Sr acre yy aa ReUNIT Learning and reviewing with this book Look at Exercise 1.1 on the next page before you read this page. Establish a routine A routine means doing certain things regularly in the same way. If you are using this book for self-study (to study alone) oF if you are using it as a class text, it helps to have a routine. Decide how much time you can spend on the book each day or each week. If you are studying a unit for the first time, try to give yourself at least [a minimum of balf an hour or forty-five minutes; if you are reviewing {looking through a unit a second or third timel, five or ten minutes each time is very useful. So, plan longer periods for new units, and shorter periods for review. Working through the book + Be active when you are learning, For example: While you are reading the left- hhand page, you might use a highlighter pen to mark new or interesting vocabulary. # Practice saying the words silently [without noise] in yout head, and also out loud [making noise], to see if you can pronounce them. Put new words in your own notebook using some of the ideas from Unit 2 to do it effectively, [If something is effective, it works well and produces good results. © Ifyou are using the book for self-study, you can do different things to maintain your interest [keep your interest high]. For example, when you do a uni, you can: read all of the left-hand page, then do the exercises, read part of the left-hand page, then do one or two exercises. try the exercises first, then use the left-hand page when you havea problem. Review Iris common to learn a word one day, then find you cannot remember it a day later, If you review regularly (just for short periods), it helps you to remember words and make them part of your “active” vocabulary. Here are some ideas for reviewing with this book. # Do exercises in pencil if you write in your book. Check your answers when you are finished, then erase them [remove them using an eraser]. Later, come back and do the exercises again, and use the left-hand page only if you cannot remember something. * When you read a left-hand page for the second time and reach a new word in bold [darker type] that has a definition/explanation after it in brackets [ | or parentheses ( ), cover the definition quickly and try to say what it is. Then uncover if to see if you were right. © Review for short periods, but do ir often. Five minutes a day is probably better than half an hour a week; but half an hour a week is probably better than two hours a month, + As with learning, be active when you review. Look for different ways to review Test yourself; create games for yourself; set goals/targets [decide on what you want to be able to do by a particular time],11 1.2 1.3 14 UNIT Exercises 1 Answer these questions for yourself. 1. Is it better to plan regular self-study, or to study whenever you get some free time? Do you think it’s a good idea to write down new words in a notebook while you are studying a unit? 3. When you learn a new word, do you prac 4, Is it necessary to review vocabulai 5. Is it better to review vocabulary occasionally for long periods of time, or is it better ro review frequently for short periods of time? silently, out loud, or both? Finding your way around the book. Turn to the Topic units (Units 38-90) in the Contents on pages iv-v. Take a piece of paper and cover the examples on the right-hand side of the page. Now read down the list of unit titles, For each one, try to write down your own examples — one or two for each unit. Are there any unit titles you don't understand? Are there any units where you can’t think of examples? If so, turn to that unit and find out what itis about. ‘You could use similar titles in your own vocabulary notebook. (See Unit 2.) True or false? Ifthe sentence is false, rewrite it to make it true. Write your answers in pencil. Don't look at the opposite page. 1. In this book, new words are often shown in bold print. 2. Definitions/explanations of new words are often in brackets or parentheses after the word. 3. A routine means doing certain things in a different way each time. 4, Ifyou maintain something, it means you keep it arithe same level 5. If Something is effective, it doesn’t work very well. 6. Atleast fifty people means.a maximum of fifty people. 7. Ifyou write something, then erase it, you remove it from the page 8. Lf you do something silently, you do it without making noise, 9. Reviewing means studying something for the first time. 10. If you have a goal or target, you have something you want to be able to do or achieve by a particular point in the future. Now check your answers on the opposite page and look at any wrong answers carefully, Then erase your answers and come back to this exercise tomorrow or within the next two or three days. Find out how much you can remember. Planning your study. Now start making your own plans for learning vocabulary with this book. Decide how much time you can spend each week, including some short periods for review. The first six units will ceach you some important vocabulary, give you ideas on keeping a notebook, help you with pronunciation, and present language frequently used in class. You can use these learning strategies in the units that follow. Good luck!UNIT Keeping a vocabulary notebook Organizing your notebook Give each page of section of your notebook a title, e.g, sports, education, phrasal verbs, ete. Then, as you learn new words, record [write] each one on an appropriate page. You could also have a general index in the back of your book, with a space for each letter. Then, as you learn new words, you enter them alphabetically, with the title of the topic in parentheses. What do | need to record? What? How? Example Meaning a. definition’ A pond is an area of water smaller than explanation a lake. b, translation lembrar = to remember (Portuguese) c. synonym or opposite awful (= terrible); ugly (# beautiful) d. picture saucepan Se- e. example sentence My hands were cold, so I put on my gloves. Pronunciation _ phonetic symbols ache /erk/ or your own system ache (like “make”) Part of speech (n,), (\.}5 (adj), ete, __gloves (noun); remember (verb); careful (adjective), ache (n., v.) Grammar make a note + enjoy + -ing form: I enjoy going to parties. example sentence weather (uncountable): We had beautiful weather in Rio. Common partners phrase or sentence make a mistake; make a decision; make a mess Special style make a note purchase (formal); kids (informal) Note: These things are important, but you won't need to record all of them for every word. You won't learn everything about a word when you first record it, so always leave space in your notebook; then you can add more information later. Organizing words on the page Certain words often appear together (common partners}, so itis a good idea to record them together, and not just write lists of individual words. You can do this in different ways: t finger hand pinkie thumb 3. ‘ % wit \ rise slowly rise sharply fall slowly fall sharply don't: pronounce the “w" in love both verbs ar: Fret letrertnchme ty Note both verbs are irregular rise/rose/risen; fall/fell/fallen21 22 23 24 UNIT Exercises 2 Arrange these words into three groups, and give each one a title. tie ticket fare blouse homeless. train thoughtless painful scarf dress wip station — careful jacket jeans helpful platform = puron useless. geton—_useful Look in the Contents on pages iii-v and find the units in this book that may clude these words, Then add more examples. Underline the correct answer or answers. 1. Lreally enjoy: a) play tennis b) to play tennis —_c} playing tennis 2. When we were on vacation, we had: a) beautiful weathers b) beautiful weather c) a beautiful weather 3. The underlined letters in ache are pronounced the same as in: a) machine b) catch ——_¢) chemistry 4, When we were in Seoul, we a lots of photos. a) did b) took ——¢), made 5. The is also called the little finger. a) thumb —-b) wrist —¢} pinkie 6. ‘The past tense of fall ist a) fell bj felt ¢) falled . You can put on: a) gloves b) adecision _) shoes 8. Rise sharply means: £ £ % £ % ae “ of b) 0 % a) Look again at B on the opposite page. Which would be the hest way(s) to record the meaning of each word below? What other information would be useful to record with the word (e.g. pronunciation, part of speech, grammar, common partners, etc.}? Use a dictionary to help you. dream concentrate beard—_—neatly empty forget rescue knife Fill in the blanks with common partners for these verbs, then start a page in your ‘own notebook for more examples. Turn to Unit 20 for help. take a picture make a mistake do your homework have breakfastcollocations - Using a dictionary (1) What dictionaries do | need? If possible, you should have two dictionaries: a good bilingual dictionary and an English learner's dictionary, designed for students learning English as a sevond or foreign language. The bilingual dictionary is quicker and easier for you to understand, but the English learner's dictionary may give you more information about a word or phrase. Iris also 2 good idea for you to work in English as much as possible, What information does a dictionary give me? the meaning, €-g., homesick [unhappy when you are away from home] the pronunciation, e.g, chaos ket,as/, dreadful /\dred-fal/, island /"ardand’ division of syllables, e.g., stuedent = two syllables the part of speech, ¢.g., dirty adj. [adjective], lose x. [verb], law n. [noun] any special grammatical features, eag., advice (U) [uncountable] common collocations (word partners}, eg. you do homework [of you make homework] + idioms associated with a word, e, take your time with the word time # example phrases or sentences, e.g. lt was such a big menu, I didn’t know what to choose. « synonyms (where they exist), e.g., sad = unhappy © opposites (where they exist), e.g., polite |* impolite/rade] « labels, e.g, formal, informal, spoken, technical, disapproving __.__ part of speech . pronunciation PP" grammatical feature seat RARE it CY en of urture hat as been designed ition — lor someone (0 sit on * Chairs, stools, sofas and benches are nit: different types of seat, + All the chairs ave taken ~ I'm afraid you'll hhave to use this able asa seat »A car usually has. drivers seat, _g tront/passenger seat rtd back/reat seats. » Why don't you sit fioum on that seat over there weile we're waiting? It yx tel ‘di Someane tu have/take @ seat you are asking them pofitly to sit idioms —Qown: Have a seat, Mr. Jones, and tell me what 1 can do for you. ‘Just calm down, takea seat and describe what happened. examples How should I use my dictionary? © When you look up.a word im your dictionary, put a 7 next to it, Each time you return to a page with a ¥ look at it quickly to check that you remember the word. * IF you see-an English word in a reading passage, first try to guess the meaning, and continue reading to the end of the paragraph or page to see if your guess seems correct. Then use your dictionary to check the meaning. # Ifyou look up a word ina bilingual dictionary and get several different words in your own language, try looking up the word in your English dictionary. This should help you decide which word in your own language is the nearest translation in this context. * Remember that many words have more than one meaning, and the first meaning in the dictionary is nor always the one you want. Read through the different meanings and check them against the context of your word.3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 UNIT Exercises 3 Use a dictionary to find/check the answers to these questions. (They all use words from the opposite page.) « What does dreadful mean? very bad, terrible How do you pronounce lose? (Is it the same as choose or chose?) What part of speech is choose? |. What part of specch is homesick? Homework and chaos are both nouns, but what type of noun are they? 6. Write two adjectives that are often used before chaos, 7. How many syllables does chaos have? 8. How do you pronounce the ch in chaos? (Is it the same sound as in character or change?) 9, What two prepositions are often used after choose? 10. Write a sentence using choose with a preposition When you look up a word in your dictionary, you can also learn related words and phrases. Find out if your dictionary helps you to answer these questions. 1. Choose is a verb, but what is the noun with the same meaning? choice Advice is a noun, but whar is the verh with the same meaning? 3. Advice is uncountable, but you can make it countable using another word. Can you complete this sentence: “He gave me a very useful of advice.” 4. What adjective is formed from chaos? 5. What is the opposite of dirty? 6. Whar is the difference between homework and housework? 7 8. 9. . What is the opposite of lose a game? . What is the opposite of lose weight? . Law often appears in the phrase law and . 10. If you want to invite someone to sit down in an empty seat, what can you ie In the word island ('ai-land/, the letter s is silent [not pronounced]. Use the pronunciation guide in your dictionary to find the silent letters in each of these words. (Do not include the letter ¢ at the end of a word.) island — bomb psychology receipt castle doubt wrist knife Note: Students often ask if the lerter ¢ is pronounced in often. Some people pronounce it, others don’t. What does your dictionary say’ Do these words or phrases have labels in your dictionary? Example: grungy - informal bye-bye incision thereby —putsomeone down childishUNIT 10 Using a dictionary (2) Finding the best meaning Many words English have multiple meanings, and sometimes a word can be more than one part of speech (or word class). For example, the word treat can be a noun or a verb, each with several different meanings. Look at these dictionary entries for treat: treat! /rt/» [T] 110 bebave toward someone in & particular way: Why do you treat me like oi idiot? | She treats children the same as adults. \ Mr Parker treats everyone equallyfairi. 210 consider somiething in a particular way: You can treat these costs as musiness expenses. 31a give someone medical auention for a sickness or injury: Fleven people were treated for minor someihing ar use a chemieal process in order ta protect or clean it: The wood has been treated To make it waterprodt. treat? n 1 something special that you give someone or do for him/her: f you're good, Pll buy you a treat, 2 [singular] an unexpecied event ‘Unt gives you. lot of pleasure: Getting your letter was a rea! treat, 5 my treat soxe used in order to tell someone that you will pay for something: Put away your money —dinner’s my treat. injuries. 4 0 buy or arrange something special {or someone: We're treating Mom to dinner for hher birthday. 3 to put a special substance eo When you meet a new word, you first need to decide which part of speech itis. Then read all the definitions for thae part of speech and select one that makes sense for the sentence: “These crops have heen treated with insecticide.” (verb, definition #5) “You're always taking me out. This time it’s my treat.” (noun, definition #3) Finding phrases in a dictionary Dictionaries explain the meanings of single words and compound words, but they also explain a large number of phrases, e.g., take your time, for the time being, to tell (you) the truth, on the tip of my tongue, sooner or later, How are you?, etc. Where do you find them? 1, Ifa phrase contains a noun (or nouns), that is the first place to look. For example, take your time and for the time being are both explained under time. On the tip of my tongue is under tip and tongue. 2 * Lease the rong for the time being (for a limited period) - i do {t later.» Ifyou take your time, you do something slowly: Take your time, there's no hurry. « He's certainly taken iste ir answering my letter: . If there is a verb, that is the next place to look. For example, you can say thar again is under say; to tell (you) the truth is usually under both tell and truth. ‘say (obj) SeEAK] (sou @ past sald ‘sed! « (saying) “You can say that again” means 1 completely ‘agree with you. tell tel v told, told, telling... 15 to ell (you) the truth said in order to-emphasize or admit that ‘what you are Saying is ruc: J don’t know how you cope, to tell vou the truth. ‘ruth ‘iru 2.40 tell (you) the teuth shoxen used when you admit something or tell someone vyour teue opinion: To tell you the trath, | don't care zwhere she went 3. If there is no noun or verb (ar only the verb be), look up the first word in the phrase (except for prepositions and articles). For example, sooner or later is usually explained under sooner; How are you? is under how, (See also Unit 5.)41 42 43 44 UNIT Exercises Some learner's dictionaries have guide words at the beginning of the definition, which give core meanings so you can find a simple definition quickly. Most of the dictionary entries below for raise use guide words. Read the entries and the sentences below them, For each sentence, identi the best definition of raise by writing a guide word or a brief definition. raise! irew’ » [1] 1 PMOVES to move or lift something 10 higher [position or to an upright position: The flag is raised at school every morning, | Raise your ‘and if you know the anstoer. 2 MINCREASEA to increase an amount, number, or level: a plan i raise taxes | Don’t raise your Boe at me, young mar. (-speak loudly and angrily) SPIMPROVEC to improve the quality or standard of something: This bill is all about 4 )CHILDREN/ANIMALS/CROPS( to take ceare of children, animals, or crops until they are fully grown; They've raised seven children. | He wants to try raising com. 5 )GET MONEY/SUPPORTS 10 collect money, suppor etc. so that you can use it to help peaple: We've raised $10,000 for cancer research, 6 raise a question/objection etc. to begin to talk cor write about something that you want someone to consider: Marvann raised the issue of marriage again. raising standards in our schools, We raised a lot of money at the Walk for Cancer last weekend. get money/support She was raised on a farm, but later she moved to the city, ‘Our salaries haven't been raised in four years. They raise corn and wheat on this farm, If you want better quality, you need to rai Tknow you're angry, but please don’t raise your voi Arthe meeting, employees raised questions that management couldn't answer. If you have any questions about the lesson, please raise your hand. Nae Ye Look up raise in your own dictionaries (both bilingual and English) and compare the entries with the ones in 4.1 above. Do your dictionaries show the same features (e.g., part of speech, grammar, pronuncia nd in the same way? If not, how are they different? Use your English dictionary to find these phrases and expressions. Which word(s) did you find them listed under? Example: on the tip of my tongue “tip” and “tongue. tip; ome dictionaries list it under both 7. the sooner the better 8. a matter of opinion/time 9. beside the point » in other words better late than never on second thought 4. break a promise 5. no hard feelings 6. every now and then jonary quiz: Answer these questions using an English dictionary, 1. You bought half a dozen eggs. How many did you buy? ix 2. When you went our, it was very chilly. Were you hot or cold? 3. When you are feeling blue, are you happy or sad? 4. Your friend was climbing the walls last night. How did your friend feel? 5. If you are bilingual, how many languages can you speak? "2 UNIT English language words Parts of speech nouns e.g,, chair, information, happiness verbs e.g, choose, tell, complain adjectives g., happy, tall, dangerous adverbs e.gs, slowly, carefully, often prepositions eg. in, at, on pronouns eg. me, you, him, we, it, she articles c.g definite article (the); indefinite article (a, an) Special terms uncountable noun (U): a noun that has no plural form and cannot be used with the indefinite article, e.g., information. See Unit 28. plural noun (pl.): a noun that has a plural form but no singular form and cannot be used with the indefinite article, exg., scissors. See Unit 28. infinitive: the base form of a verb used with to, e.g., to work, to stop, to be. phrasal verb: a verb + adverb and/or preposition, e.g., tur on, look over give up, put up with. See Units 17 and 18. idiom: a group of words with a meaning that is different from the individual words, e.g., have second thoughts, have something in mind, keep an eye on something, transitive verb: a verb that needs a direct object, ¢.g., “Police caught the thief” (the thief is the direct object of the verb caught). See Unit 18. intransitive verbs a verb that does not need a direct object, eg., “The books arrived on time” (there is no direct object after arrive). See Unit 18. Word building In the word zicomfortable, un- is a prefix, comfort is a root, and -able is a suffix. Other common prefixes include: re-, in-, and dis-; common suffixes include: i -ment, and -ive, Many words also have synonyms, which are words with the same meaning. For example, big is a synonym of large. The opposite is sraall. Pronunciation Dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word using phonetic symbols, c.g., book /boki, before /br'foor!, computer /kam'pjut-ar/, and so on, Each word contains one or more syllables: book has one syllable; before has two syllables (be-fore}s computer has three syllables (com-pur-er). The stress is on the second syllable in before and in computer. Note: Dictionaries mark stress in different ways: in bold (return); or with a' before the stressed syllable (re'turn); or with a ' after the stressed syllable (re turn’). Make sure you understand how your dictionary shows stress. Punctuation period comma , parentheses ( ) brackets [| hyphen - question mark?5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 UNIT Exercises 5 ‘There is one word missing in each line of this text. Where does the missing word go? And what type of word is it (noun, verb, ete.)? Can you guess the word? Look at the example first. Last year I went to,for my vacation, Ispent the first 1, Spal (now) week Seville staying with a couple of friends, and 2 then I took a train to Barcelona, where spent another 3 ten days, It is beautiful city and Thad a marvelous 4, time. I stayed in a-very hotel right in the center of 5 town, but I didn’t mind spending a lor money 6. 7, 8. 9. because it is a wonderful and also very convenient. My brother recommended it; he goes Spain a lot and he stays anywhere else. In the dialogue below, can you find at least one example of; an uncountable noun; a plural noun; a phrasal verb; an idiom? A: What time is it? is Fight o’clock, so we'd better get a move on if we're going to meet Keiko at the airport. A: That's all right. Her flight doesn’t arrive until 8:30. ‘Yeah, but it'll take us an hour to get there — you know what the traffic is like. 4: OK. I'll just go and change clothes. ts What's wrong with those shorts? A: [don’t like driving in shorts. I'm going to put some jeans on. Look at the underlined verbs in these sentences. Which are transitive, and which are intransitive? 1. She broke her leg. transitive 4. Take off your jacket. 2. 1 got up at 7:30, 5. She doesn’t like Chinese food. 3. We arrived late. 6, He told me to sit down, How many syllables are there in each of the words in the box? Mark the main stress in each word. English noun informal education understand adjective decide pronunciation before opposite preposition —_camfortable Look at these words, then answer the questions. happy correct Icky sure possible 1, Whar part of speech are these words? 2. Change each one into an adverb, 3. Can you think of a synonym for at least three of the words? 4, Which prefix can you use to form the opposite of each word? (three different prefixes) 5. Which word has the main stress on the second syllable? 13UNIT 4 Problems with pronunciation Phonetics With many languages you can look at a word and know (more or less} how to pronounce it. With English it ean be difficult to know the pronunciation of a word by looking ar it. For example: cough (sounds like off); enough (like stuff); through (like foo); thoug gh (like so) One way you can be sure about the pronunciation is to learn some phonetic symbols. Dictionaries use them, and there is a table of phonetic symbols, with examples, on page 204, Phonetic symbols are used next to most words in the index, and there is a special list of words on page 205 that cause pronunciation problems for English learners. Word stress When a word has two or more syllables, one of them has the main stress. If you put the stress on the wrong syllable, it may be difficult to understand you. In these examples, the main stress follows the symbol ': ‘accent —pre'fer education ‘necessary Ja'pan—_Japa'nese Schwa /a/ Schwa /a/ is probably the most important sound in English, because it is often the pronunciation of the letters a, 0, and ¢ if they are not part of a stressed syllable. ma'chine /mo'fin/ ‘mother /'mad-ar? po'tato /pa'teit-ou/ ——_ba'nana /ba'naet Key letters and sounds A common problem is that a single letter or combination of letters has more than one pronunciation, e.g., -ough in section A. Here are some more examples: the letter 0 is often /a/ as in hot; or /ou/ as in no; /a/ as in some; or /a/ as in melon the letter a is often /a/ as in hat; or /ev/ as in same; or /a/ as in across: the letter w is often /A//as in run; or /a’ as in put; or /u/ as in ruler the letter i is often /t/ as in sit; or /at/ as in side; or /i/ as in police Silent letters and short syllables “There are many words in English where a letter is not pronounced: fasten plumber would knee wrong comb There are also words where we almost “eat” one of the syllables, so that a vowel sound disappears or almost disappears. For example: interested /instrast-id/ fattening /'fsct-min! vegetable /'ved3-ta-bol/ chocolate /'tf>-klot/ laboratory /‘leb-ra,tour-i/ every /ev-ri!6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 UNIT Exercises 6 Using your dictionary or the index of this book, fill in the pronunciation of the vowels in these words (put the symbols berween the // ). Then practice saying the pairs of words, making sure you know the difference. 