness tolerance
specifies a tolerance zone
defined by two parallel planes
within which the surface
must lie (Fig 10). Flatness is
the condition of a surface
having all elements in one
plane.

ROUNDNESS:
A roundness (circularity) tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two
concentric circles within each circular element of the surface must lie. Roundness
is a condition of a surface of revolution in which, for a cone or cylinder, all points
of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis are
equidistant from that axis.

CYLINDRICITY:
A cylindricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two
concentric
cylinders within which the surface must lie. Cylindricity is a condition of a
surface
of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a
common axis.

ANGULARITY:
An Angularity tolerance specifies a
tolerance zone defined by two parallel
plane at the specified basic angle (other
than 90O) from a datum plane or axis
within which the surface or the axis of
the feature must lie.

PARALLELISM:
A Parallelism tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by two parallel
plane or
lines parallel to a datum plane or axis, respectively, within which the
surface or
axis of the feature must lie.

A Parallelism tolerance specifies a tolerance zone specify a


cylindrical tolerance
zone parallel to a datum axis, within which the axis of the
feature must lie.

Perpendicularity:
A Perpendicular tolerance is a condition of a surface,median
plant, or axis at 90O
to a datum plane or axis.

CONCENTRICITY:

Concentricity is a condition
in which the axes of all
cross-section elements of a
features surface of
revolution are common to
the axis of a datum
feature. A concentricity
tolerance specifies a
cylindrical tolerance zone
whose axis coincides with a
datum axis and within which
all cross-sectional axes of
the feature being
controlled must lie.

Surface finish & symbol

Introduction
SURFACE FINISH, ALSO KNOWN AS SURFACE
TEXTURE, IS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SURFACE.
IT HAS THREE COMPONENTS:
LAY
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
WAVINESS

Importance

The Importance of Surface Finish in Components for The


Aerospace and Medical Industries Introduction In the
aerospace and medical fields the surface finish of machined
components is of utmost importance. High pressure
hydraulic systems and fuel injections systems in particular
require high quality surfaces and precisely defined features,
such as o-ring grooves, if system integrity is to be
maintained. In the medical field, equipment manufacturers
and pharmaceutical producers demand stringent
specifications with respect to surface finish. Literally, lives
can be on the line if these systems fail, so it is critical that
the quality of the machined components is maintained

Symbols & specification


Symbol are used to represent the type & degree of

surface finish on engineering drawing.


Dimensions of symbols

Types of symbol & description

Definitions

Surface texture: includes roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.


Profile: is the contour (shape) of a surface in a plane perpendicular to

the surface.
Micrometer [] : 1*10-6 m = 1/1000000 m
Roughness: small peaks and valleys found in the surface (fine
irregularities)
Roughness height: arithmetical average deviation [].

Roughness width: distance between two peaks that make the roughnes
Waviness: larger deviation from the nominal surface on which the
roughness is superimposed
Waviness height: distance from peak to valley
Waviness width: distance between successive wave peaks or successiv
wave valleys.
Lay: directions of tool marks, or grains of surface
Flaw: surface defects.

Symbol specification & parameters

Example of surface finish drawing

Methods to check surface finish

Results of surface finish testing

Limits and Fits

Introduction
In engineering you are usually concerned with a number of

parts or components fitting together to make an assembly


To assemble components together engineers must control
the sizes of the components to make sure that they fit
together correctly.
If they dont fit together correctly then the components will

not function properly.

assembly

What is a FIT in engineering terms?

How do we decide which fit to use?


First consider what is required of the fit.
Then

decide how much clearance or


interference you are going to give your fit.

Then determine what nominal size you

are going to fit together.

What are Nominal sizes?

They are basically any size, it maybe any whole

number you like: -

16 12 40 60 1200 230,000
Now

you have the size, how


interference or clearance do we use?

much

We need a system to help!


Advantages of having a system:
Interchangeable - parts made at different times or places
fit together.
Time saving - reference to a standard system speeds up
decisions on sizes to give particular fits.
Assurance of correct fit - actual fit will be as required
even if design size changes.
Spare Parts manufacture of these is made easier as they
can be made to the same standard.

British Standards 4500


Uses the nominal size for both holes and

shafts.
This size is determined by strength
considerations.
Calculations of material properties and
strengths are used to obtain the nominal size.
Remember: The nominal size is the same
for both hole and shaft.

BS4500
The British Standard System uses the letters of the

alphabet to describe how much bigger or smaller a


hole or a shaft will deviate from the nominal size.
This deviation is called the:-

Fundamental deviation.
Holes are described by capital letters H, G etc.
Shafts are described by lower case letters h, g etc.

The
Holes

The
Fundamental
Deviation

Nominal Size

Zero line

M
The
Fundamental
Deviation

The Fundamental Deviation

The Shafts
Fundamental Deviation

Zero Line
b

Nominal Size

Nominal Size

Fundamental Deviation

Any combination of hole and shaft can be use

So be careful when
A
choosing your fits they
dont all work

M/a fit
A/e fit

British Standards Tolerance zones


Tolerance Zone

BS4500 use numbered tolerance zones (01 to 16)

British Standards Tolerance zones

The most accurate tolerance zones are

numbered 01 02 and 03.


Whereas for more general engineering work

we use 06, 07 and 08.


Finally, rough work is done at 14,15 and 16.

In engineering we dont use the zeros

Round up
You now have a letter and a number.
Put them together and you have the type of fit

and the tolerance that will achieve it. Examples


are:

H7, K8 and M9.


For holes.
For shafts we use:
g6, h7 and f7.

Here then is the complete fit:


The Hole

H9

The shaft

f7

BS 4500

Limits of size
Look on the chart
Maximum and minimum allowances are shown in

thousandths of a millimetre
Minimum clearance and minimum interference is
minimum hole size minus maximum shaft size
Tolerance is max deviation minus min deviation

Thank you

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