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Thermodynamics I: Lecture 2: Properties of Pure Substances Prof: Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier

This document summarizes key topics from Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier's Thermodynamics I lecture on properties of pure substances. The lecture introduced phases of pure substances as solid, liquid, or gas. Phase change processes like boiling and freezing were discussed, along with saturation temperature and pressure. Several diagrams were presented to illustrate phase change and property relationships for pure substances, including T-v, P-v, P-T, and P-v-T diagrams. Key concepts like liquid-vapor saturation curves and behavior at supercritical pressures were also summarized.

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69 views

Thermodynamics I: Lecture 2: Properties of Pure Substances Prof: Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier

This document summarizes key topics from Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier's Thermodynamics I lecture on properties of pure substances. The lecture introduced phases of pure substances as solid, liquid, or gas. Phase change processes like boiling and freezing were discussed, along with saturation temperature and pressure. Several diagrams were presented to illustrate phase change and property relationships for pure substances, including T-v, P-v, P-T, and P-v-T diagrams. Key concepts like liquid-vapor saturation curves and behavior at supercritical pressures were also summarized.

Uploaded by

Sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2: Properties of
Pure Substances
Prof: Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier

Previous Lecture

Introduction including course outline


Application areas of thermodynamics
A note on dimensions and units
Dimensional homogeneity
Closed and open systems
Forms of energy
Properties of a system
State and equilibrium
Process and cycles
Pressure and temperature scale

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Present Lecture

Properties of pure substances

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Pure Substances

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is


called a pure substances

Example: Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Pure Substances

Pure substance does not have to be a single chemical element or


compound. A mixture of various chemical elements also qualified
as a pure substance, as long as the mixture is homogenous

Example: A mixture of liquid and gaseous water is pure


substance, but a mixture of liquid and gaseous air is not

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Three principle phases: solid, liquid, and gas

Example:

Iron has three solid phases

Ice may exist at seven different phases at high pressure,


each phase has a distinct molecular arrangement

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: molecules are at relatively fixed position in a solid

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: Groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid


phase

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: Molecules move randomly in the gas phase

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure: at 1 atm and 20C, water


exists

in

the

liquid

phase

(compressed liquid or sub-cooled


liquid)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

10

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure: at 1 atm and 100C, water


exists in the liquid that is ready
to vaporized (saturated liquid)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

11

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure: As more heat is


transferred, part of the
saturated liquid vaporized

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

12

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure: At 1 atm pressure,


the

temperature

remains

constant at 100C until the


last

drop

of

liquid

vaporized (saturated vapor)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

13

is

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure:

As

more

heat

is

transferred, the temperature


of the vapor starts to rise
(superheated vapor)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

14

Phase-Change Process of Pure


Substances

Figure: T-v diagram


for

the

heating

process of water at
constant pressure

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

15

Saturation Temperature and


Saturation Pressure

Water boiled at 100C, is that a correct statement?

No, it depends on the pressure

Saturation temperature: is the temperature at which a pure


substance changes phase, Tsat

Saturation pressure: is the pressure (at a given temperature) at


which a pure substance changes phase

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

16

Saturation
Temperature and
Saturation Pressure

Example:
pressure

Saturation

of

water

(boiling)

at

various

temperatures

Note: the boiling temperature of a


pure substance could be negative,
for example, saturation temperature
for N2 at atmospheric pressure is
-196C

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

17

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

The liquid-vapor saturation curve of a pure substance (numerical


values are for water)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

18

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

The T-v diagram


of

constant

pressure
change
of

phase
process

pure

substance

at

various pressures
(numerical values
are for water)
Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

19

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: At supercritical
pressure (P > Pcr) there is
no distinct phase-change
(boiling) process

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

20

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: T-v diagram of a substance

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

21

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: P-v diagram of a pure substance

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

22

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing


(extending the diagrams to include the solid phase)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

23

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: P-T diagram of a pure substance

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

24

Property Diagrams for Phase-change


Process

Figure: P-v-T surface of a substance that contracts on freezing

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

25

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