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Analog To Digital Converters (DAC) & 2. Digital To Analog Converters (ADC)

This document provides an overview of analog to digital converters (ADCs) and digital to analog converters (DACs). It discusses how real-world processes produce analog signals but computers require digital signals, so conversion is necessary. The key specifications of converters are described, including accuracy, resolution, settling time, and temperature sensitivity. Several types of DACs are introduced, including weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs. The operation of R-2R ladder DACs is explained through an example of a 4-bit converter. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to the basic concepts and specifications of ADCs and DACs.

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41 views

Analog To Digital Converters (DAC) & 2. Digital To Analog Converters (ADC)

This document provides an overview of analog to digital converters (ADCs) and digital to analog converters (DACs). It discusses how real-world processes produce analog signals but computers require digital signals, so conversion is necessary. The key specifications of converters are described, including accuracy, resolution, settling time, and temperature sensitivity. Several types of DACs are introduced, including weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs. The operation of R-2R ladder DACs is explained through an example of a 4-bit converter. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to the basic concepts and specifications of ADCs and DACs.

Uploaded by

seelan9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT- IV

1. Analog to Digital
Converters (DAC)
&
2. Digital to Analog
Converters (ADC)

7/2/16

INTRODUCTION
Real World Processes Produce Analog
Signals such as Voltage, Current, Charge,
Temperature and pressure
Actually it is difficult to store, manipulate,
compare, calculate and retrieve with good
accuracy using purely analog technology.
Computers can perform these operations
quickly
and
efficiently
using
digital
techniques.

7/2/16

INTRODUCTION
It is necessary to convert the analog signals
(from the transducers) into equivalent
digital data
So both DAC and ADC are necessary to
make communication between
computers(Digital) and Human(Analog)

7/2/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA


CONVERSIONS

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA


CONVERSIONS

Terms related to
Analog signal
Quantization
Quantized variable
Discrete time signal
Digital signal

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Terms related to ADC


Analog signal
Continuous over a period of time t
Quantization
Process of representing a variable by a finite set of
discrete values
Quantized variable
Signal variable that can assume only finite distinct
values
Discrete time signal
defined at particular points of time only
Digital signal

Sequence of words(binary data)


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SPECIFICATIONS
ACCURACY
OFFSETVOLTAGE
LINEARITY
-Differential Non linearity Error
-Integral Nonlinearity Error
MONOTONICITY
RESOLUTION (STEP SIZE)
SETTLING TIME
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY

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SPECIFICATIONS

ACCURACY
The components in the D/A circuits are prone to
mismatches, drift, ageing, noise and other
sources of errors. These factors
lead
to
degradation in conversion performance.
ABSOLUTE ACCURACY It defines the maximum
deviation of the output from the ideal value.
Expressed in fractions 1 LSB.
CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS
- Static errors: offset error, gain error
- Dynamic errors: Full scale error, Linearity error

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SPECIFICATIONS

OFFSETVOLTAGE(offset error)
Ideally DAC output is 0 V when all the bits of
binary input word are 0s. But in practice, there is
a very small output voltage called Offset voltage
or Offset error.
Gain error : Deviation of gain from the ideal value
.
Offset error can be compensated by translating
the actual characteristics up or down so that it
goes through origin. And Gain error can be
nullified by adjusting the scale factor K.

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SPECIFICATIONS

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SPECIFICATIONS

FULL SCALE ERROR


-The maximum deviation of the output from its ideal
value.
-Expressed in percentage of full scale

LINEARITY
-Maximum deviation in step size from
the ideal step size
-Differential Non linearity Error
-Integral Nonlinearity Error

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SPECIFICATIONS
Linearity: is the difference between the desired analog
output and the actual output over the full range of
expected values.
Ideally, a DAC should produce a linear relationship
between a digital input and the analog output, this is
not always the case.