4. pot! pole / Look at the underlined letters in these words. Circle the odd one out. 1. bread Great) spread dead 2. spoon food fload choose 3, fast phrase blame sunbathe 4. cousin wound (n.) rough rouble virus pilot diet since 5. 6. hyphen symptom type _psychology’ Which syllable has the main stress in these words? Put them in the correct column, How many examples of the schwa /9/ sound can you find? cathedral policy palace desert (n.) competition organize opposite police understand attractive. assistance education. First syllable Second syllable Third syllable | opposite | Note: Some English speakers may pronounce the reduced sound in some of these words as either /9/ or //, e.g. palace could be /'peel-as/ or (‘peels Look at the underlined letters in these pairs of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? know /knife same muscle / scissors honest / hope listen / western answer / swear wrong / wrist ind / Islam climb / bomb cold / could 1516 Classroom language Equipment These are somtie things you may use igen ebaeuenm-ot eshsel OHP / overhead jaa praser roject cor | per 2 " ject (e <= —— pencil <> a}, [a (electrical) outlet a aT tape recorder / ae @ plug cassette player S} Shovocopier —Yideocasstte ) audiotape/cassette Note: We can use some of these nouns as verbs with little or no chany (video}tape [to record a program on video], to (photo}copy [to use the photocopier], to highlight, and to file [to put things in a file), h Classroom activities ‘Things students or teachers do in the classroom: Look up a word if you don’t understand ir. [find the meaning of a word ina dictionary] Borrow someone’s dictionary or eraser. use it and then return it} Plug in the tape recorder. [put the plug in the outlet} ‘Turn up the tape recorder if you can’t hear it. increase the volume] Erase things from a notebook / the board, [remove writing from a notebook / the board] Correct students’ English. (give the correct English if students make mistakes} Things a teacher may ask students to do in the classroom: Could you erase the board, Carlos? |remove all the writing from the board] Write these words down, [Write these words on a piece of paper / in a notebook.] Kim, could you share a book with Lorena? use it together and at the same time] Repeat this sentence after me. [say it again] If you have a question, raise your hand. [hold up your arm] Questions about vocabulary What does X mean? (na¢ What means X?) How do you pronounce it? How do you spell bicycle? How do you use anyway in a sentence’ What's the difference between X and7 72 73 74 75 Exercises 7 Label these pictures. Then check your answers on the opposite page. 1. S % 2 ® @ Answer these questions. Why do you turn up a tape recorder? to make it louder What do you put in a tape recorder? ‘What do you use a photocopier for? What do you keep in a file? What do you put ina briefcase? What do you put in an outlet? What do you use a dictionary for? Whar do you use an eraser for? PNawee PO Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right. 1. look up a classmate 2, turn up —~a word 3. borrow mistakes 4, share with an exercise 5. videotape a dictionary 6. do the OHP 7. make the tape recorder 8. plug in a program ‘Think about your last class. Did you do any of these things? use an eraser look up a word borrow something make or correct a mistake raise your hand write something down in a norebook Here are some answers. What are the possible questions? 2 iy Irmeans to use something thar belongs to someone else and then return it. u: bar-ou/ Like tomorrow. a: B-O-R-R-O-W. 1: If you borrow something, you tale it. If you lend something, you give it. 718 Prefixes With the meaning “not” Prefixes (un, im-, in, il, i, and dis-) are often used to give adjectives (and some verbs and nouns) a negative meaning. Here are common examples happy unhappy like(v.) dislike (v,) possible impossible legal illegal {against the law] correct incorrect regular irregular, ety irregular verbs tun- is used with many different words, e.g., unfriendly, unable, unemployed [without a job], unreasonable, unknown, im- is used before some words beginning with m or p, e.g.. impolite [rude], impatient [someone who is impatient wants things to happen now they cannot wait]. il is used before some words beginning with |, e4., illegible [cannor be read because the writing or the copy is very bad], is used only before words beginning with r, e.g, irresponsible. dis- is used before some adjectives, e.g., dishonest, and a few verbs, eg. sagree. is used before a limited number of words, ¢., invisible [cannot be seen]. Note: A prefix does not usually change word stress, e.g., happy/unhappys possible/impossible. Verb prefixes: un- and dis- “These prefixes have two meanings: They can have a negative meaning (as abovel, but they can also mean “the opposite of an action” or “to reverse an action.” Hocked the door when I left, but then I lost the key, so I couldn't unlock it. Thad to pack my suitcase [put clothes, etc., in it] very quickly, so when I unpacked {took everything our] at the hotel, most of my clothes looked terrible, ‘The plane appeared in the sky, then suddenly disappeared behind a cloud. In the morning you get dressed [put on your clothes}. Before you go to bed, you get undressed [take off your clothes] Other verb prefixes with specific meanings re- [again] My homework was all wrong, so I had to redo it. The store closed down, bur it will reopen next month. 1 failed my exam, but I can retake it next y over: [too much] You can get a stomachache from overeating. Lwene to bed late and overslept this morning, [slept too long} ‘The cashier overcharged me. [charged me too much money] mis: [badly or I'm sorry, burl misunderstood what you said. incortectly] Two of the students misread the first question. A lot of people misspell the word misspell8.1 82 8.3 8.4 UNIT Exercises ‘Write the prefix that forms the opposite of these words. (The words on the bottom line are all verbs; the rest are adjectives.) urthappy patient polite legal correct regular visible possible friendly employed honest Jock agree appear Agree with these statements, using words from the opposite page that have the same meaning as the underlined words, 1? Example: a: He do & No,...,..AeSunemployed 1. It's against the lavy isn’t it? Oh, yes, 2. This bill can't be right. They've charged me way too much. You're right. They've Conan YOR Bacteria can’t be seen without a microscope. That's right. They're practically 4. This handwriting is impossible to read. Yes, | know, 2 5. She can never wait for five minutes, can she? ING) sna 6. Tthought it was rude, didn’t you? Yes, it was very Complete the verbs in these sentences, I'm sorry, I misunderstood her message completely, We un as soon as we got to the hotel, then went out for a walk. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis -Idon’t know where she went. 4, We usually have similar opinions, but I totally dis with him on this subject. 5. My homework was so bad that I had to re. it, 6, Her alarm clock didn’t go off and she over. ‘ 7. She finally managed to un the door, and we were able to go inside. 8, Idis the movie, but everyone else enjoyed it. . 1k PM pass the exam, but I can re it in September, 10. He wrapped my present so well that it took me five minutes to on it. 11, Twas so tired that {fell asleep withour getting un A 12. My spell checker corrects my mistakes whenever I mis. aword. Keep a few pages in your notebook for verbs or adjectives that combine with these prefixes. Each time you add a new word, read through your list of words with that prefix, then close your book and see how many you can remember. 19UNIT 20 Noun suffixes Verb + suffix Many nouns are formed by adding a suffix to a-verb. Verb Suffix Nown improve [get better] -ment improvement manage [¢.g., a store or business] ment management elect [choose somebody by voting] jon election discuss {talk about something seriously] ion discussion inform [give someone facts; formal] ation information administer [manage a company, government,etc.| ation _—_ administration spell [e.g., §-P-E-L-L] ing spelling Note: Sometimes there is a spelling change, for example, the omission of the final e before the suffixes -ion and -ation: organize ~ organization; translate ~ translation. Adjective + suffix Nouns are also formed by adding a suffix, such as -ness or -ity, to an adjective, Notice that the y-changes to i before the suffix -ress: happy ~ happiness. Adjective Suffix Noun weak [# strong] sness weakness dark [e.g., at night, when you can’t see] -ness——_ darkness happy sness happiness stupid [# intelligent, smart] “ity stupidity punctual [always arrives on time “ity punctuality similar jalmost the same; + different] -ity similarity Pronunciation Adding a suffix to a verb or an adjective may change the pronunciation. Nouns ending with -ion or -ity have the main stress on the syllable before, so the stress may change: Verb Noun Adjective Nour educate education similar similarity inform information stupid discu discussion punctual -er, -or, and -ist ‘These common noun suffixes, added to nouns or verbs, describe people and their occupations. Notice the common spelling changes: translate ~ translator, economy ~ economist, psychology — psycholoy “er er -or vist dancer driver actor artist singer manager director economist teacher writer translator psychologist farmer employer operator journalist,9.1 9.2 9.3 94 Exercises Complete the tables and mark the stress in each word. Some words are not on the opposite page ~ do you know or can you guess them? Verb Noun | Adjective Noun educate edugation aripia improve dark discuss weak govern similar spell punctual hesitate happy arrange popular Combine the suffixes on the the words on the left. Then complete the paragraph below. (You may need to make small spelling changes.) improve televise elect “ment -ion educate weak manage ation ness administer stu ty In her first broadcast on (1) Felevsion...... since she won the (2) n last month, the president promised to make health and 3) coos fW0 Of her top priorities. And in a strong attack on the previous (4) she said that the current ($) soon: of the nation’s economy was caused entirely by (6) .» and bad (7) . She said she would act immediately and she hoped the people would be able to sce clear signs of an (8) in the economy by the end of the year. ‘Write the name of the person who does these things. 1, farm farmer 4, sing 7. economics 2. employ 5. drive 8. translate 3. act 6. psychology 9. manage Look at the two examples and then complete the rest of the definitions. Examples: An actor is a person who. acts in movies, plays, and on TV. A taxi driver is a person who drives a taxi. ' 1, A ballet dancer is-a person who 2. A journalist is a person who 3. A movie director is 2 person who 4, A bank manager is a person who : 5. An employer is a person who : 6 A pop singer is a person who 8 A translator is a person who A phorographer is a person who UNIT 222 Adjective suffixes Suifixes change word class, e.g., from verb to noun or noun to adjective, but they can also change meaning (see sections B and C below). Noun or verb + suffix Noun or verb Suffix Adjectives danger, fame ous dangerous, famous [well known] music, polities, al musical, political, industrial, industry, economics economical [saves you money] cloud, fog, sun, dirt -y cloudy, foggy, sunny, dirty [+ clean] attract, create ive attractive [pretty, nice to look at]; creative [able to produice new ideas: with imagination] ‘Note: Sometimes there is spelling change. Here are common examples: double the consonant, eg., sun - sunny, Fog - foggy leave out the final e, e.g., create ~ creative, fame — famous leave out the final s before -al, e.g., politics - political; economics — economical change y to i before -al, eg. industry — industrial -able and -ible These suffixes (pronounced /a-bal/) can form many adjectives from nouns or verbs: enjoyable, comfortable, knowledgeable [knows a lot], flexible [ean be bent]. Often, -able and -ible have the meaning “can he done.” For example, something that is washable “can be washed.” Other examples include: drinkable, comprehensible [can he comprehended or understood}, reliable [can be relied on or trusted]. Words ending with -able quite often express the opposite meaning by adding the prefix un-: undrinkable, unreliable, unbreakable (cannat be broken], uncomfortable. ‘Words ending with -ible add the prefix in-: incomprehensible, inflexible [somebody who is inflexible cannot change quickly or easily]; inedible [cannot be eaten]. -ful and -less The suffix -ful often means “full of”: If you are careful, you are full of care; if you are helpful, you are full of help. Other examples are: painful hurts @ lot}, useful, and thoughtful [someone who is thoughtful is kind and always thinks about others} thoughtful painful The suffix -less means “without”: If you are careless, you do something “without care.” Other examples are: painless, useless |has no use or function], thoughtless, hopeless, and homeless [with nowhere to live]. Note: You can see that -ful and -less are often used with the same words to form opposites. But this is not altways true: A person with a home is not “homeful.”10.1 10.2 10.4 Cc 2 5 Exercises Cover the opposite page. Then write an adjective (or adjectives) from these nouns or verbs, Example: thought thoughtful, thoughtless industry dire pain comfort attract care knowledge fame create danger comprehend rely fou polities sur wash home enjoy m break Fill in the blanks with adjectives from the opposite page. 1. You have to he very when you drive in wet weather. 2. Everyone in my country has heard of hers she’s very. : 3. The people in the tourist information office were very and answered all our questions. 4, This isa very roads there were three serious accidents on it last year, 5. Tt was very when T hit my leg against the corner of the table. 6. We haven't had any problems with our TV in ten years; it’s been very 7. The factory is in the middle of the part of the city, surrounded by other factories. 8. I made some coffee, but it was horrible. In fact, my sister said it was 9. Unfortunately my working hours are Thave to start at exactly the same time every day and finish ar the same time every day. 10, Ir’ terrible that there are so many oc people living in a city with thousands of empty houses. ‘Which of these words can form opposites with the sutlix -less? painful wonderful useful_—_-hopeful beautiful tactful awful thoughtful Can you think of words that mean the opposite of the other words (the ones without -less)? Choose three adjectives from this unit to describe each of these people or things. (You can use the same adjective more than once.) 1, the weather cloudy, sunny, foggy, 2. someone who is a very bad driver 3, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 4, a large city 5. Albert Einstein 6. anewcar 7. aspeech 8. yourself 2324 Nouns, verbs, and adjectives with the same form What are nouns and verbs with the same form? Many words in English can function as a noun and a verb, or a noun and an adjective, or a verb and an adjective, with no change in form. The meaning is not always the same, bur this unit loaks at examples of words with the same form and the same meaning. Whar’s the answer? (noun) Thave to clean my room, (verb] Please answer the question. (verb) Ie’s.a clean room. ladjective) I don’t like the cold. (noun) I didn'e reply to the letter. (verb) Idon’t like cold weather, (adjective) I wrote a reply to the letter. (noun) Note: Other examples in the book are marked like this: ache (n., v.), damage (n., wJadry (v, ad).). Keep a record of them in your notebook. Noun and verb ‘You may know these words as one form but not the other, (The definitions are for the verb.) brake [stop a car using the brake on the floor] call [retephone] diet [eat less and lose weight] push [+ pull] guess [give an answer when you're not sure of the fats) murder [kill someone} Note: Other words in this group include stay, drink, rest, look, cost, and wait. Which verb? When you use these words as nouns, you need ro choose the correct verb to use with them. Verb Noun We rested for a while, We took/had a short rest. She braked quickly. She hit the brakes quickly. He needs to diet, He needs to go on a diet, Tl call you next week. I'l give you a call next week, T dreamed about y Thad a dream about you last night.11.1 1.2 1.3 Exercises 11 Rewrite these sentences using the underlined nouns as verbs. The meaning must stay the same. Example: There was a lot of rain Ib vained a lot yesterday. day. 1. We had a long wait. 2, Can you give me an answer to my question? 3, This orange has a strange taste. 4, The cost of the vacation was about $800, 5. I wrote a reply to his letter yesterday. 6. When the door gets stuck, you have to give it a push. Now rewrite these sentences using the underlined verbs as nouns. The meaning should stay the same. Example: Pll call her tonight. I! give her a call tonight. 1. IFT put on weight, I diet, but then I always gain it back again, 2. Te was very hot, so we rested after lunch, 3. I braked, bur I still couldn’t stop in time. s Idreamed about you last night. Sometimes the same word form can be a verb and a noun but with a very different meaning. Read these pairs of sentences. Does the verb have the same meaning as the noun, a similar meaning, or a completely different meaning? 1, We had a long wait for the bus, If we wait any longer, we may miss the train, 2. Could we have another bottle of water, please’ asked her to water the garden. 3. I gave him the book, Have you booked our flight yer? 4, They always take a break after an hour's work, Did he break his leg skiing? { go fora run most mornings. [was late, so I had to cun to get to school on time.Compound nouns Formation A compound noun is made up of ewo nouns, or an adjective and a noun, carring alarm clock trafficlight parking meter can opener stop sign dining room [the room where you eat meals} credit card movie star (e.g., Leonardo DiCaprio, Harrison Ford) table tennis brother-in-law [your siste’s husband; your spouse's brother| Tshirt income fax {the tax you pay on your salary or earnings] haircut writing paper [paper for writing letters] sunglasses washing machine [a machine for washing clothes] running shoes checkbook {a “book” that holds checks} raincoat baby-sitter [he/she watches children when the parents are out] ‘math teacher box office [where you buy tickets in a theater] “first aid *mother congue [your first language] ‘personal computer *science fiction [stories about technology, space travel, etc. ] Note: The compounds marked * all have stress on both parts. One word or two? Compound nouns are sometimes written as two words (e.g., credit card), other times as one word (e.g., sunglasses). Occasionally they are joined by a hyphen baby-sitter), Unfortunately there is no rule for this, so you may need to check in a dictionary. Note: Frequently used compounds often become one word over time, Pronunciation ‘The main stress is usually on the first part (e.g., parking meter), but sometimes it is on both parts (e.g., mother tongue}. Some dictionaries show the stress on compounds, Forming new compounds Often, one part of a compound forms the basis for many different compound nouns. postlticket/box office traffic light/iam/cop brother/sister/father/mother-inlaw. —_dining/living/waiting room movie/pop/rock star coffee break/eupipot/shop12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Exercises Find compound nouns on the opposite page connected with each of these topics. Money Roads People | Things we wear oredlt card Complete these sentences with compound nouns, then see if you can find them on the opposite page. 1. I'm late because there was a terrible in the center of town. 2. Marilyn Montoe was a famous in the 1950s and early 1960s. 3. My didn’t go off this morning; I didn’t wake up until noont 4. Thad to sit in the for an hour before T could see the dentist. 5. We really wanted to see the movie, but we couldn't find a for the children, so we had to stay home. 6. When Pm driving, L always wear... if i's very bright and sunny. 7. In most countries, you have to pay con your salary; the amount usually depends on how much you earn. 8. Toften have che same problems I park the car next £0 a sand then I realize that I don’t have the right change. Take the first or the second word (or part) from each compound and create a new compound, Use a dictionary if necessary. 1, brother-in-law Mmother-in-law 6. dining room 2. tabletennis table leg 7. traffic light 3. movie star 8. sunglasses 4, credit card 9, post office 5. toothpaste 10, hairbrush Now mark the main stress in each of the compound nouns you created. ‘Try creating your own compound nouns. Choose two or three common words and then try to form compound nouns from them, Then check a dictionary to see if your words exist. Start with these. book or book card iS = = 2728 Compound adjectives Formation and pronunciation A compound adjective is made up of two different words, and occasionally three. The second part of the compound is often a present participle (e:g., looking) or a past participle (e.g., known), Some compound adjectives use a hyphen before a noun (e.8., 2 good-looking man; a well-known actress}, but not after a noun (e.g. He is good looking, That actress is well known,). The stress is usually equal on both parts of the compound. Describing people Many compound adjectives deseribe a person's appearance, character, and situation. ‘This is Bill, He isn’t well known [famous}, he isn't well off [rich], and P'ye never heard anyone say he was good looking [handsome/attractive]. But he's a very nice man ~ kind, friendly, and easygoing [relaxed]. In this picture he’s wearing, a short-sleeved shirt and a brand-new [completely new] har. Well and badly Well and badly combine with many past participles to form compound adjectives. You can use them in front of the past participle. a well-directed movie a badly paid job [a low salary a well-made pair of shoes a badly behaved child [acting in a bad way] a well-written story a badly dressed student [wearing horrible clothes} a well-known writer [There is no opposite for well-known using badly:] A “five-minute” walk ‘We can combine a number and a singular noun to form a compound adjective. Note: We say a five-minute walk (not a five-minutes walk). It's a fifteen-minute drive to the beach, [a drive of fifteen minutes] He works in a four-star hotel. [a hotel with a rating of four stars} T gave her a five-dollar bill. {a bill with a value of five dollars] The winner was a ten-year-old girl. [a girl who is ten years old] There was a two-hour delay on our flight. [The plane was two hours late,} Common compounds She used ro have a part-time job in the mornings, bur she changed to a full-time job. “The city is northwest of here. (also northeast, southeast, and southwest) Most people are right-handed, but about 10% are left-handed, On trains and planes you can buy a first-class ticker, if you are willing ro pay a lor more. Mary bought a second-hand ca |The car was used, not brand new.|13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 cS = iF Exercises Match words from the left-hand box with words on the right to form twelve compound adjectives. Example: good-looking good well new known casy north written class en short looking sleeved brand badly hand handed part left going vast first. second cime dollar Cover the left-hand page. Then fill in the blanks to form compound adjectives. well ‘known, badly x handed time east class Complete the compound adjectives in these sentences. 1. We stayed ina five- hotel 2. There isa shop in Toronto that sells things for lett- people. . We just bought a brand- car. 4. The airport is about ten miles south. of the city. 5. One little girl was very badly + she kept shouting during lunch and then threw food all over the floor. . He just gota -time jobs he works three hours a day on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 7. Ie was a very badly article: [ noticed several mistakes and the meaning wasn’t clear. 8. They're very well So they can afford to go to expensive restaurants. 9. Tes a twenty walk to the house, but it’s much faster by can 10. When I saw her last night, she was dancing with a very good- young man in a white suit, 11. What would you do if you found a hundred. bill in the street? 12. Thad a nice time with my cousin ~ he’s good company and very easy, . Write ten sentences about yourself, using a different compound adjective in each one. You can describe yourself, your personality, your family, your clothes, the place where you live, the trips you take, etc. Try to do this exercise with a friend and read each other's descriptions. Are they accurate?ce = Collocations (word partners) What is collocation? In each language, certain words go together. For example, in English we say: missed the bus. [or I didn’t catch the bus; rot I lost the bus, He made a mistake. [not He did a mistake.| a serious illness She committed a crime. [not She did a ctime.| Rescuers did everything humanly possible to save the people trapped in the building. [everything a person is able to do] Verb + noun ‘The meaning of these examples may be clear, but did you know these verbs and nouns go together? Is it the same or different in your language? start the car [turn on the engine] start a family [have your first child] tell a story cell the truth [e tel a lie] tella joke ran a storelcompany |manage/conteol it] get on a bus [¢ get off] get in(to) a car [+ get out (of a car] 4 person {be unhappy because that person is not there] miss a class {when you don’t come to a class} Adjective + noun a soft drink [nonalcoholic drink) a soft voice [#a loud voice) strong coffee |# weak coffee] a strong/heavy accent [#a slight accent] hard work {hard physically or mentally} a great success [very successful] heavy traffic fa lor of cars on the road} heavy rain [raining a lot} I can’t understand his English because he has such a strong accent, It was hard work organizing the conference, but I think it was a great success, There’s always heavy traffic during rush hous. Adverb + adjective In these sentences, all the adverbs mean “very,” but we often use them with certain adjectives. (You could still use very in these examples if you wish.) 1 was terribly/awfully sorry to hear about your accident. It’s highly unlikely he'll come now. (I'm almost sure he will not come.) She was bitterly disappointed when she didn’t get the job, Collocation in dictionaries Good dictionaries (especially learner's dictionaries} list some common collocations, but they do it in different ways - sometimes they are in bold print after the definitions sometimes in italics after the definition; and sometimes in the definition and examples. (See Unit 3, section B.|14.1 14.2 143 44 Ss: 2 a Exercises You can keep a record of common collocations by using “bubble networks.” ‘These are very clear, and you can add to them in your notebook. Complete these. Cc > CC > heavy S Cons > F Cc > astary Cul > _—* Write the opposite of these phrases and expressions. 1, aheavy accent~a sight accent 4. get on the bus 2, strong coffee 5. tell the teuth 3. a soft voice 6. catch the bus Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the opposite page. 1 Po sorry to be latey but Eo. oonnseas the Bus. 2. He everyone the same joke, and nobody laughed. 3. It.was freezing during the night, and [couldn't the car this morning. 4, Michael is the owner, but his sister Jane the company. She has about fifty employees working for het. S. Tthink they want to get married and... a family. 6. That's the third mistake he's today. 7. A person who crime should be punished. 8. If this rain continues, I think its unlikely she'll come. 9. The doctors did everything possible to save the childs life. 10. Ireally my family when | went away to college. ‘The adjectives on the left can all mean “very big,” but we often use them specifically with the nouns on the right, Try to find the correct collocations (a learner’ dictionary can help), then complete the sentences. wide large shoulders range broad vast majority size 1. Tused to be medium, but now [need a...4rae, because I've put on weight. 2. Fortunately most clothing stores have a of clothes to choose from, 3. Lalso have very , but my waist is fairly small. 4. A few men can’t find clothes to fit them, but the are small, medium, or large. 31Verb or adjective + preposition Verb (+ preposition) The verbs below are usually followed by a particular preposition, You will probably know most of the verbs, but do you always get the preposition ti Pay special attention to any that are different in your language I listen to the radio a lot. My brother never agrees with me. [He never has the same view/opinion as me.) I may go to the beach it depends on the weather. (The weather will decide for me.| She suffers from a type of diabetes. [has the unpleasant/bad experience of] He got married to 2 woman he met in Brazil. I'm going to apologize for the mistakes we made. [say I'm sorry] She has applied for a new job. [made a written request] They were waiting for me when | arrived. Don't worry about your exam; it'll be OK. [be nervous} She complained to the waiter about the food. [said she was not satisfied] (You complain to someone about something.| He spends a lot of money on clothes and CDs. That dictionary belongs to Maria. [lt is Maria’s dictionary Changes in meaning Sometimes a different preposition changes the meaning of the verb: He shouted to ine. [communicated He shouted at me. [He was angry from a distance] with me and spoke loudly. | She threw the ball to me. [for me to catch it] She threw the hall at me. [in order to hit me; maybe she was angry) Adjective (+ preposition) T was never very good at math. He is afraid of flying. [frightened of| I'm crazy about cats. [T like cats very much.] She is similar to [almost the same as] her sister, but very different from het brother. He's very interested in antique furniture. [was surprised at (or by) his reaction. | thought he'd be happy to hear the news. Lthink she is aware of the problems in her class. [knows about] I'm tired of studying foreign languages. [I've had enough and I want to stop.] The streets are full of trash, (There is trash everywhere in the streets.] There is something wrong with this TV. {The TV is nor-working/functioning properly.]15.1 15.2 15.3 64 Exercises 15 Complete these questions with the correct prepositions; then write a short answer (from your imagination} for each one. Examples: A: What is she worried .4bQUE 2 a: Herexams, | think, a: Which sports is she good ..2%...? —: Soccer and tennis. 1. A: Who is she waiting 2 a: What job is she applying ? 3. a: What program is she listening 2 4. a: What did she complain 2 5. A: What did she apologize 2 ae 6. At Does this car belong her? 7. a: [know she was angry, but who Bs was she shouting ? 8. Ar Is she interested any kind of music? 9. a: What will the decision depend Pott 10. A: What is she afraid % th Match the words to form sentences. 1, Hesulers——___ as at me, but it ped. She wasn’t aware from a rare illness. for a job in Puerto Rico. |. on me. for the mistake, Eat his choice, of clothe: . to the one she’s wearing. about the bad service, of her mistakes. 2 3. Iwas very surprised 4, He complained 5, That suit is similar 6. She applied 7. He threw a book 8. He said itdepends 9. The suitcase was full 10. She apologized Complete these sentences with your own ideas. . My steak was overcooked, so T complained .Ab0Ut.it.to,the waiter Iwork hard, but Pm not very good I want to work in the travel business, so I've applied When was a child, I sometimes wore clothes thar belonged In the summer, & lot of people suffer T've always been interested A lot of people are afraid People in my country are very different yee ea A good dictionary tells you if a verb or an adjective is usually followed by a special preposition. Sometimes the preposition is shown after the verb or adjective; sometimes it is in the example sentences. Use a dictionary to find 1 preposition that often follows these words. fond (adj.} concentrate (v.) responsible (adj.} —_rely (¥.)34 ce > sy Preposition + noun Common patterns Many expressions are formed by a preposition + noun. a play by Shakespeare, a movie by Steven Spielberg, a song by Madonna You can go for a walk, for a drive, for a run, for a swim, ‘You can go in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (but at night / at noon}. You can travel by car, by plane, by bus, by train, by taxi (but on foot) Thcard it on the radio: I saw it on TV; I spoke to her on the phone (but I read it in the newspaper, in a magazine). the man in the dark suit (wearing the dark suit}; the woman in the red dress in red Fixed expressions Sometimes itis difficult to know why particular prepositions are used, so you have to learn them as fixed expressions. rook your pen by mistake. fan error; I didn't mean to take it] I did all the work by myself. alone; without help from others} The workers are on strike. [They refuse to work because of a dispute with management.| I met them by chance. [It wasn’t planned; it was luck.] We're on vacation. [taking a vacation; away from work, school, etc.| ‘There were at least fifty people at the party. [a minimum of fifty] fean’t talk now; P'm in a hurry. [need to do things quickly; have no time| il is He broke the glass by accident. [He did He broke the glass on purpose. [Fe nor want ro do i it was a mistake] wanted to do it and intended to do it.| In time or on time? Sometimes two prepositions can be used with the same noun, but the meaning is different. We got home in time for / in time to see Baywatch on TV. [early enough] Class begins at 8:30 and I always arrive on time, at 8:30] (not on time to/for) In the end, we weat home. {finally, after a long period] At the end of the book, they get married. The two people are in business. [They are businesspeople. The two people are in Mexico on business. [They are there for work, not on vacation.] Pll see you in a moment. |very soon] can’t speak to you at the moment. [right now]16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 es 16 Cover the opposite page. Then complete these sentences with the correct preposition. Exer 1. Tsaw it TV. 11. T went the afternoon. 2, They came car. 12. He came foot, 3. They are all strike. 13. I'm a hurry and can'r stop. 4. She is here business. 14, She broke it accident. 5. Twent there myself, 15, He did it purpose. 6. Tewas written Cervantes. 16. I'llsee you a moment. 7. We went a walk, 7. Dim very busy... the moment. 8. Tread it a magazine. 18. Irs very quiet here night. 9. He's vacation this week. 19. We met chance. 10. She took it mistake, 20. She's least 25 years old, Replace the underlined words with a prepositional phrase. _ ‘on time. Example: The meeting was planned for 1 a.m. We got here aL L-aam, 1, Did you get to the theater before the movie started? 2. She's making a phone call. 3. Isaw the advertisement when I was watching TV lastnight. 4, He opened her letter because he thought it was addressed to him (but it wasn’t), 5. The project was difficult for everyone, but finally it all worked out. 6. She gets killed in the last scene of the movie. 7. Tm afraid I'm very busy right now. 8. Tsaw her yesterday but I didn’t plan to see her. Respond to these questions with a negative answer and a prepositional phrase from this unit, Example: Was it the woman wearing the blue blouse? No, the woman in the white blouse. 1, Did she hit him on purpose? 2. Did they go by car? 3. Are they here on vacation? 4, Did you read about the accident in the newspaper? 5. Did anyone go with him? 6. Do you want to sit down and rest? ‘Translate the prepositional phrases in this unit into your own language. Which ones are exact translations and which ones aren't? 35i 36 iS Phrasal verbs (1): form and meaning Formation Phrasal verbs are verbs thar combine with a particle (an adverb or a preposition) and occasionally with more than one particle. ‘The price of coffee may go up again next week. [increase] He fell down as he was running for the bus. [fell ro the ground] She promised to find out more about the new project. [learn/discover] Jf you don’t understand the meaning, you can look it up. [find the meaning in a book ~ especially a dictionary] He can’t get along with his parents. |have a good relationship with] (¥. + adv. + prep.) Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is very similar to the base verb, and the adverb just emphasizes the meaning of the base verb, e.g., stand up, wake up, save up, hurry up, sit down, lie down, and send off (e.g, a letter). On other occasions, the adverb adds the idea of completing the action of the verb, ¢ drink up (finish your drink], cat up [finish eating), use up [use completely), finish off (use or eat the last part). But more often, the meaning of a phrasal verb is very different from the base verb, e.., go up [increase] doesn’t mean the same as go; look up is different from looks and find out is different from find. A particle can therefore change the meaning of a verb, For example: Ik took her a long time to get over her illness. [get better / recover from] I finally decided to give up smoking. [stop] {can’t make any sandwiches because we've run out of bread. [There is no more bread.) My neighbor had to come and put out the fire. jextinguish/stop| Multiple meanings Many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning. Note that in most cases, the phrasal verb is much more natural (or less formal) chan the explanation in brackets, It was hot, so T took off my jacker. [removed] Tam always nervous when the plane takes off. |leaves the ground] I don’t know how I'll get through this difficult time, (survive] L tried calling you all afternoon, but I couldn't get through. [reach by telephone] I picked up the trash and put it in the garbage can. [lifted it] [had to go to the store to pick up my photographs. {go and get] ‘They want to bring up their children in a peaceful environment. [raise] Whenever you bring up the subject of food, I get hungry. [introduce a topic] My alarm clock didn’r go off this morning. [ring] The bomb could go off at any minute. explode}17.1 17.2 17.3 7.4 Exercises 17 Fill in the blanks to complete the phrasal verbs. 1. We went around the neighborhood and picked... up all the trash. 2. Idon’t think they ever ‘out how the prisoner escaped. 3. Did you manage to through, or isthe line still busy’ 4. They had a bad relationship at first, bur they are along very well now. 5. The price up three times last year. 6. IF you are not sure how to pronounce a word, it up in the dictionary. 7. Didn't your alarm clock off this morning? 8. This photocopier always ‘out of paper because the paper tray is so small. Complete these sentences in a logical way. 1. Iewill rake him a long time to get over hia illness / his wife's death 2. Oh, no! We've ran out of 3. She had to look ic up 4. I don’t really get along with . 5. He came in and took off . 6. Thad to put out 7. The plane took off 8. My rent is going up Look at the di sentences belo nary entry for pick up, and march the meanings with the pick up! phir 2 4 )CLEAN A PLACE4 (,T pick sth > up]to put LPLIFT UP4 [T pick sb/sth ¢ up] to hold things away neatly, or to clean a place by doing someone or something and lit him, her, or it this: Straighten your room and pick up all trom a surlace: Pick me up, Daddy! kids those papers \ He neve picks up ater himself picking up shells atthe beach | I picked up the foes not put away the things he has use) hone answered the phone} just as stopped 5 YGET BETTERS [I] to imorive: Sales should iat, pick up before Christmas 29GO GET SB/ST« T pick sb/sth + up] to go 6 PINCREASES [IT pick up sth] to increase or ‘somewhere, usually in a vehicle, inorder to get get faster: The car aas gradually picking up someone or something: I'll pick up my stuff speed. (going fester) The wird had picked up ‘around six, okay? | What time should we pick considerably. ou up at the airport? 7 YLEARNG T piek sth «up| to learn something S>BUY4 [T pick sth «> up] INFORMAL to buy without deliderately tying to: Craig picked up something: Will you pick up something for the guitar from ae dinner on your way home? | The compan t get an illness pickin; Jor my computer ‘rom someone: She's picked up a cold from @ paying tor iy child at school I would pick them up at the train station. definition 2 Could you pick up some milk on the way home? Where did he pick up that strange accent? Business was bad at the beginning of the year, but it’s picking up now. I hurr my back when I tried to pick up that suitcase. Cover the opposite page. Then write two sentences for each of these phrasal verbs to show their different meanings. pick up takeoff gooff bring up 3738 Phrasal verbs (2): grammar and style Look at Unit 17 before you do this unit. Grammar: intransitive verbs Some phrasal verbs are itransitive and do not need a direct object. These verbs are not usually separated, e.g., you can say “The children are growing up fast. (not “The children are growing fast up.”) Don’t wait out ther I stayed up late last Please come in. enter] ight. [went to bed latel Grammar: transitive verbs Many phrasal verbs are transitive and do need a direct object. With some of these, you can put the object between the verb and the adverb: Pur on your shoes. Turn on the TV. Put your shoes on, Turn the TV on. If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the adverb. Put them on, (not Puton them.| Turn it on, [zor Turion it.) Note: Most dictionari and adverb: will show you if you can put a word between the verb turn (obj) SWIFGHD [always + adv/prep] to use a ‘contol to Switch (a piece of equipment) on or aff or to inerease or reduce whit it is producing + Turn ‘offiout the light, « Who turned the TV on? * | asked ‘him to turn down the heat. « Tura the sound up— 1 can't hear what they've saying. Style: formal or informal? Some phrasal verbs can be used equally in written and spoken English Lalways wake up early, even on weekends. ‘The car broke down on the freeway. [stopped working] The plane couldn't take off because of bad weather. Burglars broke into the house and took all the money and jewelry. entered by force] Informal phrasal verbs Many phrasal verbs are informal and are more common in spoken English. In written English, there is often a more formal word with the same meaning. We had to make up a story, invent, e., create from our imagination] Ican usually get by on abour $500 a week. [manage] You can leave out question 7. Jomit, ic., you don’t need to do question I can’t figure out this math problem, [solve]18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 cS = ej Exercises These exercises also practice and test some of the phrasal verbs from Unit 17, Complete these sentences in a logical way. I'm not very good at making up .excuees/etorieg, I'm tired today because I stayed up Would you please turn on Two burglars tried to break into... Why did you leave out ? Unfortunately the car broke down Can you get by T grew up exanter Is it possible to separate the two parts of the phrasal verb in the sentences below? If the answer is yes, rewrite the phrasal verb, Examples: | forgot to get off the bus. 0 Why did he take off his coat? yes (take his coat. off) 1. She tried to put out the fre 2. Could you please turn on the radio? 3. Could you go to the store for me? We just ran out of coffee. 4. [think she made up that story. 5. [can’t get by on the money my parents give me, 6. Children grow up very quickly these days. ~ turned off the light when I went to hed. 8. Can we leave out this question? 9. What time did you wake up this morning? 10. (t0.a child) Pick up your toys right now! Make these texts more informal by changing the underlined verbs to phrasal verbs with the same meaning, going wt 1. The cost of living is incfpdsi oll che time. I's hard ro manage on my salary 2. She told me to enter, but then I had to remove my shoes and extinguish my cigarette, 3. The teacher told the class to invent a story to go with the picture in their hooks. She said they could omit the next exercise. 4, He introduced the topic of inflation, pointing out that prices are not increasing as quickly as before. There are many phrasal verbs in other units. Can you find: 1. three phrasal verbs in Unit 22 on p.46? 4, three phrasal verbs in Unit 57 on p. 116? 2. three phrasal verbs in Unit 48 on p.98?_ 5. three phrasal verbs in Unit 63 on p. 128? 3. three phrasal verbs in Unit 49 on p. 100? 6. three phrasal verbs in Unit 75 on p. 1522 (See Unit 5 for more on transitive and intransitive verbs.) 39= iS 40 Idioms and fixed expressions What is an idiom? An idiom isa group of words (or a compound) with a meaning that is different from the individual words, and often difficult to understand fron the individual words. Many of the phrasal verbs in Units 17 and 18 are idiomatic. Here are some more common idioms. The teacher told us to get a move on. [hurry; be quick] My wife and [ take turns cooking, {I cook one day, she cooks the next, ete.) I don't know the answer offhand. |without looking it up or asking someone! I'm not very good at small talk. [social ralk; not about serious things} P'm sorry can’t make it on Friday. leome] asked her to keep an eye on my suitcase while I went to the bathroom. [watch| Fixed expressions ‘There are also expressions in English where the meaning is easy to understand, but the same idea in your language may need a completely different expression. If you translate each word from your language, you may say something in English that is completely weong. For this reason, you need to learn certain fixed expressions as idioms, For example: a; What was wrong with the hotel? #: Well, for starters, it was next to a freeway and very noisy. And to make matters worse, there was a factory across the street, which stayed open 24 hours. It’s a good short-term |temporary, for now] solution, but in the long run [over a longer period of time] we will need to think about it. Using idioms Idioms are important to know, but they can be difficult ro use correctly. With many idioms, if you make just a small mistake, it can sound strange, funny, or completely wrong, For example: get the move on, offhands, small talks, put an eye on, etc. Idioms often have special features: They may be informal or funny or ironies they may be used by certain people (e.g., young children, or teenagers, or elderly people); they may appear only in limited contexts; they may have special grammar, For these reasons, you can sometimes “learn” the meaning of an idiom but then use it incorrectly. For example, “I was sorry to hear that your father kicked the bucket.” This idiom means died, but itis used humorously, never in a serious situation, It would be completely inappropriate when offering sympathy. Some easy idioms to use Some idiomatic expressions are used alone, or with just one or two other words. a: Can | borrow your dictionary A: What's up? [What's new/wrong?] i: Sure, go ahead. [ir’s OK; do it] & Nothing, a: [don’t know which one to choose. A: Are you coming t: Well, make up your mind. [decide] vs Yeah, Right away, [soon]19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 ie = 5 Exercises Itcan be difficult to guess the meaning of an idiom, Look at these examples (they are not presented on the opposite page). 1. Teel like having a soft drink. 4. 'm tied up all afternoon. 2. ‘They're gone for good. 5, Tecan make do with what I'm getting. 3. I changed my mind. Here is a fuller context for each idiom, Can you guess the meaning now? 1. A; Are you hungry? No, but I'm thirsty. I feel like having a soft drink. a: Do you think they'll ever come back? &: No, they're gone for good, You want to go out? You just said you wanted to stay home. I changed my mind. Do you have a lot of clients to see? Yes, Pm tied up all afternoon. : Are you going to ask for a raise in salary? ts No, because I know I won't get it, Lean make do with what I'm getting, Replace the underlined words with idioms from the opposite page. (But try to do the exercise before looking at the opposite page.) Can you think of similar expressions in your language? :; Could I borrow this fora minute? 4. A: Do we have to leave now? Yes, take it, go ahead Yes, hurry, or we'll be lace Sorry [can't come on Thursday. 5. Az You'll have to decide soon. Don't worry. It’s OK. Yes, I know, but it’s very difficntt. What's the macter? 6. a: Would you watch my things for a minute? “a: Nothing. Why? Yeah, sure. ‘Complete the expressions in these sentences. 1. Tr wasn't a very successful vacation. For... Starter... the beach was a long way from one horel; then to make worse, the car broke down on the third day and we had to walk to the beach for the rest of our stay. We take walking the dog. She asked me about the train schedule, but I couldn't tell her off don't enjoy parties where you just stand around and make talk with lots of people you don't know. 5. We can probably make .....0.0.000. With a one-bedroom apartment for now, but in the long... wwe will have to move into a bigger place. BYE Find at least three idioms below. What do they mean? | went to stay with my cousin la6t week. We are the same age but have | very little in common: He loves sports and | hate thems mm crazy about muclc ard he's not interested In it. As you can imagine, we didn’t have a very good time together, and by about Thursday we were really geting on each other's nerves, 011 decided to go home. ayUNIT 20 Make, do, have, take 42 A Things we make amistake She made a few mistakes on the exam, [errors] a meal Thad to make my own dinner last night. [prepare and cook something to eat] money (U) He made a lor of money when he worked in California. [earned money| friends Ie’s not easy tormake friends in a new place. a decision ‘We can take the red one or the green one, bur we have to make a decision (choose the red or green} now. noise (U) can’t work when the children make a lot of noise. progress (UI) Her English is good now; she’s made a lot of progress. [improvement] Things we do homework (U) I forgot to do my math homework last night. the housework (U) My father does all the housework in our house. [the cleaning} the shopping (U)__T always do the shopping on weekends. [buy food] research (U) She's doing research in genetics. [detailed study] (someone) a favor could you do me a favor and pick up a newspaper on your way home? Thanks. |do something to help someone] something/anything! I didn’t do anything last night. / Those kids nothing, are so lazy ~ they do nothing all day long. Things we have food and drink I had [ate] steak but Paula just had [drank] a cup of coffee. a meal [breakfast, lunch, dinner} We had lunch at noon. a look Could have a look at your newspaper? a party I'm having a party for my birthday. a baby [be pregnant or give birth] Sandy is having a baby next month. anice/good/greaviterrible time We had a great time in Mexico last year. a fight / an argument Thad an argument with my parents again. Things we take subjects [study subjects} Did you take English in high school? a course T took a one-week course in word processing, an exam I'm going to take four exams next month. a photo/picrure We took lots of photos/pictures on our vacation. a busftrain/plane/taxi We were late, so we took a taxi to the airport, anap [a short sleep] —_[ like to take a nap in the afternoon. a bath/shower Lalways take a bath/shower in the morning. Notice the use of be + adjective (jzo” have + noun) in these expressions: She was lucky. I'm bungry. [I want to eat. I'm thirsty. [I want a drink.]20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 UNIT Exercises 20 Circle the correct verbs in these sentences. Tcouldn’t(@o)/ mal She's going to take / have a pai Did he do / make many mistakes? {often make do the housework. Did you make /take many photos on your tip? When do you take / make your next exam? They did / made a Tot of noise during the party. {want to take / make a course in English We'll have to do /make a decision soon, He is doing / making research in chemistry. ce the homework Jast night, for her birthday. See Awe wrr Mi Replace the underlined word(s) with a word or an expression from the opposite page. Example: Lwant to eat something. I'm hungry. 1, Trode on a bus to get to work. 7. They both want to become rich. 2, P'm going to prepare lunch tomorrow, 8. When are they going to decide? 3. T'il'clean the house on the weekend. 9,‘ think she enjoyed herself last night. 4. J ate a pizza in the restaurant, 10, He is definitely improving, How many $. Twant a drink, driving lessons has chad now? 6. Fusually buy my food on Saturdays. 3. Bill / after lunch 4. the Lees / on their 5. Nancy / next month most afternoons vacation Test yourself. Without looking at the opposite page, write at least twelve things (three for each verb) you can . . make .a.ttietake.. do. have rakeUNIT 21 Give, keep, break, catch, see Some of these verbs combine with specific nouns, e.g, give someone a call, break the law, keep the change, ete. You can learn these as expressio Give Til give you a call this evening. [telephone you] Could you give me a hand? (help me] Please give my regards to Paul. [say “hello” to him from me] Don’t make your decision immediately; give it some thought. [take time to consider it] Keep “The coat will keep you drys the gloves will keep your hands warm. [The coatigloves will help you to stay dry/warm.] (keep + noun/pronoun + adjective) T keep losing my glasses. [TTose my glasses again and again.| (keep + -ing) Please keep in touch. [stay in contact, e.g. call or write to me sometimes} The school keeps records / keeps a record of student absences. [written information} That's OK, just keep the change. [You can give a tip for services with the “change,” of coins you get back for a payment, e.g., $4.25 from a $5 bill gives 75 cents change.] Always try to keep your promises. [do what you have promised to dol Break He broke the world record again. [created a new record, e.g., He ran the 100 meters in 9.85 seconds, which is 0.1 second faster than anyone else.] Many people break the law at some point in their life. [do something against the law In my first lesson with a new class, I usually do something to break the ice. [to make people feel more relaxed when they first meet strangers] After elections, politicians often break their promises, [don't do what they promised] Catch We can catch the bus at the corner. |get on the bus] How did you catch that cold? |get thar cold] Catch the ball and throw it to Sue. See Az It’s casier to carry two smaller suitcases. ri: Yes, see what you mean. {I understand what you are saying,| a: Do you think we should rent a car? : Tdon't know. I'll see what the others say. [I'll ask and find out] I'l see to it that no one disturbs you. [make sure/certain| (U'll) see you later. / See you. informal; good-bye]211 21.2 m4 Exercises 21 Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right to form common word partners, (There are two nouns you need to use twice each.) break (3) keep (3) the ball the law acold catch (3) give (2) meahand abu in touch a record apromise my regards to... Example: break a record Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs, 1 eh to it that your mail is collected while you're away. 2. These boots should your feet warm and dry. 3. Please -vovoes my regards to your mother when you go back home. 4, Betore we make a decision, let’s what Antonio says, 5. A: you later. B: Bye. I don't know what the problem is, but 1 getting headaches. [didn’t really enjoy the vacation because I acold on the second day and spent most of the week sneezing and blowing my nose, 8. When you organize a conference, I think you need something to the ice; otherwise people ean be nervous and shy. mie a1 what you mean, but I'm nor sure L agree with your point of view. 10, These suitcases are pretty heavy. Can you mea hand? 11. Ler's ger together for lunch next week. Pil you a call. 12, Whenever { meet people on vacation, I always promise to in touch, but E never do 13, Tcan't give you an answer yet. I need to it some thought. 14, You said you would get home early tonight, but you your promise. What expressions are represented by these pictures? ‘ ge ki Look through the expressions on the opposite page again. Can you translate them into your own language? If so, do you use the same verb in your own language? Concentrate on the ones that are different, 4546 = = = > Get: uses and expressions Meanings Getis an informal word, so it is more common in spoken English than in written English. It has many meanings. Here are some of the basic ones: receive | got a letter this morning. You'll get a certificate at the end of the conrse. obtain/find [sometimes buy] She's trying to get 2 new job. Where did you get those shocs? become Ja change in state] It gets dark very early at this time of year, My hands are getting cold. arrive When did you get here? Pl call when I get home, Could you get those books from the shelf? She went to get the children from school. bring / take / pick up Get + past participle We sometimes use get + past participle: get married [marry] They got married in Canada. get divorced [divorce] They got divorced last year. [The marriage ended officially.) get dressed [dress] I got dressed quickly and went out. get undressed [undress] He gor undressed and got into bed. get lost (lose one’s way] _[ got lost on my way to the station. Common collocations Get is so common with certain words that it is a good idea to learn them as xpressions. sor expres ‘5 GETTWG UATE) It’s getting hot/cold. __‘'m getting hov/eold. darkilight. tired. A S late. better/worse. eo better/worse hungry. € x _— Coe crowded ready. [preparing) Ge —— oe Note: The expression getting better sometimes describes an improvement in your health, e.g., She was very ill, but she’s getting better now. [# getting worse] Phrasal verbs and special expressions with get 1 get along very well with my sister. [I have a very good relationship with my sister] Iv’s hard to get to know people in a foreign country. [meet people and make friends] I want to get rid of all my old CDs. [sell them, throw them away, or give them away] My alarm goes off at 7 a.m., but I don’t usually get up until 7:15. [get out of bed] I don't get it. [understand] Why would you want to live in a tent?22.2 “23 22.4 Exercises 22 Write a synonym for get in each of these sentences. 1. Where can I get something to eat around here? buy/obtain 2. Gould you please get me some milk while you're in the kitchen? 3. What time did they get here last night? 4. He got very angry when T told him what you did with his CDs, 5. Tcouldn’t get a room; all the hotels were full, 6 7. 8. % We normally get five weeks’ vacation. This book is getting very interesting. Ihave to get some stamps before I go home. She sent the letter last week, but I didn’t get it until yesterday. 10, Try to get here on time. Write appropriate sentences using I'm getting + adjective or it’s getting + adjective. L. a: [t's getting cold in here. fi Yes, itis, Pll turn on the heat. a: Me too. Let's have something to eat. : 1am too. Pll open the window. a: Yes, itis. I think I'll go to bed. Well, Pll turn the lights on. a Yes, itis. A lot of people come here on the weekend, Rewrite each of these sentences using an expression with get, The meaning must stay the same. 1. They're preparing to go out. They're 2. Thad to put on my clothes very quickly. Thad to 3. How do you meet people and make friends in this country? How do you ? 4. Lhave a good relationship with my boss. I . 5. We're going to throw away most of these chairs. We're going to : : 6. You just don’t understand, da you? You just don’t ? Write some examples of get that you see or hear, then try to group your sentences according to the different meanings. This will help you get [obtain] an idea of the ways this important word is used in English, 47iS es sf > Go: uses and expressions Come vs. go Go usually expresses a movement away from the position the speaker is in now; come expresses a movement toward the speaker. Imagine you are at school. The time is 9:30 a.m. Thad to go to Jimmy's to pick up some books; then I went to the post office before | eame to school. Sometimes the speaker is in one place but imagines being in another plac example, when Claudio meets Marta in Buenos Aires, he invites her to Sao Paulo, Brazil. He says: * Would you like to come and visit me in $20 Paulo?” (He imagines he is there, and so her movement is toward him.) Noge: It is.a similar difference between bring and take: “Could you take this deposit to the bank for ine? And remember to bring back the receipe.” ferent meanings of go * When you leave a place in order to do an activity, you often express it either with go + -ing or go (out) + for a + noun, Here are some common examples: We could go shopping. ‘They went sightseeing. riding (horses). swimming (also for a swim). She wants to go (out) for awalk. —Lev’sgo_—_(out) for a drive. out for coffee. out for dinner, * Go is followed by certain adjectives to describe a change in state (usually to a worse state) with the meaning “become” (get is also used with some adjectives). My father is going bald. [losing his hair] My hair is going (also turning) gray. ‘The company went bankrupt last year, [lost all its money and had to stop operating} My grandmother is going deaf. {losing her ability to hear] He'll go crazy/nuts if you wear his jacket. jinformal; get very angry] © When you want to say/ask if. road or form of transportation takes you somewhere: Does this bus go to the National Gallery? [take me} Idon’t think this road goes to the station. |leads] © We use the expression How's it going? informal; How are you2| as a greeting. You can use the same question if you want to know if something is easy, difficult, enjoyable, etc, For example, if you are doing an exercise in class, your teacher may ask: How's it going? (also: How are you getting along?)23.2 23.4 23.5 23.6 UNIT Exercises 23 Complete the dialogue with correct forms of these verbs: come, go, bring, take. (There are two verbs that can be used in one of the answers.) A: Whar time are you (1) ging ...... to Jim’s party tonight? u: T'm not sure, because Chris is (2) here first, and then we'll (3) together. az Oh, Is there going to be music? ts Yeab, Jim asked me to (4) some CDs, I'll probably leave the party early, though, so could you (5) iy CDs back here tomorrow? Yeah, sure. What time? : Well, I want to (6) shopping in the morning. Could you 7) before ten? As No problem. Replace the underlined words and expressions, The meaning must stay the same, L. Hi Toshi. How's it going? 2. Excuse me. Does this road go to the bus static |. think this bus goes to the shopping mall. 4. A: How’s it going? b: OK. We're nearly finished with the first exercise. Complete these sentences with an -ing noun (c.g, riding), or for + noun (e. awalk). 1. Twent shopping this morning and bought some books and clothes, 2. We didn’t have any food in the house this morning, so we went out 3. Why don’t we go ar the new pool this weekend? 4. [wanted to go because Thad never seen Venice before, but the others wanted to rent a ear and go in the country. There are some stables near where we live with about a dozen horses, and we g0 coun: MOSt Weekends, Complete these sentences. Use a dictionary to help you, 1. You can wear a hearing aid if you go 2. If business doesn't improve, they could go 3. You can dye [change the color of] your hair if you start going 4 4. And you can wear a wig if you go: Ifthe kids ride thet bieycles over her flowers, she'll go . Look back at the different meanings of go (as verb and noun) on the opposite page. Translate these meanings into your own language. How many meanings use the word for go in your language? Concentrate on the ones that are different, Now look up go in a good English dictionary, You will find many meanings {including phrasal verbs and idioms), but just concentrate on two or three that you think may be useful to you. Try to learn them, 49UNIT 50 Apologies, excuses, reassurances, and thanks Apologies We can apologize [say we are sorry] in different ways in different situations: Apology Situation (I'm) sorry. (formal) Teg your a general apology, e.g, you close the door pardon. in someone's face, interrupt someone, ete. I'm yery/tertibly/so/awfully sorry. a stronger apology, e.g., you step on someone’s foot or spill liquid on them U'm really sorry I'm late. / when you are late for an appointment I'm very sorry to be late. Sorry to keep you waiting. won't when someone is waiting to see you and you be long. [1 will talk to you soon.] are busy, e.g., talking to someone else Note: In formal situations (especially in writing), we often use apologize and apology: apologize for being late. I would like to apologize for the dela Please accept our apologies for the mistakes in your order. We tried to... Excuses If the situation is important, we usually add an explanation or excuse after the apology. An excuse is the reason for the apology, which may or may not be true. (If i is not true, it should still be a reason that people will believe.) Here are some common excuses: I'm sorry I'm late, but I was delayed / held up in traffic. [late because of a problem that is our of your control] I'm sorry I'm late, but my flight was cance fly.| If you are responsible for a problem, you can offer or promise to do something about it: led. [The flight was scheduled but did not Pm sorry about the mess in here. I'l clean it up. (make it neat and clean] Reassuring people When people apologize to us, itis very common to say something to reassure them (tell them that “everything is OK,” and that we are nor angry]. Here are some common expressions. Note that we often use two of them to emphasize the fact that “it’s OK.” Tim sorry I'm late, &: That's OK, Don’t worry. / Never mind. It doesn’t matter. / That's OK. No problem. Thanks Az Pll maif :hose letters for you. T'm so glad you could come. 1: Oh, thank you. That's very 1: Te was a lovely dinner. Thank you for kind of you. everything / for inviting me / for your hospitality. A: Here’s your pen. 8: Thanks very much. / Thanks a lot.244 242 243 UNIT Exercises 24 Complete these dialogues with expressions from the opposite page. 1. A: I'm very/terribly/really/awfully/so. sorry. ‘That's OK. Don't worry. 2. a: Pm sorry late, but I got up. 8: That's OK. No “ Sorry to you waiting. 8: That's OK. Never g Fil carry your bags for you. Oh, thank you. Thae’s very of you, + Thave to for missing the meeting. That's OK. It doesn’t . I'm busy right now, but I won't be mind. I'll come back later. 1 your pardon, &: It's OK, Don't What could you say in these situations? If it is an apology, give an explanation/excuse if you think it is necessary. 1. You get on a bus at the same time as another person and helshe almost falls over, Fier terribly sorry, (| bea your pardon. 2. You arrange to meet some friends downtown but you are twenty minutes late, 3. You are pushing your car into a side road and a stranger offers to help you 4. A friend borrows a pen from you and then loses it. When your friend apologizes, you want to reassure him/her. Some American friends invite you to dinner. How could you thank them as you leave their house at the end of the evening? 6. Your company promised to send information about new products to a customer last month, You still haven’t sent the information and must now write to explain, Write what you think the person in each picture should say. Do you apologize, reassure, explain, and thank people in similar ways in your own language? Read the opposite page again and think about any differences between English and your language. 5125 Requests, invitations, and suggestions Requests and replies We use different expressions to introduce a request — it depends on who we are ralking to, and the “size” of the request (*big” or “small”). These are some of the most common (the “small” requests first), with positive and negative replies. a: Could you pass me the salt? A: Could I borrow your dictionary? B: Yes, sure, & Yes, of course, or Yes, help yourself. [Yes, take it] or Go ahead. a: (Is there) any chance you could lend me five dollars? or Would you mind lending me five dollars? (Note: mind + -ing) a Yes, sure. or [wish I could, but I don’t have any money on me at all. 'm sorry, but A: Lwas wondering if [ could leave work half an hour early today? or Would you mind if I left work ?/ (Do you) mind if I leave work : No problem. or Well, I'd rather you didn’t because .. . Invitations and replies ax¢ \: Would you like to go our this evening? — Fe ‘ sah, great /T'dlove to. or Ag P'm sorry, L can’t. wy * A: We're going out to dinner and we were wondering if you'd like to come with us. | 4S te Pd love to, but I can’t tonight. Ihave to Ye finish this report. Suggestions and replies Asking for / making suggestions: What would you like to do tonight? Where should we go this evening? How about (or What about) a movie? How about (or What about) staying home? (Note: How/What about + -ing) We could go to the student center and watch the game on a big-screen TV. Why don't we try that new cafe downtown? Responding: Yeah, great / fine / OK / that’s a good idea. Sounds good/great/terrific. I don't know. [I don’t really want ro. (It) sounds kind of boring. Yeah, if you like. [IF you want to go, then Iam happy to go. I think I'd rather stay home and wateh videos. {I would prefer to]25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Exercises 25 Correct the mistakes in this dialogue. Would . a: Be-you like to go out this evening? i: Twish Tan, bur I don’t have any money. That’s OK, I'll pay. How about go to a movie? Yeah, great. 4: Why we don’t go see that new romantic comedy playing downtown? us: Idon't know. Sounds like kind of boring, I think I'd rather to see an action movie. A: Well, what like the latest disaster movie? i: Great! I'd love, Complete these dialogues with an appropriate word or phrase. Le A you open that window? It’s very hor in here. a Yeah, 2. a: The Satos are here and we were if you'd like to come over and join us for dinner this evening? B: Yes, I'd What we do this evenitig? a ti: Gee, 1 don't know. Any ideas? a: Why wwe go dancing? We haven't done that in ages. ti Yeah, that’s a : 4. a: Where we go on Saturday? going to the beach if the weather is nice? a: Yeah. Or we play golf. ; Mmm. I think Pd go to the beach. OK, if you 5 What you like ro do this weekend? How a barbecue? a: Yeah. good Respond to these requests, invitations, or suggestions as fast as you can, If possible, do this activity with someone else: One asks the questions, the other answers. Alternate positive and negative answers. 1. Could | borrow a pen fo a minute? Sure, go ahead. or Vn sorry, but I need it right now. Would you mind mailing a letter for me? Iwas wondering if you have a suitcase you could lend me, ‘Would you like to go out this evening? I've got tickets for a concert tonight and I was wondering if you'd like to go with me. 6. How about going to a baseball game this weekend? 7. Why don’t we meet this afternoon and practice our English for an hour? 8. We could invite some other people from our English class to meet ts too. ween ‘Try using English expressions in place of your first language to respond to requests, invitations, and suggestions. If your friends don't understand, you can teach them a little bit of English. 53= 5 54 Opinions, agreeing, and disagreeing Asking someone's opinion ‘What do you think of his new book? How do you feel about working here? What are your feelings (pl.) about the change in schedule? What's your (honest) opinion of thar painting? Giving your opinion I think Carla had the best idea. T don’t think he knows much about the subject. Personally, I think his first book is trash. In my opinion, we should sell rhe old car and buy a new one. As far as I'm concerned, the whole evening was a waste of time. (Note: mean “This is my opinion and I don’t care what anyone else th his can } Note: To say something isn't a good idea, you usually make “think” negative: I don’t think it’s a good idea. [not [think it’s not a good idea.| Agreeing with someone We often agree with someone by adding to their opinion or argum A: [think we should concentrate on this one project. : Yes, its better to do one thing well than ¢wo things badly. But if we want to make it very clear that we agree, we can use these expressions: Yes, L agree (with you), (Note: Agree is a verb in English; not Lam agree.) Yes, [think you're right. Disagreeing with someone Ir is very common in English to begin with a short expression of agreement, and then give a different opinion, Here are some expressions used to introduce the disagreement: Tsee/know what you mean, but I’m not sure that . Yes, maybe/possibly/perhaps, but don’t you think Yes, that’s true, but what about . Yes, you could be right, bur don’t forget . Personally, I think fes, that’s true, but If you disageee strongly, you can say: I'm sorry, bur [totally disagree (with you). Note: When we want to disagree, but not completely, we can use these phrases: Yes, [agree (with you) somewhat, but ... I agree to some extent / toa certain extent, but...26.1 26.2 26.3 UNIT Exercises 26 Complete these sentences in at least three different ways to ask people their opinion. the proposed changes? the new buildin, the subway system? vou the new labor law? Ferre Fill in the blanks (one word only). 1. a: Whar did you think ie a: Well, «I didn’t like it very much 2. Inmy. we should start right away. 3. Tagrce with her to a certain . 4. As far as I'm . the plan will never work. 5. Pm sorry, but | disagree with you, 6. Tse what you . burt I'm not sure I agree with you. Rewrite these sentences without using the underlined words and phrases. The meaning must stay the same. 1. In my opinion, you can’t learn a language in three months. Personally, [don't think you can learn a language in three monthe, 2. think the club needs to buy a new computer, 3. Yes, I think you's 4. What are your feelings about our new workplace? 5. Lagree with her co some extent. Agree or disagree with the statements below. If you agree with the point of view, add to the argument. If you introduce a different point of view, remember to start with a short expression of agreement first. 1. A: A lot of women are perfectly happy to stay home and be housewives. B: | agree to some extent, but there are a lot of women who can't afford to stay home. or Yes, some wornen find it more'rewarding to raise a family 2, a: The government shouldn't give money to people who don't want to work. fs 3. A: Watching a lot of TV is bad for young people. 4, A: Animal experimentation is immoral and should be banned. be . A: Students shouldn’t have to pay any tuition for their courses. bsic 56 Sa. Greetings, farewells, and special expressions Greetings Neutral to formal: Less formal: A: Hii/Hello. How are you? \: Hi/Hey, How are things? / ti: Fine, thank you. / Fine, thanks, How’s it going? / How're you doing? +». How are you? / How ts: Pretty good. / OK, / All right, / about you? T'm good. ... How about you? We sometimes use these greetings at different times of day: (ice wo meet Good morning. / Good afternoon. / Good evening, |We \ don’t use Good night as a greeting.| 4 When meeting someone for the first rime, we can says RR. Nice to meet you. [The answer could be Nice to meet you ke A Same here. too. / Same here.) How do you do? / Pleased to meet you. (formtal) Farewells Good-bye. (newtral 10 formal) ‘Take care. / Take it easy. / So long. / Bye. / See you. (less formal) See you later. / See you soon. [if you plan to see someone again, soon] Good/Nice to see you. [a greeting or a farewell to someone you already know] Nice meeting you. [ta say good-bye to someone you've just met for the first time] Good night, [to say good-bye late at night or if one or both of you is going to bed] Have a nice day/evening/weekend, [to say good-bye to a friend or colleague or to a customer in a store; the response could be: You too. Special expressions Excuse/Pardon me. (a) To get someone's attention, (bj To get past someone who is in your way, (c) To say you are sorry, e.g. if you stand on someone’s foot, for: I beg your pardon.| {dl} Say Excuse me (70/ Pardon me) befare you leave the room, Excuse/Pardon me? / To ask someone to repeat what was said. I beg your pardon? To your health, / A toast when people have a drink together. It could also be To Cheers. your new job. / To friendship. / To romance, etc, Good luck! ‘To wish someone success, ¢.g., on exams / a job interview /a contest, Congratulations, To someone who has achieved something or had good fortune, €.g, found a job, graduated, got a rai going! (informal) Bless you, ‘To someone when they sneeze. They can reply: Thank you. /Thanks. Also Good job! or Nice Happy birthday. / To wish someone well on their birthday / on or soon after New Happy New Year, Year's Day (often printed or written on greeting cards).27.1 What would you say or write to a friend these situations: 1. Your friend turns 21 tomorrow. Happy birthday! / Congratulations! 2. It is January Ist or soon after. 3. Your friend has just passed an important exam. 4. Your friend is going to take a driving test next week, 5. You know you are going to see your friend again in a few hours, 27.2 Complete the conversations in a logical way. i ) This is Kevin Ward. 27.3 What would you say in these situations? (Don't use “Excuse me” more than twice.) 