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Average Values & Effective Values

The document discusses average and root-mean-squared (RMS) values of periodic waveforms. It defines average value as the area under the waveform over one full period divided by the period. RMS value is defined as the square root of the average of the squared instantaneous voltage values over one period. For a sine wave, the RMS value is approximately 70.7% of the peak value. The document provides formulas to calculate average and RMS values for common periodic waveforms like sine, square, triangle and sawtooth. It also discusses average power of AC circuits using RMS values.

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Dravid Nagi
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503 views11 pages

Average Values & Effective Values

The document discusses average and root-mean-squared (RMS) values of periodic waveforms. It defines average value as the area under the waveform over one full period divided by the period. RMS value is defined as the square root of the average of the squared instantaneous voltage values over one period. For a sine wave, the RMS value is approximately 70.7% of the peak value. The document provides formulas to calculate average and RMS values for common periodic waveforms like sine, square, triangle and sawtooth. It also discusses average power of AC circuits using RMS values.

Uploaded by

Dravid Nagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Average Values

The average voltage (or current) of a periodic


waveform whether it is a sine wave, square
wave or triangular waveform is defined as:
the quotient of the area under the waveform
with respect to time.
In other words, the averaging of all the
instantaneous values along time axis with time
being one full period, (T).

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Average value of
periodic instantaneous voltage v(t)

Vavg

t o T

to

V (t )dt

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Questions on Average Value


Find the average value of sinusoidal
voltage wave of half wave and full
wave rectifier.
Find the average value of square and
triangular waveform

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

For the voltage waveform shown


in figure, find average value and
RMS value.

Answer Average value 7.5V and RMS


value 8.66 V
Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

RMS of some common periodic


waveforms

Find the average value and RMS


Value of given wave form.

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Average power of AC circuit

v(t ) V sin( ot ),

i (t ) I sin( ot )

p (t ) v(t ) i (t ) V sin( ot ) I sin( ot )


zero average

cos( ) cos( 2ot )


p (t ) VI

1 t o T
VI
V I
Pavg
p (t )dt cos( )
cos( )
T to
2
2 2

Pavg Vrms I rms cos( )


Average power

Displacement power
factor/phase angle

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Effective Values
Theeffective valueof an alternating current is that
number of amperes which will produce heat at the same
average rate as that number of amperes of steady
direct current flowing through a given resistance.
It is the square root of the mean of the instantaneous
current values squared, and is also known as therootmean-squareor R.M.S value.
A.C. ammeters and voltmeters are calibrated to read
effective values. For sine curves, the effective valueis
approximately 70.7 per cent of the peak or maximum
value.
Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Root-mean squared value of


a periodic waveform with
period T

Compare to the average


power expression

1 t o T 2
2
Vrms
v (t )dt
T to

1 t o T
Pavg
p (t )dt
T to

The average value of the squared voltage

compare

Apply v(t) to a resistor

1 t o T
1 to T v 2 (t )
1 to T 2
Pavg
p (t )dt
v (t )dt

dt

T to
T to
RT to
R
2
Vrms
Pavg
R

rms is based on a power concept, describing the


equivalent voltage that will produce a given
average power to a resistor
Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

Root-mean squared value of a periodic


waveform with period T

1 t o T 2
2
Vrms
v (t )dt
T to

For the sinusoidal case


v(t ) Vm sin(o t ),
2
rms

2
rms

2
Vrms

Vm

2T

t o T

to

Vm 2 sin 2 (o t )dt

t o T

to

sin 2(ot )
Vm
1 cos 2(ot ) dt
t

2T
2o

Vm 2

, Vrms Vm
2
2
Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

t o T

to

RMS of common periodic waveforms,


cont.
Sawtooth
V

1
2
Vrms
T
V
Vrms
3

V
0 T

2 T

V
dt 3
T

2
V
2
3 T
0 t dt 3T 3 t 0

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

10

Practice Problem
Find the form factor of waveform as shown in figure.

Basic Electrical Engineering (REE101)

11

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