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SPECIFICATIONS
NON-Linearity(Real World)

Desired/Approximate Output

Analog Output Voltage

Analog Output Voltage

Linearity(Ideal Case)

Desired Output
Approximate
output

Digital Input
Perfect Agreement

Digital Input
Miss-alignment
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SPECIFICATIONS- Monotonicity
means that the magnitude of the output voltage increases every time the
input digital code increases
Non-Monotonic: A decrease in output voltage with an increase in the
digital input

Analog Output Voltage

Desired Output
NonMonotonic

Monotonic

Digital Input
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SPECIFICATIONS
Resolution: is the amount of variance in
output voltage for every change of the LSB
in the digital input.
How closely can we approximate the desired
output signal(Higher Res. = finer
detail=smaller Voltage divisions)
A common DAC has a 8 - 12 bit Resolution

Resolution VLSB

VRef
N
2

N = Number of
bits

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SPECIFICATIONS
Poor Resolution(1 bit)

Better Resolution(3 bit)

Vout

Vout
Desired Analog
signal

Desired Analog signal


111

Approximate
output

8 Volt. Levels

2 Volt. Levels

110

Digital Input

110

101
100
011
010
001

101
100
011
010
001
000

000

Approximate
output
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Digital Input

SETTLING TIME
settling time is the time in which the expected
output voltage is within 0.5 times of resolution, i.e.,
within 1/2 lsb

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Settling Time: The time required for the


input signal voltage to settle to the
expected output voltage(within +/- VLSB).
Any change in the input state will not be
reflected in the output state immediately.
There is a time lag, between the two
events.

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Analog Output Voltage

Expected
Voltage

+VLSB
-VLSB

Time

Settling time
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TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY
For a fixed digital input, output should be constant
with temperature variation. But real time scenario is
different.
This is due to the temperature sensitivity of the
reference voltage, resistors used in converters, the
opamp and its offset voltage.
This factor decides the stability of DAC

7/2/16

DAC
To convert digital values to analog
voltages
Performs inverse operation of the Analogto-Digital Converter (ADC)

Reference Voltage

Digital Value

DAC

Analog Voltage

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TYPES OF DAC
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Weighted resistor type


R-2R Ladder type
Voltage mode R-2R ladder type
Inverted (Current mode) R-2R ladder type

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Weighted Resistor type


Rf = R

I
R

2R

4R

Vo

8R

MSB

LSB
-VREF

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Binary Representation
Rf = R

I
R

2R

4R

8R

Vo

Most
Significant Bit
Least
Significant Bit
-VREF

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Binary Representation
SET

CLEARED

Most
Significant Bit
Least
Significant Bit

-VREF

( 1

7/2/16

1 )2 = ( 15 )10

Binary Weighted Resistor


Weighted
Resistors
based on bit
Reduces
current by a
factor of 2
for each bit

Rf = R

I
R

2R

4R

Vo

8R

MSB
LSB
-VREF

7/2/16

Binary Weighted Resistor

Result:

B3 B2 B1 B0
I VREF R 2 R 4 R 8R

VOUT

B2 B1 B0
I R f VREF B3

2
4
8

Bi = Value of Bit i

7/2/16

Binary Weighted Resistor

More Generally:

VOUT VREF

Bi
n i 1

2
VREF Digital Value Resolution

Bi = Value of Bit i
n = Number of Bits

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R-2R Ladder

LSB

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R-2R Ladder
Same input switch setup as Binary Weighted
Resistor DAC
But for weighted resistor DAC wide range of
resistors we need
In this only R and 2R needed
All bits pass through resistance of 2R

7/2/16

R-2R Ladder

For the less significant the bit, the more resistors


the signal must pass through before reaching the
op-amp
The current is divided by a factor of 2 at each
node
LSB
MSB

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R-2R Ladder

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Similarly for b1b2b3b4=0100,


V0 = VR/4
Similarly for b1b2b3b4=0010,
V0 = VR/8
Similarly for b1b2b3b4=0001,
V0 = VR/16
Finally the overall output is obtained by
superposition theorem for b1b2b3b4,
V0 = VR/2 +VR/4 +VR/8 +VR/16

7/2/16

FOUR BIT R-2R LADDER


CONVERTER

7/2/16

Practically
VOUT

Rf

B1 B2 B3 B4
VREF 1 2 3 4
R
2
2
2 2

Advantages:

More accurate selection and design of resistors R and


2R are possible
The binary word length can be increased by adding
required no. of R-2R sections

7/2/16

Problems on Weighted resistor and R-2R


resistor type

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