1. You are in a meeting. Someone comes in to say you have an urgent telephone call. What do you say as you leave? Excuse me. This won't take long. Someone says something to you, but you don’t hear all of it. . You are on a crowded bus. It is your stop. and you want to get off. What do you say to the other passengers as you move past them? You are staying with friends. You leave the room in the evening to go to bed. A friend tells you she has just won a contest Another friend is going for a job interview this afternoon. You met a new business client for the first time an hour ago, and now you are both leaving. While shopping, you meet an old friend (by chance}, who you haven’t seen in ages. ee sae ‘When do we use these expressions? Do you have similar ones in your language? Say “chi Watch out. — Thave no idea. Good for you! 8758 Uncountable nouns and plural nouns Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns (e.g, information, advice, weather}: * cannot be used with a/an, e.g., information [not an information} * cannot be made plural, e.g., some advice [wot some advices] + takea singular verb, e.g., The weather is very nice today. [vot The weather are . J Countable nouns are nouns that we can count, ¢4g., one book, two books, three books, etc. They can be used with a/an and made plural, e.¢., a book, some books. These uncountable nouns in English are often countable in other languages: She couldn't give me any information about the horel. He gave me lots of advice about the best dictionary to buy ‘We are going to sell all the furniture, |tables, chairs, sofas, etc.] My knowledge of Korean is very limited. You need a Jot of equipment for camping. {tent, sleeping bag, cooking utensils, etc.] She is making good progress in her English. [Her English is improving / getting better] ‘We had fabulous weather in Mexico, The teacher gave us a lot of homework last night. Inever take much luggage/baggage when I go on vacation, [bags and suitcases In dictionaries Learner’s dictionaries usually show countable nouns with a (C) and uncountable nouns with a (U}. Some nouns can be countable with one meaning and uncountable with another. book (C) ‘The books are on the table. housework (U) I did a lor of housework this morning. hair (U) My hair is getting very long. I need to get it cut. hair (C) ‘There is a hair on my dinner plate. Plural nouns Plural nouns (e.g.s pants, pajamas): ‘ have only a plaral form and cannot be used vith a/an, e.g., pants [nof a pant] * usually take a plural verb, e., These pants are too long. (not These pants is... * can usually be made singular using a pair of, e.g..a pair of pants/pajamas Here are some other nouns that are usually plural: [bought a new pair of jeans when I went shopping, ‘When it’s sunny, { wear sunglasses for driving, The headphones on my personal stereo are great. These shorts don’t fir me. ~ ‘The scissors are on the table.28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 UNIT Exercises 28 Correct the mistakes. Tneed some informations, | need some information. We had a great weather. I'm looking for a new jeans. Your hairs are gerting very long. Tean't find my sunglass. We had a lor of homeworks yesterday. Do you think she’s making a progress with her English? These pajamas is too big for me: PNR Re Are these nouns countable (C), uncountable (U}, or both? Use a dictionary to help you, If they can be both C and U, write sentences to show the difference. Examples: dish C time Us don't have time to take a break, rice U time C: ve seen “Star Wars” at least ten times. butter cup paperwork insurance television vocabulary spaghetti coffee grape work money people Complete these dialogues using a plural noun or an uncountable noun from the opposite page. Make sure the form of each word is correct. Examples 2 It’s too hor for jeans. &: You need a pai of shorts / some shorts, have to cur this paper into three pieces, You need az I can't see because the sun is in my e} You need 3. A: 1 don't know what to do when I graduate. : You need 4. a: My room looks so empry. B: You need can’t play my music loud because my mother always complains. You need My teacher said my English wasn't getting any better. Maybe you need to do more : es. Read this radio news broadcast. Can you find three uncountable nouns and two plural nouns (ic., nouns that are always plural for this meaning)? These words are not on the opposite page. ‘Traffic has been heavy throughout the day because of construction on Pacific Coast Drive, on the outskirts of town, causing long delays for motorists heading into the city. ‘the authorities are advising drivers to avoid the area if at all possible. We will keep you informed of the situation with the latest news every half hour, so don’t go away. 59UNIT 29 Verb + -ing form, infinitive, or base form Verb + -ing form Some verhs are followed by an -ing form if the next word is a verb: enjoy finish imagine (don’t) mind can’t stand [hate] feel like [wanw/desire| give up [stop doing something) avoid [If you avoid something, you stay away from it admit [If you admit something, you agrce it is true, and often it is something bad.] deny [You say something isn’t true; #admit.| I stayed home last night, but I feel like going our tonight. Ar the police station, he admitted stealing the money but denied taking the computer I've lived in Texas all my life; I can’t imagine living anywhere else Some people can't stand working at night, but I don’t mind. (It's not a problem.| don't mind driving during rush hour, but | avoid taking crowded freeways. Verb + infinitive Some verbs are followed by an infinitive if the next word is a verb: offer want seem —decide_-—hope _—_ need mean [intend, plan] expect [think or believe something will happen) manage (be able to do something, even when it is difficult] refuse [say “no” when someone asks you for something] promise [say you will definitely do something, or thar something will defi happen] rely We were very busy; but we managed to finish before 6 p.m Iwas getting late and there were no buses, so [offered to take them home in my car She hit one of the boys, bur she didn’s mean to do it. I meant to call you, but I forgot. Tasked her to carry the suitcases, but she refused to help. I don’t expect to see them before next week. Verb + base form Two common verbs followed by an object + base form are: make someone do something, and ler someane do something. My parents always make me do my homework. (They force me to do my homework. My parents let me go out on weekends. [They allow/permit me to go out.| Verb + -ing form or infinitive Some verbs can be followed by an -ing form or infinitive, but the meaning is very similar, eg., love, like, hate, try, and prefer: “I like going to the movies. / [like to to the movies.” But with some verbs there is a difference in meaning: | remembered to buy a present for my brother. [1 didn’t forget to buy a present.] L remember buying him a present, [It’s in my memory; it happened and I remember}23.3 UNIT Exercises 29 Circle the correct answer(s), In some sentences, both choices are correct, We decided'to work working during our vacation. She promised to help / helping us. Idon’t feel like fo go/ going for a walk right now. ‘We need to make / making plans for the holid: Don’t you hate to drive / driving when it's w Team ry day of the week, Most of the time she prefers to work / working at home. I don’t remember to go / going to the zoo when we visited San Diego. to inishing his thesis by the end of the month, 10, He gave up to smoke NAWSE PO Se oking for health reasons. Complete part (c) of each number in a logical way. 1. Most people want: a) toberich —b) toget married c) ko Be happy, 2. Alor of people can't stand: a) getting wet —b) gettingupearly —¢) 3, Many people enjoy a) going to par 4. Most people expect a) to be hapy b) tofind a job they will like) Some people don’t mind: a) washing dishes) ironing c) 6. Some parents make their teenage children: b) lyingonaheach —¢) a) wear certain clothes b) da housework —_¢} 7. Other parents let their teenage children: a) wear whar they like bh) stay out all night ¢) Do you think the statements above are true, and are they (or were they) true for you? If possible, compare and discuss your answers with someone else. Read the story and answer the questions below. When Julie was 17, her father said she could go on vacation with two school friends. He also said he would lend her the money for a hotel, but she would have to pay for the airfare and her entertainment herself. Julie was delighted and said she would bring him back @ wonderful present and pay him back in six months, But first she and her friends had to decide where to go. They looked at lots of brochures and finally agreed on a two-week vacation in the Caribbean. They had a great time, but unfortunately Julie spent all her money and forgot to buy a present for her father. 1. What did Julie's father let her do when she was 17? He let 2. And whar did he offer to do? He offered 3. But what did he refuse todo? He refused 4. In return, what did Julie promise? She promised §, What cid the three friends decide? They decided 61> ws a Verb patterns Verb + object subject verb object She proposed [formal; suggested] the plan at the meeting. ‘The travel agent confirmed [said it was sure] my reservation. They discussed [talked about] the movie for hours. Verb + object + question word subject verb object question word I told them where to find it. She asked us why we wanted it. Note: A common mistake is; “He explained me what to do.” After explain + question word, there is no direct object. We say: “He explained what to do / what Thad to do.” Verb + object + infinitive subject verb object infinitive She asked everyone roleave. They told us cowait outside, The doctor advised him tostay in bed. 1 wanted the others tohelp us. He persuaded me togo to the party. She warned them to be careful. persuade [make someone do or believe something warn [rell someone of a possible danger or proble y giving good reasons; convince She warned me that’ Verb + (object) + (that) clause it was dangerous. subject verb object (that) clause zy @ He said - (that) it was good. She suggested — (that) we go together. He insisted — (that) we work late, They told him —_[that) it was expensive. fh She warned me (that) it was dangerous. insist [demand something strongly and not accept refusal] We can also use -ing after suggest, e.g, She suggested going there together. Verb + (object) + preposition He insisted on paying the bill. (Note: Use the -ing form of the verb after a preposition.) They blamed me for the accident. [They said 1 was responsible / it was my fault] She complained (to the manager) about the bad service. [She said she was not satisfied.J ‘The manager apologized (to the customer) for the bad service. [The manager said, “Sorry.” |30.1 30.2 30.3 es 30 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. (Most are the result of translating from the first language. Exer 1. She said me the movie was terrible. She sald the movie was terrible, 2. He tld it was nor possible. 3. Can you explain me what to do? 4. He suggested us to go to an Italian restaurant. . Lwant that he leaves. . [need to confirm me the flight. I apologized my mistake. She advised me buy a dictionary. Fill in the missing verb in each sentence. (There may be more than one answer.) . They watched the movie together; then they . discussed itin small groups. 2. Her room was very noisy, so she called the hotel manager to 3. It was a terrible thing to say to him, bur she refused to 4. He knew it was dangerous, but he didn’t me. 5. Ididn’t want to go at first, but she me. 6. She advised them not to leave, but they on going. 7. [booked the flight by telephone, but Lasked the travel agent to it in writing anyway. 8. Ie wasn’t his fault, but they stil . him. Complete these sentences in a logical way. 1. Some of us were getting hungry, so I suggested . Shat..we go out. to ea, 2. They were making a lot of noise next door, and I told 3. She went to that new Chinese restauranc and said 4. We read the book for homework and discussed 5. The streets are dangerous at night, so | insisted 6. Tewas only a few minutes to the beach, but | still couldn’t persuade 7. He wasn't feeling very well, and the teacher advised 8. The whole team played badly, but most of the newspapers blamed 9. The water there can make you sick, and 1 warned 10. If you don’t understand the instructions, someone will explain When you learn a new verb, look at the grammar information about it in a good dictionary. Always look carefully at the example sentences, and then write one or two of your own. Do this for these three verbs below. Which patterns from the opposite page are used after these verbs? Example: ask 1) + object + question word: | asked her who was coming to the party. 2) + object + infinitive: He aoked me to mall the letter. 3) + preposition: Don't be afraid to ask for help. order recommend prevent‘cS > Adjectives Adjectives ending in -ing and - There’is a large group of adjectives that can have an -ing ot -ed ending. The -ing ending is often used on adjectives that describe a person, thing, oF situations the -ed ending is often used on adjectives that describe the effect of this person, thing, or situation twas such a boring party; I was bored, and so was everyone else. I didn’t think the movie was very frightening, but the children were frightened by it. I think the students are depressed because the weather is so depressing. Other examples of common adjectives ending in -ing and -ed includ astonishing/astonished exhausting/exhausted confusing/confused fascinating/fascinated disappointing/disappointed _interestinginterested embarrassinglembarrassed _surprising/surprised exciting/excited terrifyingiterrified Jane isn’t very good at English, so Twas very surprised when she passed the exam. And I was absolutely astonished when I heard thar she'd gotten 99%, In Tokyo there are lots of streets with no names, and it’s very confusing if you are a tourist. Another problem is that it's a huge place. We walked everywhere on our last trip, and we were exhausted by the end of each day. Butit’s a very exciting city, with so much to do. Ie’s been a terrible week for Carlos. He was very disappointed last Saturday because he played badly in an important tennis match. Then on Monday, his girlfriend left him for someone else, so he’s very depressed right now. One of our teachers ean never remember our names. It seemed funny at first, but now it’s becoming kind of embarrassing. “Scale” and “limit” adjectives ae *?é absolutely) terrible (very) bad OK (very) good absolutely) fabulous awful marvelous horrible terri Some adjectives, such 2s good and bad, can be described on a scale from weak to strong, We can use very before “scale” adjectives, e.g., very good, very bad. Orher adjectives, such as awful and terrific, are not measured on a scale: They are usually limited to “all or nothing.” We can use absolutely before “limit” adjectives, ¢.2., absolutely awful, absolutely terrific. (You cannot say “very awful”; you cannot say “absolutely good.”) Here are some more examples Seale Limit Scale Limit big enormous/huge | hot boiling hungry starving cold freezing surprised astonished frightened [afraid terrified ‘of something]31.4 31.2 31.3 31.4 Exercises 31 Complete these dialogues using a different adjective from speaker A, in the correct form (-ing or -ed). 1. as Lwas very interested in her talk, 1: Yes, it was absolutely . fascinating. 2. az Was it very tiring? 8: Yes, we were absolutely . 3. A: Maria said it was a frightening film. 8: Yes, it was absolutely 4. A: [twas a surprising decision, wasn’t it?s: Yes, I was absolutely 5. Az Was it very cold? 8: Oh yes, it was ‘ Can you think of an adjective from the opposite page to describe how the people felt in each of these situations? 1. They walked about ren miles in the morning, then spent the afterrioon helping some friends cut down trees. exhausted 2. From the description in the travel brochure, they expected a big, beautiful villa on the beach. In fact it was small, not very clean, and miles from the ocean. 3. They decided to wear jeans to the party, but when they arrived, everyone else was wearing formal evening dress. 4. One person told them the street was on the left, another told them to turn right, and a third person said they had to go back to the station. She spent $1 on a lottery ticket. The next week, she discovered that she'd won $1 million! 5 Write at least one limit adjective for these scale adj before you begin. wes. Cover the opposite page 1. big . enormous/huge 4, hot 2. cold 5. bad 3. surprised 6. frightened Rewrite this postcard using limit adjectives instead of the underlined words to give a more positive and/or more extreme effect. Dear Sandy, starving, Arrived Sunday evening. We were hungry and had dinner right away. The hotel is good - we have a big room and the food is good, It’s been hot every day so far, so we've spent most of the time on the beach. But the water is actually cold - that's because it’s the Pacific coast, | suppose. “Tomorrow we're going to walk to a small town about three miles trom here — 'm sure (1 be tired by the time we get back, but it sounds like an interesting place and I'm looking forward to it. t's so small that | was surprised to find it on a map! 1 write again in a couple of days and tell you about it. Best regards, Benitaic: et 66 Prepositions: place At, on, in at a point/place I met her at the bus stop. She lives at 43 Lake Drive. He is at work / at home / at school. They are at a party tonight. on a surface The book is on the desk. We sat on the floor. in an area or space Congo is a country in Africa. She lives in Taipei. He is in the kitchen. The key is in my pocket. Pur itin the box. Opposites up f ‘The picture is over/above the shelf. ‘The bus is in front of the car. ‘The wastebasket is under/below the shelf. The car is behind the bus. Note: Over/above and under/below usually mean the same thing, but over and under sometimes suggest movement, e.g., “He jumped over the fence” or “I pushed the note under the door.” When we flew over the city, we couldn't see much because we were above the clouds, Below us was the river, which ran under the bridge. Other common prepositions of place We drove along the river, around the lake, past the old fort, and through the town. We came over the bridge and parked next to the house, which ‘was opposite the hotel. Our office is between nwo stores and near a bus stop; you just go across the street and walk along the other side toward the school.32.1 32.2 323 UNIT Exercises 32 Fill in the blanks with at, on, or in. The ice cream is"... the freezer, where it won't melt. 1. 2. We saw them the bus stop. 3, Lmet her concen & part 4, She works Mexico City. 5. The dictionary is my desk, next to the telephone, 6, Tleft my briefease work. 7. There was still a lot of snow the ground when I arrived. 8, He lives a very nice area. Answer the questions using the opposite preposition. Was he standing in front of the statue? No, ..2ehind the statue. Ishis house up the hill? No, Did you climb over the fence? No, Did you see her get into the ear? No, Did you fly below the clouds? No, Does she live in the apartment above you? No, eyeene Look at the map and complete the description of the route you took. We took Route 101 (1) 4"@urd.. Olympic National Park, which is (2) ‘Washington state, We drove (3) Port Angeles, without stopping, and then south to Olympia, the state capital, From there we headed north to Seattle, then drove (4) the border, (5) Canada. We drove all the way up to Vancouver, where we stayed overnight. The next morning, we took the ferry (6). the strait to Nanaimo, From there, we drove (7) the island's eastern shore to beautiful Victoria, where we went sightseeing and stopped for tea (8) a charming tearoom. Later we took another ferry (9) the strait to Port Angeles. 6768 Adverbs: frequency and degree Frequency (how often) 100% 0% regularly seldom (formal) always. frequently fairly often sometimes occasionally hardly ever never usually generally rarely Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb with the exception of the verb to be: I rarely see them. They hardly ever go to the movies, She is often Jate these days. I've never tried Korean food. Sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning or end of a sentence: My parents give me money sometimes. I play tennis occasionally. Sometimes my parents give me money. Occasionally I work on weekends. Degree (how much) less more <_< slightly ind of rather quite a (litele) bit somewhat fairly pretty very incredibly Kind of, pretty, and incredibly are mostly used in spoken English: That car is incredibly expensive. The food was pretty good. almost “very” good] I'm kind of curious, [fairly; in some ways Rather is sometimes more formal than the other words. Quite often means “very,” bur not “extremely,” e.g., “It's quire warm [very warm] outside.” Some speakers use quite to mean “fairly” or “moderately,” depending on the context. Almost/nearly Irs almost/nearly five o’clock. {It is a minute or so before five.] Lalmost/nearly lost the game. |1 won, but only by a small amount. Hardly Hardly +a positive often has the same meaning as almost +a negative: Uhardly had anything to eat for lunch, [1 had almost nothing.] She could hardly walk after her operation. [She almost couldn’t walk.] We hardly ever go to the beach. [We almost never go to the beach.] Nove: In the first two sentences above, you can also use barely with the same meaning.33.1 33.3 Exercises 33 Make sentences from these scrambled words. 1. brother often us. Sundays visits. «= ons my My brother often visite is on Sundays. 2. me ever — calls. she hardly 3. visit saw) Ts hardly his. him — during 4 get occasionally 1 early up 5. have smoked never I Replace the underlined adverb with an adverb that has a similar meaning, 1. She seldom goes to conferences, hardly ever / rarely . Lean barely remember the first house we lived in, 3. There were almost fifty people at the party. 4. thought the play was kind of disappointing, didn’t you? . I'm sorry, bur I'm extremely busy next week. Change the underlined adverbs to make the first three sentences a little less negative, and the last two sentences a little more positive. 1, John said the apartment was very sitall. John said the apartment was kind of / fairly / a bit stall 2. They said it was fairly boring, 3. The clothes were very expensive. 4. [thought they were very good. He's been getting pretty good marks om his exams. Puta frequency adverb into each sentence to make a true sentence about yourself. Compare your answers with someone else if possible. I buy clothes I don't like. never buy elothes | don’t tke. I polish my shoes. Iremember my dreams. I give money to people on the street if they ask me. I speak to strangers on buses and trains. I'm rude to people who are rude 10 me. pee Now think about each of your answers to the above sentences (and if possible, your partner's answers), Do you think they ar a) very typical? ¢) slightly unusual? b) fairly typical? d) extremely unusual? ‘Think of something you... 1. always do. | always wash my hands before meals. 2. usually do in the morning. 3, sometimes do in the evening. 4. would never do. 5. would like to do more often, but hardly ever have a chance to do.UNIT, 34 70 Time and sequence When and as soon as Fil call you when I get home. / As soon as I get home, Ill call you. When you've finished, you can leave, / You can leave as soon as you've finished. Note: The two linking words/phrases above can be followed by the prescnt tense or the present perfect [but ror will: You cannot say “As soon as [ will finish..." or “When I will finish ....”| As soon as suggests that the second action will happen immediately after the first. ‘Two things happening at the same time Pat wrote some letters while I cooked dinner. [two actions in the same period of time] ‘The accident happened while I was on my way to work. [Here “on my way to work” isa longer action than “the accident.” We can also use when or as here.] I saw him (just) as I was coming out of the office. [For two short actions we use as (not while), and we often use just as to emphasize that these two short actions happened at exactly the same moment: “He opened the door just as I touched the doorknob.) One thing after another ‘We met them at the cafe, and then/afterward/afterwards we went to the concert. After my visit to New York, I decided to relax for a few We had something to eat before we went out. Noi : We can also follow before and after with an -ing form: After visiting New York, I decided co relax for a few days. ‘We had something to eat before going out. A sequence of actions We had a great vacation. First (of all), we went to San Francisco. Then / After that / Afterward(s), we drove to Los Angeles. Finally, ive went to San Diego Note: If something happened after a lot of time and/or problems, you ean use eventually os in the end, e.g., 1 made several wrong turns, but eventually I got there. A sequence of reasons There are different combinations of words and phrases we can use here: SON: Why can’t we go away this weekend? Ab: First / Fiest of all, because I'm busy this weekerid, Second(ly), you've got a lot of schoolwork to do, And third(ly), we're planning to go away next weekend. Note: * We can also start with the phrases To begin with / To start with. * Inspoken English, we can start with For one thing, followed by And for another (thing). * For the second or final reason, we sometimes use (And) Besides or Anyway, ¢.2. “We can’t go to that club because it’s too far. And besides, I'm not a member.”34.1 34.2 UNIT Exercises 34 Circle the correct answer. Sometimes both answers are correct. 1. Tl give them your message as soon as Lei will get there. 2. Mary cleaned the kitchen just.as/ while [cleaned the bathroom. 3. Pd like ro visit that gallery before to Teave / leaving the city. 4. [had a lot of problems at the store, Bur eventually /Finally they gave me a refund. 5. Idid my homework. After / After that, [went out. Complete these sentences in a logical way. We played tennis, and afterward We went: for a site, 'll meet you as soon as Remember to lock the back door before . I think I dropped the letter as . Llooked up half of the words ia my dictionary while . We had to wait for hours, but eventually 7. My car is too big for you to drive. And besides, 8. Isaw the burglar breaking the window just as AvEwie Add a final sentence (starting with a linking word or phrase from the opposite page) to cach of these mini-conversations, 1. A: Why do you want to stay home this evening when we could go to Karl's party? ss: Well, for one thing, my ex-boyfriend will be there and I really don’t want to see him. What did you do on your trip? First of all, we spent a few days in Tokyo. After that, we took the train to Osaka and stayed there overnight. 3. A: Why can’t we send one of our staff members to the conference? ti; Well, to begin with, I don't think the company should send anyone to the conference. And Imagine you spent a weekend at a hotel and had these problems in the restaurant: ~ There was very litte variety in the food. ~ The service was very slow. = When you mentioned these things to staff members, they were very rade, “The manager (Ms, Watson) was away during your stay, so you have decided to write her a letter of complaint. Complete this letter. Ms. M. Watson Manager, Park Royal Hotel Dear Ms. Watson: I have just returned from a weekend at the Park Royal Hotel, and I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the food and service in your restaurant. ni NIT w = ior 77 Addition and contrast In addition, furthermore, etc. (“and”) When you add a second piece of information in a sentence to support the first piece of information, you can use and, e.g., “The food is excellent and the prices are reasonable.” When you put this information in two sentences, you can use these linking words and phrases: The food is excellent. Furthermore / What's more, the prices are reasonable. The fixed price menu is $10, which is very reasonable. In addition, you get a free beverage. The restaurant has a reputation for excellent food. The prices are also reasonable. ‘The food is excellent in that restaurant. The prices are reasonable as well / too. Note: Furthermore and in addition are more common in written English, Although, in spite of, etc. ("but") When you want to contrast two pieces of information in a single sentence and say that the second fact is surprising after the first, you can use these linking words: She still won the game, although / though / even though she had a bad knee. They still went our in spite of the fact that it was raining hard / in spite of the rain. He still failed the exam despite the fact that he'd studied hard / despite seudying hard. Note: In the above examples you can also begin the sentence with the linking word(s), ¢.g., “Although she had a bad knee, she still won the game.” It is common to use still in these sentences to emphiasi examples). the surprise (as in the After although, though, or even though, you must use a clause (subject + verb], e.g. Although she had a bad knee, .../ Although her knee was bad. Whereas ‘Whereas shows thar something is true of one thing bur not true of another. Pat is very careful, whereas Chris makes lots of mistakes. The south is hot and dry, whereas the north gets a lot of rain. However You ean use however or on the other hand to contrast two ideas in t However is more appropriate when the second sentence is surprising after th first. I don’t agree with all of her methods, However, she is a good teacher We didn’t like the hotel at all. However, we still enjoyed ourselves. Sam liked the movie a lor. Joe, however / on the other hand, thought it was stupid, Most big cats, such as tigers and leopards, are very solitary creatures, Lions, however / on the other hand, spend much of their time in groups.35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 Exercises Circle the correct answers. Sometimes both answers are correct. . Although / In spite of we left late, we still got there on time. Te was a fantastic evening although / in spite of the terrible food. We decided to go in spite of / despite the cost of the tickers. . They enjoyed the course, even though / whereas it was very difficult. ~ Love the ocean, furthermore / whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains. We found a lovely bungalow near the lake that we can rent. In addition However, it has its own swimming pool, and we have free use of a car. We both told John the car was too expensive. However, / On the other band, he still decided to buy it. ~— - 8. Most people we met tried to help us. They were very friendly too /as well. Connect parts from each column to form five short sentences or groups of sentences. A B Cc (He went to school today) even though) the pay isn’t very good. He always did his best at school, in spite of \_he’s the most experienced. He has the right qualifications. — However, \ the help I ga He didn’t pass the exam whereas Che didn’t feel very well.) He decided to take the job. What's more, most of his classmates were very lazy. Fill in che blanks with a linking word or phrase, 1, Despite (In spite of taking a map, they still got lost. 2. Te took me two hours to do it, the others finished in less than an hour. 3. The hotel has a very good reputation. s very reasonable 4. She managed to get there she had a broken ankle. 5. I's not the best dictionary you can buy; , its better than nothing, 6. She's younger than the others in the group, and she’s better than most of them Complete these sentences in a logical way. 1. Iwas able to follow what she was saying even though 2h¢ 9poke very quickly. 2. Iwas able to follow what she was saying, whereas 3. We enjayed the vacation in spite of 4. If you buy a season ticker, you can go as often as you like. Furthermore, 5, The exara was very difficult. However, 6. Although it was.a very long movie, Write all the linking words and phrases from the opposite page that you can remember, Then organize them into groups according to meaning. Write your own ‘examples for each one and keep them on one page in your notebook. In the future, you can add more examples as you meet them. 7B> ws 74 = Similarities, differences, and conditions jimilarities Joc is similar to / like his brother in many ways. Joe and his brother are very similar. Joe and his brother are (very much) alike. Sue and Pat both passed their exams. [Sue passed and Pat passed. But neither (one) wants to go to college. [Sue doesn’t want to go, and Pat doesn’t want to go either | The two boys have a lot in common. [They have many things, e-g., hobbies, interests, beliefs, that are the same of very similar.] Difference: Paula is not at all like / (quite) unlike her sister Pam. {very different from] They have nothing in common. [no interests, beliefs, te., that are the same) His early movies are (quite) different from his later ones. Using compare We want ro compare the prices of all the cameras before deciding which one to buy. They made a comparison of average salaries in different parts of the country. Our new home is very big compared with/to our old one, If you compare this one with the others, I'm sure you'll see a difference. Exceptions When we make a general statement about things or people, and then say that one thing or person is not included or is different from the others, we use these words atid phrases: Ik snowed everywhere exeept on the west coast, The two girls are very similar, except that Marie has slightly longer hair, The museum is open every day except (for) / apart from Sunday(s). Everyone heard the fire alarm except (for) / apart from the two bays in Room 7. Note: Except can be followed by different words (nouns, prepositions, etc.), but except for and apart from are followed by nouns or noun phrases. Apart from is more formal, Conditions Notice the tenses underlined in the examples. We will be late unless we hurry. [We will be late if we don’t hurry Unless the weather improves [if the weather doesn’t improve}}, we won't be able to g0. Thave to go now; otherwise I'll miss the last bus. [if I don’t go now| You can borrow it as long as” you bring it back by Thursday. [on condition that] Take your umbrella in case it rains. [because it may rain later] *Note: The meaning is very similar to if here, but the use of as long as shows that the condition is very important to the speaker.36.1 363 36.4 UNIT Exercises 36 Read the information, then complete the sentences using the words/phrases from A and B on the opposite page. MICHAEL... PHILIPPE... . PAUL... is 21 and lives with his and lives alone. He is 18 and lives with his parents, He works ina is incollege, He is smart —_ parents. He is a trainee store. He is shy, hard but lazy and spends most in a bank, but he would working, and very good of his time at parties. He like to be the manager at sports. He would like has no plans for the someday. He is very to become the manager future. good at golf, of a sports shop. 1. Michael and Paul are very. Simllar . 2. Philippe is quite the other two. 3. Paul and Michael have : 4, Paul and Philippe have almost nothing 5. Paul and Michael both Cr 6. Neither of them Rewrite these sentences. Keep the meaning the same. Example: She's a lot like the others. She's .very similar to the others. (similar) 1. Hong is nor atall like her sister Hong is very . (different) 2. When you see the houses, you realize that the apartments are'a very good value. ‘The apartments are a very good value * (compare) 3. In her class, Carla was the only one who didn’t pass the exam, Everyone . (except) 4, The two boys have completely different interests. The two boys have = (common) Fill in the blanks with a linking word or phrase from E opposite. 1, You'd better write these words down; 9thenwize... you might forget them. 2. Imade extra food for the parry more people come than we expect. 3. Ican meet you for dinner tonight Thave to work late at the office. 4. Lagreed to buy my son a dog he takes it for a walk every day. 5. We'd better leave carly: we'll be stuck in traffic. Complete these sentences in a logical way: 1. You can’t go into that club unless you are. member . 2. Lwant to finish this report today; otherwise I'll : 3. You can borrow the money as long as you 4. I cleaned the guest room and made the bed in case 5, Pm not going to work overtime unless16 Reason, purpose, and result Reason I went home early because/since/as | was feeling tired. Nove: It is common to put since/as at the beginning of the sentence, e.g., Since/As was feeling tired, I left early. We always go there because the scenery is so beautiful. [because + clause: subject + verb] We always go there because of the beautiful scenery. [because of + noun or noun phrase] Due to means the same as because of, problem: id is often used to explain the reason for a The plane was late due to bad weather. [Due to is often used after the verb to be.] “Cause” and “result” verbs Police think the bus driver caused / was responsible for the accident, [made it happen} ‘The extra investment should lead to / result in more jobs. [make it happen] “Cause” and “result” verbs sometimes appear together in this w Police think a cigarette caused the fire, which resulted in the destruction of the building. Purpose A “purpose” is an intention, an aim, or a reason for doing something, e.g., The purpose of baying this book is to improve my English. Bur we often introduce a purpose using so (that) or in order toz I bought this book so (that) I can improve my English. We moved to this neighborhood so (that) we could send our children to this school. They went home early in order to beat the traffic, Note: In spoken English, people often just say so (without that). Iris also very common (as in the examples) to use a modal verb, e.g., can or could, in a clause after so that. Result I lefe the ticket ar home, so I had to buy another one, The manager was out sick, Asa result, there was n0 one to make decisions. I forgot to send the letters. Consequently, some people didn’t know about the meeting. She worked extremely hard and therefore deserved the promotion, Note: So is the most common of these linking words in spoken English, and usually links ideas in a single sentence. As a result and consequently are more formal and usually connect ideas in two separate sentences (as in the examples}. “Therefore (also more formal) can be used in a single sentence (as in the example), bur it may also connect two sentences.37.1 37.4 iS = IF Exercises Combine the two sentences into one sentence using so, so that, because, as, or since, More than one answer is possible in some sentences. 1, Ididn’t call you. fe was very late. | did't call you because it was very late. or it was very late, 90 | didn't-call you. J turned up the radio in the living room. I could hear it in the kitchen, The restaurant was full. We went to the coffee shop next door. The company has poor management. There has been a drop in profits. Iisa very large city. You have to use public transportation a lor. Hearned to drive, My mother didn’t have to take me to school every day. ceeer Rewrite the sentences with because of. Make changes if necessary. 1. He couldn't play soccer because he had an injured shoulder, He couldn't play soccer because of hie injured shoulder: She got the job because her qualifications are excellent. . The weather was awful, so we couldn't eat outside. She had to stay home hecause she had a broken ankle. ~The flowers died because it was so dry. . The traffic was heavy. 1 was half an hour lare. It started raining, so the referee had to stop the game. NR Rw Complete this memo from a manager to the staff. Use words from the opposite page. To: Allstaff Date: August 9th From: The Manager Subject: Temporary road work Starting next Monday (and continuing all week), there will be construction on the major toads leading to the factory. (1) Becayse / Since / AS. this will @ delays, please try to leave home a few minutes early in the morning (3) ......:0n-nnssnnn €VeryOne arrives on time. The construction could also (4) severe traffic congestion. (3) you may want to consider using publie transportation instead of driving. ‘Thank you for your cooperation. These sentences are about learning English. Complete them in a logical way. 1 want to improve my English because . | will. need It./M my Job very. 400m. T bought myself a personal stereo so that | I study English on weekends since Lalways write words down in my notebook in order to don’t get many opportunities to practice my English. Consequently, yeep 6. My brother has a lot of American and Canadian friends. As a result, 7UNIT 38 The physical world The solar system Planets equator South Pole Earth Physical features continents: Asia, Europe hailand, Hungary, Brazil : Sicily, Manhattan, Hong Kong group of islands: the Bahamas, the West Indies ‘oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean sseas: the Adriatic Sea, the Red Sea lakes: Lake Michigan, Lake Titicaca rivers: the Rio Grande, the Mississippi falls: Niagara Falls, Ange! Falls ‘mountains: Mount Fverest, Mount Fuji ‘mountain ranges: the Andes, the Rockies he Amazon (also called the Amazon Rain Forest) he Sahara, the Gobi Sometimes you need the definite article the, e.g., the Atlantic Ocean, the sometimes no article is used, e.g., Mount Everest and Lake Titicaca. Compare this with your own language. Natural disasters A disaster is when something terrible happens, which often results in death, destruction, aad suffering. A natural disaster is caused by nature, not by humans. volcano / earthquake flood hurricane volcanic eruption38.1 38.2 Exercises 3 Match the items in the box with the descriptions below. Earth moon planets stars equator North Pole South Pol 1, Mars, Jupiter, and Pluto are all planets 2. It revolves around the Earth. 3. The Earth revolves around it, 4, ‘The Big Dipper is a group of 7 5. It divides the Earth into northern and southern halves, 6. It’s the most northern point on the surface of the Earth. 7. It’s the most southern point on the surface of the Earth, 8. It rotates around the sun every 365 days. Complete the sentences. Example: The Nile is 4 "ver, 1. The Atlantic is . 2. The Alps are 5 3. Japan is 4. The Sahara is 5. The Amazon is . The Mediterranean is ‘ 7. The Bahamas are 8. Africa is 9 Australia is a . 10. Everest is the highest in the world, Fill in the blanks with the if necessary or © if no article is necessary. My trip took me across (1). th€ , Atlantic Ocean from (2)... Europe to (3) cons. South America, I traveled through (4) Amazon rain forest and down through the interior of (5)... Brazil, and then into (6) Paraguay. From there T headed north again, through Bolivia, around (7)........ Lake Titicaca, and up to Cuzco. Then I crossed (8) ......, Andes and finally arrived in Lima. For the last part of the journey I flew to (9)........ Jamaica in (10) West Indies. at ap ete What kind of disaster is described in each of these sentences? 1. Ie lifted a car about ten feet off the ground, and then we saw it disappear. 2. Irwas abour six feer deep, and we warched as most of our furniture just floated away. 3. The walls began to move visibly, and large cracks opened up in the ground 4. We could see the lava slowly advancing toward the town just ten miles away. Can you name any other natural disasters besides the ones on the opposite page?80 Weather Weather conditions Here are some common weather words, You can often form adjectives by adding -y. Noun Adjective Noun Adjective sun sunny wind windy cloud cloudy ice icy fog foggy rain rainy heat hot humidity humid A light rain, which comes down in fine drops, isa drizzle, When it rains for a short time, we call ita shower, e.g. “We had a few showers yesterday.” When it is raining a lot (or raining hard), we often say i's pouring, A drought is a long period without rain, Temperature ChE 100 = 212 boiling - (water) 22 99 —— hot sa 70. ‘not very warm: chilly — 19 4 59) r _ cold 0 #32 _ freezing (water) ° thermometer —— tes freezing.” Wind es a breeze a wind ‘a strong wind a gale ‘a hurricane severe storm with violent breeze is a gentle and pleasant winds a hurricane is is over 75 miles pet hour. Te was a hot day, bur there was a nice breeze. ‘The wind blew my hat off. A hurricane caused severe damage in Puerto Rico. Thunderstorms A spell [period] of very hot weather often ends with a thunderstorm. First it becomes very hot and humid [wet air], then you get thunder and lightning [loud noise and flashes of light during a stort, and finally, very heavy rain [it pours] Afterward, itis usually cooler and feels fresher39.1 39.2 39.3 394 S Z 5 Exercises Identify the weather conditions in these pictures. ‘True or false? If a sentence is false, write a true sentence about the weather. Ie frequently pours in the desert. fale: It hardly ever pours in the desert. Iecan get very chilly in the desert at night. “Thunder makes a noise. Lightning can kill people. ‘A shower is a light breeze. A spell of hor weather may end in a thunderstorm. When it is humid, the air is very dry. Below 32° F / 0° C, water turns to ice. Drought is a long period of rain. ‘When it’s foggy; you need sunglasses. Sersnavsepe Hl Complete these scales. — wind — strong wind + hurricane — hot + warm — nor very warm + cold > Complete the paragraph with words from the box. blows heavy hot humid snows spell winds The single greatest influence on Japanese weather is the wind. During the summer it (1) Plows. from the Pacific, causing (2) . and humid weather. In winter, however, the northwesterly (3) from Siberia are very cold, and it (4) heavily in the mountains of the northwest. The southeastern parts receive cold dry air. Between June and mid-July, there is a 6 of wet weather when the rig fields get the water vital for ‘growth. After that, there is less (6) rain, but the air is stil @) Autumn, however, is drier, and usually very pleasant. Write a paragraph about the weather in your own country, or a specific part of your country, using as many words as possible from the opposite page. 81UNIT 40 Using the land Ground and soil When we walk, our feet are on the ground. (the general word for the surface of the earth] The top part of the ground, where grass and flowers grows, is called soil. ‘There were no seats in the park, so we had to sit on the ground. The ground is very hard because it hasn’t rained for weeks. Plants don’t grow very well here because the soil is too dry. Above the ground Some land is used for parks and gardens, where we grow trees and plants [living things with roots and leaves, smaller than trees, which grow in the soil). First, you plant the tree or plant [put the tree or plant in the ground}, then you water it [give it water). Land in the country is often used for agriculture/farming. Some farms concentrate on dairy production, e-g., milk, butter, and cheese. Other farms raise animals, which are slaughtered [killed] for their meat, e.g, cattle, pigs, and lambs, Some farms use the land to grow fruit, e.g., apples and grapes; vegetables, e.u., potatoes and carrots; and grains [seeds from plants], e.g., wheat, rice, and barley. When they are ready, farmers pick the fruit and harvest [collect and bring in] the other crops [a general word to describe plants that are grown to be eaten). This period of time is also called the harvest. Below the ground ‘One of the main activities below the ground is mining. This is the process of extracting formal; removing or taking out| different maverials, e.x., coal or gold, from below the ground, We call the place a mine, e.g., 1 coal mine or gold mine. ‘These are some of the metals we take out of the ground: gold: a precious [valuable] yellow metal used to make coins and jewelry silvers a precious [valuable] whitish metal used to make coins, jewelry, utensils, iron: usually takes the form of a hard, dark gray metal, and is used in building and to make tools. It is also used to make steel. tin: a softer metal often used to cover other metals and used to make containers copper: a soft reddish metal. It permirs heat and electricity to pass through it easily.40.1 40.2 40.3 UNIT Exercises 40 Which nouns on the right often go with the verbs on the left? (‘There may be more than one noun for some of the verbs.) 1. plant coal 2. water animals 3. pick wheat 4. extract apples grow crops 6. raise trees Are these statements true or false? IF false, correct them. 1, Roots grow above the ground. false: Roots grow under the ground. 2. Plants are slaughtered for food. 3. If you extract something, you remove it. 4, The harvest is the period when we plant the crops. S. Soil is the top part of the ground, 6. Iron is used to make silver, Complete the descriptions of these objects with a “metal.” Q ring Qa spoon 4, a frying pan with 6, strong bars a bottom 3. aknife witha blade Complete these sentences with the correct “general” word. Apples, oranges, and bananas are all types of . fruit, Potatoes, beans, and carrots are types of Silver, tin, and copper are types of : Milk, butter, and cheese are all products, are the seeds from wheat, rice, barley, etc, ‘We use the word as a general word for plants that are grown to be eaten, Dee eR Answer these questions about your own country. 1. Which are most important to your economy: agriculture, mining, or fishing? 2. Are any precious metals found in your country? 3. What are some of the main crops grown in your country? Which are imported?Animals, insects, and other creatures Pets and farm animals Many people keep pets [domestic animals that live with people]. In the U.S. and Canada, the most common pets are dogs and cats. Some people keep birds, such as parakeets; fish, such as goldfish; and furry animals, such as hamsters. Farm animals include: sheep, pigs, cows, horses, chickens, and goats. Note: The word sheep is both the singular and plural form, ie.. a sheep or two sheep. A young sheep is called a lamb, Wild animals In a z00 or in the wild (in a natural area, outside human control], you will find these wild animals. elephant gorilla bee ant mosquito butterfly fly spider In the water, in the air, and on the ground Here are some ercatures [living things, e.g., animals, birds, fish] that swim, fly, oF move along the ground, shark414 41.2 413 a4 415 Exerci es UNIT 41 Look at the underlined letters in each pair of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? Examples: 1, lion 2, bear 3. goat 4. gorilla whale anima cat camel, tiger eagle mosquito giraffe I differertt lev), (al game lel S. spider 6. monkey amel 8, leopard wild butrerfly snake shark Arrange the words into three groups: farm animals, wild animals, and inseets, monkey tiger ly gorilla elephant bear butterfly goat — sheep, ~—s cow -—teopard. = mosquito horse bee lion ant pig chicken Start each sentence with a creature from the opposite page. 1. Eagle can fly at great heights. 2. can swim very long distances. 3. can understand lors of human commands. 4. can run very fast. 5 can travel through the desert for long distances without water. can be as long as 100 feet (about 30 meters). can eat fruit from tall trees. change their skin several times a year ore can pick things up with their trunk, . provide us with wool. Senne Complete each sentence with a logical word. 1, They have lots of pets: two dogs, four eats, and a parakeet. ‘Their farm animals include cows, sheep, and The children love to see the “big cats” at the z00, such as lions, tigers, and 4. Thate most insects, bur especially mosquitoes and 5. We saw some really large animals at the Wild Animal Park: elephants, giraffes, and Can you match these creatures with their maximum speeds? lion spider elephant | | 40mph 0.03 mph_—_SO mph. rabbit pig snail 35 mph mph 6.5 mph shark golden eagle 168 mph 1.17 mphe = at 86 > Countries, nationa and languages Who speaks what and where? Country Nationality Language Argentina Argentinean Spanish Australia Australian English Brazil Brazilian Portuguese Canada Canadian nglish and French Chile Chilean Spanish China Chinese Mandarin Chinese / Cantonese Egypt Egyptian Arabi FI Salvador Salvadoran/Salvadorian Spanish France French French Great Britain British English Greece Greek Greek Hungary Hungarian Hungarian Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian Israel Israeli Hebrew Italy Tralian Italian Japan Japanese Japanese Korea Korean Korean Mexico Mexican Spanish Panama Panamanian Spanish the Philip, Philippine/Filipino Tagalog/English Russia Russian Russian Spanish Spanish ‘Taiwanese Mandarin Chinese / ‘Taiwanese Th: Thai Turkey Turkish “Turkish the United States American English Venezuela Venezuelan Spanish Viernam Vietnamese Vietnamese The people When you are talking about people in general from a particular country, there are some nationalities that you can make plural with an s, but others can be formed only with the (and no plural s): Bravilians The Chinese Koreans ‘The French ‘The Spanish The Japanese Canadians ‘The Vietnamese! Greeks The British ate (usually very . With both groups you can use “people”: Korean people, Mexican people, etc. © When you talk abour one person from these countries, you need to add woman/man/person to the group on the right: a Brazilian but a Chinese persons a Korean but a Japanese person, etc.a1 423 UNIT Exercises 42 Answer these questions without looking at the opposite page. 1, Name at least four countries where the national language is English. Whar language is spoken in Brazil? What are people from El Salvador called? What language is spoken in Eg What nationality are people from Thailand? ‘Whar language is spoken in Argentina? ‘What are people from Korea called? Where do people speak Mandarin Chinese? Name at least three countries where Spanish is spoken, What are the people of the Philippines called? Be psaney i ‘Mark the main stress in these words and practice saying them. Example: tralian Japan Japanese Brazilian Egyptian Arabic Chinese “Australia Indonesia. Indonesian’ Vietnamese Which syllable is stressed in the words above ending -ian and -ese? Complete these sentences with the names of the people from the countries in the box. 1. Tve worked with many Yeneauelang, Brazil 2. The Sparigh..... have late mealtimes; for example, dinner is. | Canada usually after 10 p.m. France 3. Many speak or understand both French | Great Britain and English. Japan 4. are well known for their classic cuisine. | Venezuela 5. On my visit to Mexico City, I found very | Mexico warm and charming. Spain 6. have a healthy diet compared to many people in Western countries: They consume a lot of fishy rice, and vegetables. 7. Some people say that are reserved, but i's not always true. 8. Lmet alot of ‘on my trip to Rio de Janeiro. Complete these sentences, 1. Bangkok is the capital of [allaid, 6, Taipei is the capital of 2. Buenos Aires is the capital of 7. Athens is the capital of 3. Ankara is the capital of «8 Moscow is the capital of 4, Seoul is the capital of conus 9. Madrid is the capital of 5. Manila is the capital of + 10, Tokyo is the capital of Have you ever met someone from any of the countries on the opposite page? Go through the list and check the ones you have. 87UNIT 43 A The body and what it does Parts of the body forehead eyebrow Physical actions You can breathe through your nose or your mouth, People smile when they're happy or think something is funny, or to be polite. They laugh at something very funny; they may ery when they"re sads they yawn when they're tired or bored. Many people nod their head (up and down) to mean “yes,” and shake their head (side to side) when they mean “no.” When you pick up something heav bend your knees and keep your you should Common expressions \ fold your arms comb your hair bite your nails blow your nose43.1 UNIT Exercises How much of the picture can you label without looking at the opposite page? Match the verbs on the left with a part forehead . blow your knees : adh Foun 1 of the body on the right to form 2 common expressions, Use each verb and 3, comb your nails body part only once. 4, fold your head 5. bend your arms 6. shake your hair 7. bite hands What do these actions often mean? (There may be lots of possible answers.) Il 2. 3 4. 5 8, ‘There are fourteen words describing parts of the body, in this word square. Can you find them? . People often smile when .theyire happy or. think something is funny. . They often breathe quickly after ; They laugh when They may bite their nails when . They blow their nose when . They shake their head when And nod their head when. . They yawn when ither across or down,UNIT 30 Describing people's appearance General Positive: Beautiful is generally used to describe women; handsome is often used ro describe men; good-looking and attractive are used for botb; pretty is another positive word to describe a woman (often a girl) meaning “nice or pleasing to look at.” Negative: Ugly is a very negative word; plain and homely (for people] are more polite. tall and slim medium height medium height short and fat and build and muscular Note: Another word for slim is thin, but slim has a more positive meaning, e. “John is nice and slim, but his brother is terribly thin.” Skinny has the same meaning but is usually negative. It is not polite to call someone fat; overweight is less rude, Hair lightest <> darkest blond light brown dark brown black Special features ‘The man on the left has very pale skin, [very light skin] He also has broad shoulders, with a scar on his forehead, The other man has dark skin / a dark complexion. He also has a beard, a mustache, and a hairy chest. Asking questions about a person’s appearance Q Whar does she look like? She's fairly tall, with short blond hair. @ How tall is she? About five foot nine. : How much does she weigh? 4: Probably about 140 pounds.44.1 44.3 UNIT Exercises 44 Complete these sentences, (More than one answer may be possible.) 1 2, 3. 4, She has blond hair He has very pale They both have curly T would say he is medium Her brother has very broad ¥ 2 She doesn’t like men with hairy . Last time I saw him he had grown a . . He has very muscular . Both men were very good . All of them bave dark .. . Replace the underlined word in each sentence with a word that is either more appropriate or more polite. 1. He told me he'd met @ handsome woman at the disco last night. 2. She's beautiful, but her younger sister is really ualy. 3. Peter should get some exercise; he's getting to be fat. 4. Most people want to stay slim, but not as skinny as that woman over there. 5. I think she’s hoping she'll meet a few beautiful men at the tennis club. You want to know about the following: = someone's general appearance ~ their height — their weight What questions do you need to ask? Complete these questions. 1. What 2. How 3. How much Now answer these questions about yourself. If possible, ask another person these questions too. 1. How tall are you? . How would you describe your build? . What color are your eyes? |. What kind of hair do you have? . What color i 6. Would you like itto look different? If so, in what way? 7. Do you think you have any special features? 8. Are there any special features you would like to have? 9. Do you like beards? 10, Can you think of a famous woman you would describe as beautiful, and a famous man you would describe as handsome? yeep 31UNIT 92 A Describing character Opposites Positive Negative warm and friendly cold and unfriendly kind unkind, mean nice, pleasant horrible, unpleasant generous [likes to givelshare] __ stingy [never gives to others] optimistic [thinks positively] pessimistic [thinks negatively] cheerful [happy and smiling] miserable [always seems unhappy], grumpy relaxed and easygoing, tense [nervous; worries a lor; nor calm] strong weak sensitive insensitive [does not think about others’ feelings honest [always tells the truth] dishonest Sandra is very tense right now because of her exams, but she’s usually relaxed and easygoing about most things. I think the weather influences me a lot: When it’s sunny 1 feel more cheerful and optimistic, but when it’s cold and rainy I feel miserable. He seemed unfriendly at first, bur later I realized thar he’s really very warm and kind. The salesperson told me that the dress I tried on looked better on younger people, I thought that was very insensitive of her, but at least she was being honest, I suppose. Describing character in work situations Positive Negative hardworking lazy [doesn’t want to work] punctial [always on time] not very punctual; always late reliable unreliable [you cannot trustédepend on someone like this] intelligent, smart, bright stupid, dumb (informal) flexible [willing to change] inflexible [a very fixed way of thinking; unable to change] ambitious unambitious [no desire to be successful and get a better job] Some pairs of opposites aze neutral, rather than positive or negative in meaning: He is very shy when you first meet hitm because he finds ir difficult to talk to people and make conversation; but when he gets to know you, he’s more self-confident. People often say the British are reserved [do not show their feelings}, but they can be very emotional like anyone else, Nouns that describe character One of her great qualities is that she takes initiative. [She can think for herself ancl take the necessary action; she does not always wait for orders. That boy has no common sense. [He does stupid things without thinking.] His sister,on the other hand, is very sensible. [has lots of common sense] Paul is a character ~ you never know what he'll say or do next, [an unusual, humorous person]45.1 45.3 5 UNIT Exercises 45 Arrange these words into pairs of opposites. smart stingy nice lazy relaxed hard working tense cheerful generous unpleasant — stupid miserable Positive Negative gmart. stupid Write the opposite of each adjective, using one of these prefixes: un-, Example: kind - unkind kind flexible friendly honest reliable sensitive ambitious pleasant How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions? 1. She locks the door but leaves the windows wide open. It isn’t logical. has no commion gence He always promises to do things, but half the time he forgets. Thave to tell him what ro do every minute of the day at work, He won't even open a window without someone's permission. She is always here on time. don’t think he’s done any work since he started working here, She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers. He could work in any of the departments, and i doesn't matter to him if he works independently or as part of a team. 8. One of the great things about her is that she is so aware of other people's, feelings. wa to NOs Write at least three sentences of your own to describe people's character. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives? Use a dictionary. Example: kind - kindness punctual optimistic reliable lazy confident generous ambitious stupid sensitive strong flexible shy Choose three words from the opposite page that describe you. Is there one qual you do not have but would like to have? What, in your opinion, is the worst quality described on the opposite page? If possible, compare your answers with a friend, ySekt xe Wer 4 WAS 8 car f Ses sla SS Human feelings and actions Feelings Noun Adjective(s) love [+ hate] Joving [+ hateful] happiness [+ sadness] happy [¥ sad] anger angry fear afraid (of) / frightened (of) pride proud (of) jealousy jealous (of) embarrassment embarrassed / embarrassing (see Unit 31) * Pride has different meanings, but the most common is the feeling of satisfaction you have when you (or people you are connected with) do something well. For example, he was very proud when his wife became the first president of the organization, « Jealousy is a feeling of anger and unhappiness you may have if (a) someone you love shows interest in others, or (b) if someone has something you want / don't have. a) My girlfriend gets jealous when I talk to other girls, b) He is jealous of his sister because she is smarter. * Acommon adjective is upset, which means unhappy, sad, and even angry, because something unpleasant has happened, e.g., He was upset when we didn’t invite him, Ways of speaking, looking, and talking whisper (v.,n.) [speak very quietly] shout (92. 1.) [speak in a very loud voi stare (¥., n,) [look at someone/something in a fixed way for a long time] glance (at) (¥..n.) [look ar someone or something quickly] stroll (v., n.) [walk in a slow and relaxed/casual way] march (v.,n.} [walk quickly and with a clear purpose/reason, as in a parade] Things we do with our hands clap knock (on/at a door) wave (good-by Aye) es | fe is point press (a button} push something (at something/someone}46.3 46.4 46.5 UNIT Exercises 46 ‘What nouns can you make from these adjectives? angry—arger sad happy proud — jealous embarrassed Connect the two parts of each sentence. 1, He was very proud when a. someone stole his money. 2. He was very jealous when he heard thar his aunt had died, 3. He was very embarrassed w ¢. his father appeared on TV. 4. He was very angry when d. he saw those big dogs running, toward him. He was very sad when he gave her a birthday present on the wrong day. 6. He was very frightened when f. his best friend went out with the woman he really liked Answer these questions. If possible, ask someone else the same questions, thea ‘compare your answers with the words on the opposite page. Are there any answers you would like to change? 1. How would you fee! if you forgot your mother’s birthday or your father’s birthday? Have you ever been a passenger in a car that was going too fast? How did you feel? 3. How do you feel when other people want you to do things thar you don't want to do? If you made a stupid mistake in English, how would you feel? Is there any one thing that you are very proud of? Are there any common situations where you sometimes feel embarrassed? ane What are these people doing? Describe their actions using words from the opposite page. ed words with a verb with the same meaning, She stopped working and looked quickly at the clock. glanced . Because we were in the library, he spoke very quietly in my ear. . We walked casually along the street and then stopped for coffee. The soldiers walked quickly in the parade. The man kept looking at Susan, but she didn’t seem to notice. 95UNIT 41 Family and friends Relatives [members of your family] Male Female ‘Your parents’ parents grandfather grandmother Your parents’ brothers and sisters uncles aunts Your aunt’stuncle’s children cousins cousins “The father and mother of the person you marry father-in-law mother-in-law The brother and sister of the person you marry brother-in-law sister-in-law Your brother'ssister’s children nephews nieces If the person you marry dies, you are a . widower widow If your mother or father remarries, you havea... stepfather stepmother Note: We ask “Are you related to him/her?” [Are you a relative / connected by a family relanionship?} Also, you can say you are related to someone by marriage not by birth]. Family background [family history] My grandfather was a farmer in Ireland. He worked hard all his life, and when he died, his son (my uncle) and daughter (my mother) inherited a large house and land {received this house and Jand from their father when he died]. They continued the family: business together until my mother met my father. They got married and moved to Boston. I was born two years later. They didn't have any more children, so lam an only chil Family names When you are born, your family gives you a first name, e.g., Robert or Susan, Your last name (also called your family name or surname) is the name that everyone in the family shares, c.g. Smith or "Neill. Some people have a middle name (like a first name), but you do not usually say this name, Your full name is all the names you have, e.g., Susan Jean Smith, Friends an old friend [someone you have known for a long time} a close friend [a very good friend; someone you like and trust] your best friend [the one friend you feel closest to| The people we work with are coworkers or colleagues. Ex- ‘We use this for a husband/wife/boyfriend/girlfriend we had in the past, ex-husband or an ex-girlfriend.47.1 47.2 473 UNIT Exercises 47 Look at the family tree and complete the sentences below. Don & Karen Graham, | John + Susan Jill + Paul Barry + Vicki | (died 1997) | Rita Ana Michael Tom . John is fill's brother-in-law, Michael is Jill's Rita and Ana are Michaels Rita is Vicki's Don Graham is Tom's Barry is Rita’s Susan is Michael's it 8. Paul died in 1997, making fill a : 9. Tom is Karen's 10. John and Vicki are related 1 2 4. 5. 6. Answer these questions about yourself and your country. L 2 3 4. 5 6 What's your first name? ‘What's your last name? Is that a commori name in your country? Do you have a middle name? Are you an only child? If not, how many brothers and sisters do you have? Do you have any brothers-in-lavw or sisters-in-law? Who is your oldest friend? . Who is your closest friend? 9. Do you work? If so, how many of your coworkers are also your friends? 10. Do you have any ex-boyfriends or ex-eirliriends who speak English very well? Draw your own family tree. Are there any relationships you cannot deseribe in English? Write a short summary of your family background (as in B on the ‘opposite page). Ff Ee a798 Ages and stages Growing up and growing older Age Stage of life (-L approximately a baby 1-2 years a toddler 2-12approximately a child [This period is your childhood.] 13-19 a teenager (Early teens are 13-14. 18+ an adult [In some places you are an adult at 21.) 20-29 in your twenties [mid-twenties are 24-26] 30-39 in your thirties [late thirties are 38-39] 45+ middle-aged, e.g,, a middle-aged man 65 approximately a senior / a senior citizen 75+ old age [also elderly, e-g., an elderly gentleman] Note: The period from about 13 to 17, when a young person is maturing, is called adolescence, and the person is an adolescent. A person who is grown (up) 1» adult. The time when you stop work is retirement [when you are retired}, often starting at 65. Childhood and adolescence Sam (on the right) was born in Chicago, but when he was 2, his father got a new job in Los Angeles, and he grew up in southern California He went to college at 18, where he . where he met Ann, He went out with her jshe was his girlfriend; he was her boyfriend] for three years, but toward the end they had lors of fights [arguments], and they split up [broke up / separated]. In his mid-twenties he met Marie. They fell in love and... Marriage . They fell in love and got married within six months. A year later she got pregnant and they had their first child, a boy. Sadly, the marriage was not a success. Sam left two years afterward and they got divorced (also get a divorce), Four years later, Marie remarried, and now she is expecting a second baby (she is pregnant)UNIT Exercises 48 What stage of life are these people at? Use expressions from the opposite page. Paulo isn't two yet, so he’s still a. taddler Al was a bus driver for 40 years but stopped work two years ago, so he is now Susan is 25, so she is in her 2 aroline will be 50 this year, so she is now . Ron is 32 and his wile is 31, so they are both in 2 Joan is 70, so she is a Kevin was born six months ago, so he is a Leyla will be 13 this year, so soon she will be a In most countries, you can’t vote until you're an Fifteen is often a difficult age for boys going through po Bernanke u Are these sentences true or false about the people on the opposite page? If false, write the correct answer below. Try to answer first without looking at the opposite page. 1, Sam was born in Los Angeles. false; He. was born in Chicago, 2. He grew up in southern California 3. He went out with Ann for three years, 4. They split up because Sam went to live in Japan. Sam fell in love with Marie. 6, They bad a baby a year after they got married. 7. Marie is now expecting her third child. 8. Marie left Sam. Connect the two parts of each sentence to construct Marta's life. 1. Marta was born a. was a boy she met in high school. 2. She grew up b, in her mid-twenties. 3. Her first boyfriend &. ina small town. 4. She went out with him d. after high school, when she was in her late teens, 5. She went to college . inva small focal hospital 30 years ago. 6. She fell in love f. for six months. 7. They got married with another student, who was studying law. 8. She had a baby h. when she graduated, in her early twenties. Now complete the sentence parts on the left about your own life, Answer the ‘ones you can.UNIT 49 Daily routines A Sleep During the week I usually wake up at 6:30 a.m, Sometimes [ie in bed for a few minutes, but then I have to get up [get our of bed] and get dressed. Most nights, I g0 to bed (get into bed] at about 11:30 p.m. I'm usually pretty tired, so I go to sleep / fall asleep right away. Occasionally, though, 1 can’t get to sleep [succeed in sleeping}. When that happens, I finally fall asleep about 3 a.m., and then | oversleep [sleep too long} in the morning. If I stay up late [go to bed very late], 1 try to take a nap [a short sleep, e.g., 30 minutes} in the afternoon. The weekends are different. On Saturday and Sunday I sleep in [sleep later in the morning than usual, e.g. until 10 or 10:30 am. | B Food During the week I have breakfast leat breakfast] at 7:30 a.m., lunch at 1:00 p.m., and dinnet around 7 p.m. [also have one or two snacks [small amounts of food], e.g., cookies or fruit, during the day at work, I live alone / by myself [without other people}, so I have to make my own breakfast and dinner [prepare breakfast and dinner for myself). | also have to feed [give food to] my two cats twice a day. Note; In general, there is no definite article (the) with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, Cc Staying clean In the morning | take a shower, and [ usually wash my hair at the same time. I usually shave after | wash my face, and then I brush |. Sometimes | take a bath in the evening if | want to relax. leave for work / leave home / leave the house at about 8 a.m. and get to work [arrive at work] by 9 a.m. 1 take a lunch break {stop work for lunch] about L p.m.,and I take a couple of coffee breaks (time off work for coffee or other refreshment] during the day. I leave work / get off work around 5 p.m. and get home by 6 p.m. E Evenings (On weeknights 1 stay home {don’t leave home| and relax or just do nothing, But on weekends I go out with friends [leave the house for social reasons, e:g.. 0 tO the movies} and usually stay out late [come home late at night). Sometimes | have friends over for dinner [invite friends to my home and cook dinner for them}, or friends come over [visit me at the house] to watch videos or play eards [play card games, e.g., poker or bridge}. r Housework 1 go shopping / do the shopping [buy groceries] on Saturdays. | also do the laundry |wash clothes] and ironing on weekends. I do the dishes [wash the dishes] every evening and take out the garbage/trash every other day. I guess I don't do the vacuuming [clean carpers with a vacuum cleaner] as often as I should. 100UNIT Exercises 49 ‘The opposite page has some expressions with have/take/do + now, Can you think of three for each verb? have . breakfast......... take 4. "ap. do the dishes have take do have take do have take do Match the verbs on the left with the words on the right. 1. brush home 2d my teeth 3. stay the dog 4. fall early 5. get up the shopping 6. feed asleep Answer these questions about yourself. If possible, compare answers with someone else. What time did you get home yesterday / last night? Did you go out last night or stay home? Do you have trouble getting to sleep at night? How often do you have friends over for dinner? Have you ever fallen asleep in class? If so, when? When was the last time you overslept? Aveeno Can you find three facts from the opposite page that are the same in your ro and three that are different? Same Different | goto bed around 11:30 pm. Inever do any ironing. 1. 2. 3. 4 Describe what each person is doing in the pictures below. 101UNIT 102 Homes and buildings Houses Single-fumity home root chimney gate 2 garage driveway Apartments live in an apartment building. My brother lives on the first floor / ground floor, and I have an apartment on the fourth floor. OF course, the building has an elevator, but [like to climb [go up / walk up| the three flights of stairs for the exercise, I have a balcony with a wonderful view of the park my brother's apartment steps. ramp opposite the building. my apartment balcony Note: Steps are usually ourside a building or inside a public buildings they are often stone or wooden. Stairs (plural) connect floors inside a building and are often covered with a carpet Buying and renting Some people buy an apartment or a house. [They own it. /It belongs to them,| They usually borrow money from a bank to pay for the home. This money, which is called a mortgage, is usually paid back over a period of years. Other people rent a house or an apartment. [They pay money every week or month to the owner] The money is called the rent, and the person who owns the house or apartment is the landlord/landlady. Describing an apartment or a house My home is very bright [¥ dark] and sunny because it gets [receives] lors of sun. But sometimes it gets noisy |# quiet) because it is near the street and the traflic. Overall, itis in good condition [in a good state / doesn’t need to be repaired; # in bad condition), and the rooms and closets are huge/enormous [very bigs tiny / very small].50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 UNIT Exercises 50 What can you remember about the house and apartment building on the opposite page? Without looking, try to answer these questions, If an answer is false, correct it (if possible). Then check your answers by looking at the opposite page. Does the house have a garage? Does it have a fence around the front yard? Is there any furniture on the porch? . Is the gare open or shut? Are there any steps in front of the entrance to the apartment build Does each apartment have a balcony? Does the brother live on the second floor? Do the apartments have a view of the mountains? Complete these sentences with a noun or verb. L. Lwalked up to the frottt-dogr...... and rang the 2. We had to six flights of stairs to get to her apartment because the wasn't working. 3. T've got a great from my baleony. 4. Do you own the apartment or do you ie 5. Pm living in a house now, but it actually to my brother. He ought ir two years ago. It was in very bad then, but he spent a lor of money on 6. Irtook years to pay off the , but now we own the house and don’t owe the bank any money. Write three positive things and three ne an apartment or the rooms in it. tive things you could say about a house / Positive Negative {t's bright and sunny. It's very dark. Now think about your answers again. Which positive features are the most important for you? Which negative features do you dislike the most? What about your home? Answer these questions. 1. Do you live in a house or an apartment? 2. AFyou live in an apartment, what floor is it on? 3. If you live in a house, do you have a front ar back yard? 4. Does the house/apartment belong to you (or your family}, or do you rent it? 5. Do you have your own garage or personal parking space? 6. Would you describe your house/apartment as dark or bright? 7, Is it noisy or quiet? 8, Are the rooms and closets big enough? 103stereof ——__ entertainment system 104 Around the house (1) Rooms ‘The living room [where you sit, relax, talk, and watch TV]; the dining room {where you cat meals}; the kitchen; the bedroom(s); the bathroom(s). Some people also have a study [a room with a desk where you work]; a spare room [a room you don’t ust mes used by guests); a guest room [a room for guests}; and possibly a playroom for small children, sometimes located in the basement [a room or an area under the house, often used for storage or a play areal. The living room curtains blinds armchair ED player, remote ~ control While the car was asleep in the armchair, T sat on the sofa and looked at/throngh the newspaper. Then | turned on the TV and went to get a snack. The kitchen microwave — sink faucet cupboard. | ee i and put the milk back in the refrigerator.51.1 51.2 513 B14 m5 ie 2 5 Exercises Complete the descriptions. (There may be more than one possible answer.) 1. The bathroom, that’s where you take a . bath ora The bedroom, that’s where you ‘The kitchen, that’s where you do the : The living room, that’s where you and ‘The dining room, that’s where you A spare room, thar’s often where . A study, that’s usually where you... 5 . A basement, that’s located Noe ee ‘You are in the kitchen. Where would you put these things? 1. milk in the refrigerator meat that you are going to cook frozen food that you want to store dirty cups and saucers clean cups and saucers cookies and a package of spaghetti vegetables that you want to chop or slice different kinds of juices for a drink that you are going to mix 1 in Bs Complete these sentences with the correct adverb or preposition. 1. He put the plates if... the cupboard. 2. 1 took the chicken of the refrigerator, made myself a couple of sandwiches, and then I put the rest of the chicken in the refrigerator. 3. T usually sit the sofa, and my husband sits an armehair, 4. [finished lool the newspaper, so I turned the television. 5. You normally bake it the oven for about forty minutes. 6. [took the butter of the refrigerator and put it the table. Imagine you have just moved into a new home, and for the first six months you can have only six of the following, Which would you choose? sofa carpets TV bed dining table refrigerator dishwasher stove_—_stereo blender vcR blinds desk teakettle —_ saucepans Can you think of: 1. three things in the living room and kitchen you can tum on/off? TV... 2. three things in the kitchen you can wash? 3. three things in the living room and kitchen you can sit on? 4. two things you can use to boil water? 105106 Around the house (2) The bedroom dresser / chest of drawers { put on my pajamas, got into bed, set the alarm clock, turned out / turned off / switched off the light, and went to sleep. The bathroom shower curtain I didn’t have time to take a shower, but | washed my face, brushed my teeth, and then | went to school, Housework (U) My room is very neat and clean [everything in order], but my’ brother is very sloppy {# neat}; he leaves his clothes all over the floor and never makes his bed Whar's worse, he doesn’t clean his room very often, so most of the time itis pretty dirty. 1 wash the dishes every evening after dinner, and I usually do the washing/wash/ laundry and ironing on weekends when I have more free time. | also vacuum the carpets / do the vacuuming and dust the furniture once a52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 UNIT Exercises 52 Connect the two parts of each 1. Lbrushed — the light sentence, then put the sentences 2. Twent into bed. in the most logical order. 3. Iser a bath. 4. Trurned out = my teeth. 5. Took to sleep. 6. Iputon the alarm clock. 7. Tgot my pajamas. The pictures show six things the man did this morning. Complete the sentences below. | 1. He. did the shopping. 4. He He 5. He 3. He 6. He How often do you do the things in the pictures above? 1. Loften 2. [sometimes 3. L occasionally 4. [never 51 61 Answer these questions about your own home. LL 2 4. Do you have a mirror above the sink in the bathroom? Do you have a towel rack on the same wall as the sink? Is the toilet next to the bath/show. Do you have a closet and a dresser in your bedroom? Do you have a lamp on your night table? Do you have an alarm clock? 107ic 5 108 Everyday problems There's something wrong with ... If there is @ problem with a machine or a thing that we use, washing machine, computer, pen, etc., we can say: TV, light, ‘There's something wrong with the TY. [There is a problem with it. The light is not working, [not functioning / there is no light] The telephone is out of order. not in use / not functioning] Note: The phrase out of order is used when a public machine or piece of equipment isn’t working, e.g., pay phone, public toilet, vending machine, etc. In the home Yesterday morning Pau! had a lot of problems, a v CA a He dropped a cup, SY" and ir broke. ote rR 32 LY _ He got another pene \ It ruined [spoiled] cup, made some < his shit by making coffee, and then . a large stain on it. spilled it. He decided to make some toast, but he burned the first piece [if you burn something, you damage it with heat or fire}, then realized he had run out of bread [there was no more bread}. He left home in a bad mood [feeling very unhappy +a good mood]. Out and about After Paul went our, things got worse. He left home with a ten-dollar bill in his pocket and walked to the bus stop. Unfortunately he was a few minutes late, so he missed the bus. While he waited for the next one, he got his personal stereo, but the batteries had run out. [The batteries were dead.| When the bus arrived, he got ‘on and put his hand in his pocket — no ten-dollar bill, (He had lost his money.) The driver told him to get off, He didn’t want to be late for school, so he started running, Moments later, he saw a dog, but not its leash — and he tripped over the leash, He gor to his feet and continued on to school; then he realized he had left his bag on the bus. Note: Students often mistakenly say “He forgot his bag on the bus” in this situation. In English, we use the verb leave if we say where something is. For example: [forgot my bag. but [left my bag on the bus,53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 UNIT Exercises 53 Write the past tense and past participle of these verbs. Infinitive |Past tense Past participle to burn burned bummed. to break to forget torun to lose to leave Match the lists to form sentences. « Tdropped the radio on the floor, a._and it made a mess on the carpet. 1 2. The batteries have runout, \_b, and had to wait ages for another one. 3. Unfortunately Left c. to bring my money. 4, [spilled the drink, Nd. and now I can't get it to work. 5. [missed the bus ©. my money at home. 6. [forgot f. soT can't listen co my personal stereo. This is what happened when Paul had a party at his house. Write a description of the damage. oe iS = =o Write logical answers for each of these questions, using vocabulary from the opposite page. How did you break that glass? | drappeditt. Why can’t we watch TV? What happened to the money I gave you? Where's your homework? Why can’t you use the pay phone at the station? Pepe How often do you do these things? Use all the tine / fairly often / occasionally / hardly ever / never. Example: | drop things all the time. drop things? break things? burn things? spill things? lose things? forget things? trip over thin; leave things behind? run out of things? What kinds of things do you drop, burn, run out of, ete.? 109UNIT Money A Bills and coins Here are some examples of money used in the U.S. The currency [the type of money used ina country| is called the dollar. Bills Coins ten dollars twenty-five cents rencents five cents one cent a ten-dollar bill a quarter adime anickel a penny B Common verbs spend $$on... Last week I spent $100 on food and $20 on books. pay for... Tpaid $200 for my new desk. |It cost me $200. cost My new desk cost (me) $200. {I paid $200.| charge ‘The mechanic charged me $75 to repair my car. {asked me to pay $75 for the service] lend/borrow Could you lend me some money? [give me money that I will return] or Could I borrow some money? [receive money that I will return] waste Parents often think their children waste money on things they don't need. [use it badly] save (up) Pim saving (up) for a new bike. [keeping money when T receive it] c Adjectives free cheap inexpensive reasonable fairly expensive __ very expensive < = 5 $ $ $ $ D Important words and phrases I can't afford to take a vacation this year. [1 don’t have enough money.| How much is that watch worth? [Whar is the value of that watch?] I is worth about $50. [The value is about $50.] “The cost of living [how much people pay for things} is high in Japan, but most people still have a good standard of living [the level af money and comfort people have}, 11054.2 54.3 UNIT Exercises 54 Fill in the blanks with the past tense of verbs from the box. Be careful - most of them are irregular, buy spend lose. = pay cost sell win waste find give 1, My car was five years old, so 1.014 itand anew one. 2, Twas very sad when L my watch in a score. Tt was a present from my wife, and it her a lot of money. Fortunately somebody it the next day and took it to a police station, 31 over $2,000 for my computer, but i isn't worth very much now: 4. My father me $50 last week, but L most of it on a ticket for a concert on Friday. 5. Last week somebody $10 million in the lottery! 61 my money on those CDs because I never play them. Complete the sentences with words from the opposite page. Do not use the underlined words and phrases. Example: You want to tell a friend that a restaurant wasn’t che ‘The restaurant a9 fairly expensive . 1. You want to know the value of your friend's CD player. How much is 2. A friend wants to go to an expensive restaurant but you don’t have enough money. I'm sorry, but | can't - 3. You want to barrow $5 from a friend. Could you 3 4. You want to know how much a friend paid for her dictionas How much ss How quickly can you answer these questions? Write down answers to all of them in one minute, then go back and check. If possible, ask someone else the same questions. 1. Is the currency in the U.S. called dollars and cents? Isa quarter worth more than fifty cents? If you lend something ro someone, do they borrow it? If you waste money, do you use ir well? Is “the dollar” a currency If you “can’t afford” something, do you have enough money for it? Does “cost of living” mean the same as “standard of living” If someone tells you a hotel is reasonable, is it very expensive? SNARE Write down the approximate price of six things in your country, e.g..a daily newspaper, a short bus ride, a cup of coffee in a cafe, a movie ticket, a hamburger, a pair of jeans, etc. Do you think the price is expensive, reasonable, or cheap? If possible, compare your answers with someone from the same town, and someone from a different country. 1UNIT 55 Health: 112 A Common problems i £5 £2 | Shee ner 1g. She's coughi Iness and disease AS She's blo her nose. ig. She has a sore throat. @ She has a temperature/fever. What's the matter? How do you know? (the symptoms) Cause of illness Thave a cold, Thave the flu, (U) (more serious than a cold) Thave hay fever. (U) / have allergies. Thave diarthea, | feel nauseous. sneezing, a runny nose, a sore throat, a. cough symptoms for a cold + aching muscles and a temperature/fever sneezing, a runny nose, itchy eyes Thave.a stomachache and keep going to the bathroom, afraid I may vomit / throw up. a virus a virus allergic reaction to pollen from grass, trees, plants often food, or a virus food, a virus Note: For some of these illnesses, you can see a doctor, who may give you a prescription [a paper with an order for medicine] that you get from a pharmacy, or you can buy an over-the-counter medication [medicine that doesn’t require a prescription]. Aches and pains Nouns: We use ache with the followin, have a toothache, a stomachache, a backache, an earache, and a headache, For other parts of the body, we use pain, eas Lwoke up during the ni Verbs: You can use ache for some things, e.g. my common to describe real pai ght with a terrible pain in my ches in, and it can be used ick aches; but hurt is mor ith or without a direct objec She hurt/injured her for when she jumped off the bus and fell over. or She hurt herself when she jumped off the bus and fell over. U hit my leg against the table, and now it really hurts. [gives me a tetrible pain] Adjectives common adjective is painful |# painless]: L had an injection / a shot yesterday and it was very painful. A: Did it hurt when you had your filling? [when the. — dentist fills a hole/cavity tis No, it was painless. Serious illnesses Doctors believe smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. He had a heart attack and died almost immediately. Asthma has become more common. [chest illness causing breathing problems] in the tooth]55.3 55.4 55.5 UNIT Exercises 55 Cover the opposite page. What are the main symptoms for these conditions? 1. acold: ..gneezing, a.runny.noge,.a sore throat, a.cough 2. flu: 3. hay fever /allergies: 4. diarrhea: §. asthma: Look at the underlined letters in these pairs of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? Examples: ache pain same let! shot stomach —_ different /al, /a! 1, disease diarrhea 4. virus illness 2. chemist 5. fu pharmacy 3. hurt allergic 6. cough enough Look at the pictures and write whar happened in the space below. In your description, use the words in the box. dentist injection Thad a terrible Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word. 1, Thit my hand on the desk, and now it really furté 2. They say she died of a heart 3. She had some apples that weren’t ready to eat, and now she has a 4, Pye got this terrible in my neck from sleeping in the wrong position, 5. He died of cancer, even though he never smoked a cigarette in his life. 6. [went to the doctor, and she gave mea for some medication. 7. Pollution makes his worse, and it’s difficult for him to breathe. 8. Lhurt when I fell off that chair. Look at the opposite page again, Have you had any of these illnesses recently? Have you had any aches and pains recently? Are there any other illnesses you have had or still have? If so, find the name for it/them in English. 113_ UNIT 114 Health: injuries Common injuries Ainjury i damage par of your bods, usally caused by an accident a home, in a What's the problem? How did it happen? Result Solution 1. Lut my finger. using a knife Ie’ bleeding. a Band-Aid 2. Lhave a concussion, playing soccer P'm confused; I don’t rest know where J am 3. Lewisted my ankle, running fora bus Tean’twalkon ir rest + bandage easily. 4. Tburned my hand. taking something I's very painful. special cream uit of a hot oven 5. Ibroke myarm, —Tfell off' my bike. Lean’euse it, cast and sling 6. Lhave a bruise Thir it on the side It’s swollen and ice pack on my arm. of my desk. black and blue. Hospital treatment Jane fell off a chair, hit her head on the flooy and knocked herself unconscious. Her husband called an ambulance, and she was still unconscious when it arrived. She was rushed to the hospital [taken very quickly}, whei fc days for observation [the hospital staff watched her to decide if anything was wrong]. 1 jumped for the ball and collided with another player. [We ran into / hit each other.] We both had cuts on our heads, but I had to go to the hospital for eight stitches. Wounds and injuries ‘Wound (n., ¥.) and injury are both used to describe harm to the body, but a wound is generally caused by a weapon (e.g., gun or knife) and is often intentional. {Note the pronunciation of wound /wund.) ‘He shot the man in the chest. [a bullet wound, from a gun, in the chest} He stabbed the woman in the back. [a knife wound in the back] He got into a fight and got beaten up. He had a black eye and two broken ribs.56.4 UNIT Exercises 56 Complete the table. Noun Verb Nown Verb cut out injury bandage shot blood treatment bruise wound Match the injuries and the causes. 1, Heburmed his finger . He fell down and banged his head. 2. He twisted his ankle. ~_b. He was shor daring a robbery 3. He cut his foot. He touched a hor burner on the stove. 4. He has a bullet wound in his arm. —d. He walked barefoor on some glass. 5. He has a concussion. . He missed a step walking downstairs. Look at the pictures and write the story. Answer these questions about yourself. If possible, ask another person the same questions, 1. Have you ever broken your arm or leg? 2. Have you ever needed stitches? 3. Have you ever had a concussion? 4, Have you ever been unconscious? 5. Have you ever had a blood test? 6. Haye you ever been in an ambulance? 15UNIT 57 Clothes 16 A Pockets, buttons, collar, sleeves necklace. blouse Y)_/Veneck pullover / jacker~| pullover sweater belt hat purse/ handbag. pocket scarf jeans pantyhose/ stockings button IP glove cuff, Note: Some of these words are plural nouns, e.g., jeans and pants. (See Unit 28.) Verbs and phrases used with clothes ‘Try to guess the meanings of the underlined words below. I got up at 7:30, took a shower, got dressed, and had breakfast. t was a cold morning, 30 J put on my overcoat and left home about 8:20. When I got to work, I took off my coat and hung it up betind the door. It was hot in the office, so I took my jacket off too, During my lunch break I went shopping. saw a nice jacket in a clothing store and tried iton, but it didn't fit me~ it was too small and they didn't have a bigger size, — Note: Notice the different word order with the verbs put on, take off, hang up, and try on. If you want to know the rule abour this, turn to Unit 18. Too small and not long enough 7 | The man is wearing a suit, but it doesn't fir him very well: The jacket is too small [not big enough] and the pants are too short [not long enough].57.1 57.2 57.3 57.5 UNIT Exercises 57 Finish this sentence with six different items of clothes. Inged a pair of . shoes. Find a logical order for these sentences, 1, He took off his pants, 6, He paid for the suit. 2. He put his shoes back on. 7. He took off his sho 3. He tried on the suit. 8. He went back to the salesperson. 4. He went into the fitting room, 9, He put his pants on aga 5. He took it off. What's different? Find five things that the first woman has, but the second woman doesn't. 4 button. Fill in the blanks, More than one answer may be possible. 1. She decided t0 weara 2kire. and a instead of a dress. 2. Teried ona 3 the jacket was fine, but the were too short. 3. Ir was hor in the office, so he took off his jacket and and rolled up the sleeves of his 4. I wanted to buy the jacket, bur unfortunately the one T tried an wasn’t big . and they didn’t have it ina bigger . Lalso wanted a new sweater, but unfortunarely the me big and the small size wasn’t big 1m size was Write down ... 1. five things usually worn by women only; and five things worn by men and women. list of clothes you like and don't like wearing. five more items of clothing you have at home in your closet and/or dresser: W7UNIT 118 Stores and shopping Stores and shopping store: a place where you can buy things; shop is usually a small store salesperson: a person who helps customers in a store; also called a salesclerk shop/store window: the window at the front of the shop/store window shopping: looking at things in store windows without buying anything shopping list list of things you plan to buy shopping center: a group of stores built together and sharing a parking area (shopping) mall: stores, restaurants, and movie theaters in a large, covered area I went shopping yesterday. [I went to a store or stores to buy food or clothes, ete.| | did the shopping yesterday. (I bought food and household goods.) Types of stores and what they sell Name of store What it sells department store almost everything ~ furniture, clothes, electrical appliances (e.g. TV, washing machine), toys, jewelry, etc., and sometimes food supermarket a large store for food and household goods (e.g., cleaning products) | office supply store paper, pens, pencils, staplers, paper clips, files, folders, tape, stationery (e,g., writing paper, cards, envelopes) newsstand {often outdoors) newspapers and magazines, candy, lottery tickets butcher shop ‘meat ancl poultry (Note: Supermarkets have meat departments too.) | grocery (store) fruit and vegetables; other food items (smaller than a supermarket) pharmacy/drugstore_medicine (both prescription and nonprescription), baby products, shampoo, soap, toothpaste, etc. video (rental) store videos to rent or buy Note: Many stores are called by the name of the main product sold + store, e.g. clothing store, shoe store, record store, camera store, etc, Useful words and expressions SALESPERSON: Can Thelp you? cusroMeR: I'm looking for a silk scarf, [I want] or or No, F’m just looking, thanks. [I don't May [help you? need any help.| or P’'m already being helped, thanks. [Another salesperson is already helping me.] SALESCLERK: What size are you looking for? (e.g., small? medium? large? 12? 142) Where's the fitting room? {the room where you try on clothes) Is down there on the right. custom SALESCLERK: cusrowrr: I'll take this one, /T'l take these, [I want to buy this one / these.] CUSTOMER: SALESCLERK: CUSTOMER: SALESCLERK: Excuse me. Where do | pay for these? ‘Ar the cashier / checkout counter. And can I pay by check / credit card? Yes, of course,58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 UNIT Exercises 58 Can you find a “general” word on the opposite page to describe each group of items below? frutt, apples, oranges, peaches shoes, a blouse, a jacker a sofa, an armchair, a table 4 television, a washing machine, a food processor detergent, soap, toilet paper stuffed animals, dolls, electric train set writing paper, envelopes, cards NaS ee Where would you buy each of the items below? Choose from the stores in the box. butcher shop department store grocery store pharmacy office supply store Can you think of two more things you could buy in each store? ‘What word or phrase is being defined in these sentences? 1. a person who works in a store saleeperson or salesclerk 2. the store where yon rent or buy videos 3. the place where you can try on clothes in a store 4. the place where you pay for things in a store 5. a large indoor area where you can shop, eat, and go to a movie looking in store windows without going inside to buy 7. the store where you buy medicine, baby products, shampoo, ete. Complete these dialogues about shopping. sauescterk: Can [help you? CUSTOMER: Yes, I’m (1) a sweater like this, but in blue. SALESCLERK: And What (2)... are you lool castor: Extra large. SALESCLERK: Here’s an extra large one in blue. CUSTOMER: Great! I'll (3) it. Can T (4) check? SALESCLERK: Yes, of course. sausscverk: Can I help you? customer: No, it’s OK, I'm just (5) thanks, 119UNIT 59 Food A Fruit 2 yi ae Se | banana grapes L Ww B Vegetables , green beans peas cauliflower potato ay) ee fe a cegplant cabbage c Salad A green salad is a mixture of uncooked vegetables. The main ingredient in.a salad is usually lettuce, but it may also contain tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and other things. tomato cucumber D Animals (meat), fish, and shellfish Animal: cow calf (a youngcow) | lamb (a young sheep) pig | Meat: beef veal lamb pork | 12059.1 59.4 Exercises 59 ‘Can you write the name of a vegetable and fruit... Vegetable Fruit 1. beginning with the letter p: potate 2. beginning with the letter b: 3. beginning with the letter 4. beginning with the letter 5. beginning with the letter I: March the words in the right-hand box and the left-hand box where the underlined letters are pronounced the same way. Example: banana - melon ial banana onion lemon lamb peach salmon oil mushroom pepper _oysters zucchini melon Which is the odd one out in each group, and why? L. pork veal salmon beef Salmon is the only fish; the others are types of meat. 2. salmon shrimp oyster lobster 3, lettuce eggplant tomato 4. peach onion ~— mushroom —-2ucchini 5. pork lamb oysters —_—heef Do you eat the skin [the outer covering] of these fruits always, sometimes, or never? Make three lists. apples pineapples cherries. grapes pears bananas peaches mangoes oranges lemons melons strawberries Using words from the opposite page, complete these sentences about yourself and your country. If possible, compare your answers with someone else. 1, Inmy country, fare more common than : 2. In my country, islare more expensive than 3, In my country, a mixed salad usually contains 4, In my country, we don’t grow 2 And we don’t often eat . Personally, | prefer to : . Llove , but I don’t really like “ 8, My favorite meat {or fish or vegetable or fruit) is a 121