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Power Point Bio Ethical 2

This document discusses several bioethical issues related to nursing including abortion, cloning, euthanasia, organ donation, suicide, transsexualism, xenotransplantation, surrogacy, and the Catholic perspectives on cloning and surrogacy. It provides definitions and background information on each topic.

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lkristin
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107 views

Power Point Bio Ethical 2

This document discusses several bioethical issues related to nursing including abortion, cloning, euthanasia, organ donation, suicide, transsexualism, xenotransplantation, surrogacy, and the Catholic perspectives on cloning and surrogacy. It provides definitions and background information on each topic.

Uploaded by

lkristin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“Bioethical Issues

regarding Nursing”
Bioethics
 it is the philosophical study of the
ethical controversies brought
about by advances in biology and
medicine.
 Bioethicists are concerned with
the ethical questions that arise in
the relationships among
life sciences, biotechnology,
medicine, politics, law, philosophy,
and theology.
Abortion
 abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by
the removal or expulsion of an embryo or
fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused
by its death.
 An abortion can occur spontaneously due to
complications during pregnancy or can be
induced.
 Abortion as a term most commonly refers to
the induced abortion of a human pregnancy
 While spontaneous abortions are usually
termed miscarriages.
Cloning
 The term cloning can be applied to
the copying of pieces of DNA, forms
of asexual reproduction in plants,
the development of a line of cells or
tissue from a single cell, sub-
dividing an embryo in the early
stages of development to form two
embryos, as well as to the cell
nuclear replaceient technique used
to create tha first cloned sheep,
Dolly.
Catholic perspectives
on Cloning
 Catholic teaching opposes reproductive
cloning for a number of reasons. It
offends against the personal and unique
identity given to each individual by God. It
denies an individual the right to have two
parents, and confuses family
relationships. There are also serious
questions concerning our right to so
fundamentally alter the manner in which
we come into existence, and the effects
these actions could have on future
generations and on individuals produced
by cloning.
Euthanasia
 Euthanasia (literally "good death" in
Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of
ending a life in a painless manner.
 Euthanasia may be conducted with
consent (voluntary euthanasia) or
without consent (involuntary
euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia is
conducted where an individual makes a
decision for another person incapable
of doing so.
 Euthanasia may be conducted passively, non-
actively, and actively.
 Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of
common treatments (such as antibiotics, pain
medications, or surgery) or the distribution of a
medication (such as morphine) to relieve pain,
knowing that it may also result in death (
principle of double effect).
 Passive euthanasia is the most accepted form,
and it is a common practice in most hospitals.
 Non-active euthanasia entails the withdrawing
of life support and is more controversial.
 Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal
substances or forces to kill and is the most
controversial means.
Organ Donation
 Organ donation is the removal
of the tissues of the
human body from a person who
has recently died, or from a
living donor, for the purpose of
transplanting. Organs and
tissues are removed in
procedures similar to surgery,
and all incisions are closed at
the conclusion of the surgery.
 Organs that can be procured includes the heart
can be donated from living donors include part
of the liver or pancreas and the kidney.
 , intestines, kidneys, lungs, liver, pancreas.
These are procured from a brain dead donor or
a donor where the family has given consent for
donation after cardiac death, known as
non-heart-beating donation.
 The following tissues can be procured: bones,
tendons, corneas, heart valves, femoral veins,
great saphenous veins, small saphenous veins
, pericardium, skin grafts, and the sclera (the
tough, white outer coating surrounding the
eye). These are only procured after death.
 Organs that can be donated from living donors
include part of the liver or pancreas and the kidney.
Suicide
 Suicide (Latin suicidium, from sui caedere,
to kill oneself) is the act of terminating
one's own life.
 Many dictionaries also note the
metaphorical sense of "willful destruction of
one's self-interes. Suicide may occur for a
number of reasons, including depression,
shame, guilt, desperation, physical pain,
pressure, anxiety, financial difficulties, or
other undesirable situations.
 The World Health Organization noted that
someone commits suicide every 39
seconds, making it one of the leading
causes of death in the world
Transsexualism
 Transsexualism is a condition in which a
person identifies with a physical sex different
from the one with which they were born.
 A medical diagnosis can be made if a person
experiences discomfort as a result of a desire
to be a member of the opposite sex, or if a
person experiences impaired functioning or
distress as a result of that gender
identification
 Transsexualism is stigmatized in many parts
of the world and has become more widely
known in Western cultures in the mid to late
20th century, concurrently with the
sexual revolution and the development of
sexual reassignment surgeries.
Transsexualism
 It remains controversial, however.
Discrimination and negative attitudes
towards transsexualism often
accompany certain religious beliefs
or cultural values. There are other
cultures, however, that have not only
held a place for transsexuals but
even culturally sanction them, such
as the two-spirit people in some
native American tribes.
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
AND TRANSGENIC
 Xenotransplantation refers to
the transplantation of animal
tissues and organs into human
recipients, either without or with
genetic modification of the
animal to minimise tissue
rejection.
 Transgenics refers to the mixing
of human and animal genes.
For example, human genes can
be introduced into sheep so that
certain valuable human proteins
will be expressed in the sheep’s
milk.
SURROGACY

 Surrogacy involves a woman (the


surrogate mother) carrying a child
for someone else, usually an
infertile couple or sometimes a gay
couple. Before she becomes
pregnant the surrogate mother
agrees to give the child to the
couple shortly after birth.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SURROGACY
 Traditional surrogacy: The surrogate
mother provides the egg for fertilization,
and the intended father provides the
sperm. Fertilization can occur as the result
of intercourse, in vitro fertilization (IVF), or
artificial insemination. The surrogate
mother is the genetic mother of the child.
At birth the child is surrendered by the
surrogate mother to the intended parents,
with the female partner effectively
becoming the step mother of the child.
Gestational surrogacy:
 In gestational surrogacy the surrogate
mother is not related genetically to the
child. An egg from the intended mother
or from another female donor is fertilized
by the sperm of the intended father,
using IVF. The resulting embryo is then
transferred to the uterus of the surrogate
mother. If the IVF process has resulted
in a number of embryos the remaining
embryos may be frozen and stored for
use at a later date.
Commercial
surrogacy
 takes place when the contract
between the surrogate mother and
the intended parents involves
payment for the services of the
surrogate mother. Some countries
have legislation which outlaws
commercial surrogacy, but allow
reasonable expenses to be paid to
the surrogate mother.
Catholic Perspective
on Surrogacy

The Catholic Church opposes
traditional and gestational surrogacy
primarily because it offends against
the dignity of the child, the
uniqueness of the mother-child
relationship, and the sanctity of
marriage. It also treats women and
children as commodities.

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