THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 18
Gas Exchange and Transport

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
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About this Chapter

Getting CO2 & O2 dissolved for transport

How oxygen is transported, role of hemoglobin
How carbon dioxide is transported
Regulators that sense and coordinate respiration
with circulation for gas transport

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Overview of Respiratory Exchange

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Figure 18-1: Overview of oxygen and exchange and Transport CO2

Solubility of Gasses
Pressure gradient: lower at high altitudes
Temperature: constant in warm blooded humans
Solubility (solute & solvent): O2 or CO2 in water

Figure 18-2: Gases in solution

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen

Diffusion through alveolar thin cells
Down diffusion gradient
Higher in alveoli
Lower in blood
Diffusion from blood
Also down gradient
To ECF
To tissue cells (convert O2 to CO2)
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen

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Figure 18-3a: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Carbon Dioxide
Diffusion out of cells (down diffusion gradient)
Into blood
Buffer role
Conversions:
Plasma
Bicarbonate
On Hb
Into alveolus & expiration
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Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Carbon Dioxide

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Figure 18-3b: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells

Movement of Gases in Body

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Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Exchange
Wet surface
Thin epithelia
Little ECF
Diseases:
Emphysema
Fibrotic Lung
Pulmonary edema
Asthma
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Exchange

Figure 18-5: Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and endothelial cells to enter the plasma
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diseases of the Lung

Figure 18-4: Pulmonary pathologies that affect alveolarventilation and gas exchange
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen

2% in plasma
98% in
hemoglobin (Hb)
Blood holds O2
reserve

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Figure 18-6: Summary of oxygen transport in the blood

Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen

Figure 18-7 : The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport

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Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

Disassociation Curve

4 binding sites per Hb molecule

98% saturated in alveolar arteries
Resting cell PO2 = 40 mmHg
Working cell PO2 = 20 mmHg
More unloaded with more need
75% in reserve at normal activity

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

Disassociation Curve

Figure 18-8: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen

Bohr effect: pH causes O2 binding -releasing

it
2,3 DPG decreases O2 binding to hemoglobin
(response to high altitude)
PCO2 decreases O2 bindingreleasing it
(Temperature affects the curve but doesn't vary
in humans)

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Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen

Figure 18-9: Physical factors alter oxygen binding to hemoglobin

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Summary of Oxygen Transport

How many of these choices are likely to be
variable?

Figure 18-12: Factors contributing to the total oxygen content of arterial blood
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Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide

Excess CO2 in blood (Hypercapnia)

Leading to: acidosis, CNS depression & coma
7% in plasma, 23% bound to Hb
70% as HCO3- acts as a buffer [H+]

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Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide

Figure 18-13: Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

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Review of Respiratory Exchange & Transport

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Figure 18-14: Summary of gas transport

Movement of Gases in Body

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Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator

Integrates input from cortex, limbic &

chemoreceptors
Rhythmic contractions of ventilation

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Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator

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Figure 18-15: Reflex control of ventilation

Regulation of Ventilation: Pons Center

Dorsal respiratory group inspiration

Ventral respiratory group forced breathing

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regulation of Ventilation: Pons Center

Figure 18-16: Rhythmic breathing

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Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors

Carotid & aortic bodies:
O2, CO2 & H+ receptors
Medullary CO2 receptor
Low [O2], high [CO2] &
low pH ventilation

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Figure 18-17: Carotid body oxygen sensor

releases neurotransmitter when decreases PO2

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Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors

Figure 18-18: Central chemoreceptor monitors in cerebrospinal fluid

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Summary of Regulatory Ventilation Reflexes

Figure 18-19: Chemoreceptor response to increased PCO2

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Protective Reflexes
Bronchoconstriction
Irritant receptors
Toxic particles
Irritating particles (i.e. pollen)
Hering-Breuer Reflex prevents over inflation via
the activation of stretch receptors (present in
smooth muscle of the airways)
Unconscious reflexes take over voluntary
breathing
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary
Oxygen is transported bound to Hb and this is
affected by temperature, pH, CO2 , and DPG
Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, bound
to Hb and acts as the buffer bicarbonate
Respiration is regulated by CNS central pattern
generator, pons center and peripheral carotid and
aortic receptors
Feedback reflexes coordinate circulation and
ventilation to maintain blood O2, CO2, and H+
concentrations
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings