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Physics 100 Chapt 5

1) Work in physics is defined as the product of an applied force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force. Work is done when an object's kinetic energy changes due to conservative forces like gravity or elastic forces. 2) The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object by all forces equals the change in the object's kinetic energy. If the only force is gravity or an elastic force, the total mechanical energy (potential + kinetic) is conserved. 3) Dissipative forces like friction always do negative work, converting mechanical energy into heat rather than changing an object's kinetic energy. The work-energy theorem accounts for this by including the change in heat energy

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Kuludip Kumar Gupta
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70 views

Physics 100 Chapt 5

1) Work in physics is defined as the product of an applied force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force. Work is done when an object's kinetic energy changes due to conservative forces like gravity or elastic forces. 2) The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object by all forces equals the change in the object's kinetic energy. If the only force is gravity or an elastic force, the total mechanical energy (potential + kinetic) is conserved. 3) Dissipative forces like friction always do negative work, converting mechanical energy into heat rather than changing an object's kinetic energy. The work-energy theorem accounts for this by including the change in heat energy

Uploaded by

Kuludip Kumar Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and Energy

Physics 100 Chapt 5

Physicists definition of work

(n A s
ot
ca
a
l
ve ar
ct
or
)

dist
dist

Work = F

dist

Atlas holds up the Earth


But he doesnt move,
dist = 0

Work= Fx dist = 0
He doesnt do any work!

Garcon does work when


he picks up the tray
but not while he
carries it around
the room
dist is not zero,
but dist is 0

Why this

r
o
t n
c
definition? ve atio
A qu
e

Newtons 2nd law:


A
eq sca
ua lar
tio
n

F=m a

Definition of work
+ a little calculus

Work= change in mv2


This scalar quantity is given
a special name: kinetic energy

Work = change in KE
This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

Units again
Kinetic Energy = mv2
work = F x dist

2
m
kg 2
s
same!

m
N m =kg 2 m
s

=1Joule

Work done by gravity


end

start

dist

dist
change in
vertical height

W=mg

Work = F
=

dist

-mg x change in height


= -change in mg h

Gravitational Potential Energy

Workgrav = -change in mgh


This is called:
Gravitational Potential
Energy (or PEgrav)

change
Workgrav
in =PE-change
in PE
grav = -Work
grav
grav

If gravity is the only force


doing work.
Work-energy theorem:
-change in mgh = change in mv2
0 = change in mgh + change in mv2
change in (mgh + mv2) = 0

mgh + mv2 = constant

Conservation of energy
mgh + mv2 = constant
Gravitational
Potential energy

Kinetic energy

If gravity is the only force that does work:

PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved

Free fall

height

(reminder)

t = 0s
V0 = 0
t = 1s

80m
75m

V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s
t = 3s

35m

V3 = 30m/s

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s

0m

m=1kg free falls from 80m


t = 0s
V0 = 0 h0=80m

mgh

mv2

sum

800J

800J

50J

800J

t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m

750J

t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m

600J

200J

800J

350J

450J

800J

t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0

800J

800J

pendulum
T
W=mg
Two forces: T and W
T is always

to the motion

Pendulum conserves energy


E=mghmax

E=mghmax

hmax

E=1/2 m(vmax)2

Roller coaster

Work done by a spring


Relaxed
Position
F=0

x
I compress
the spring
(I do + work;
spring does
-work)

Work done by spring = - change in kx2

Spring Potential Energy


Workspring = -change in kx2
This is the:
Springs Potential
Energy (or PEspring)

Workspring = -change in PEspring


change in PEspring = -Workspring

If spring is the only force doing


work.
Work-energy theorem:
-change in kx2 = change in mv2
0 = change in kx2 + change in mv2
change in ( kx2 + mv2) = 0

kx2 + mv2 = constant

Conservation of energy
springs & gravity

mgh + kx2 + mv2 = constant


Gravitational
spring
potential energy potential energy

Kinetic energy

If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work:

PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant


Energy is conserved

example

grav PE
KineticE
Spring PE

Two types of forces:


Conservative

forces
forces that do + & work

Dissipative

Gravity

Friction

Elastic (springs, etc)

Viscosity

Electrical forces

-work
change in PE

forces
forces that only do work

-work heat

(no potential energy.)

(-)Work done by frictionheat

Thermal atomic motion


Air

solid

Heat energy= KE and PE associated with

the random thermal motion of atoms

Work-energy theorem
(all forces)

Workfric =
Work done
dissipative
Forces
(always -)

change in

(PE+KE)

potential energy
From all
Conservative forces

Kinetic
energy

-Work
=
change
in
heat
energy
Work
=
-change
in
heat
energy
fric
fric

-change

=
(PE+KE)

in Heat Energy
change in

Work Energy Theorem


(all forces)

0 =

change in

0 =

+
(PE+KE)

change in Heat Energy

change in

Heat Energy

(Heat

Energy+PE+KE)

+ PE + KE = constant

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy conversion while skiing


Potential energy

Potential energykinetic energy

Friction: energy gets


converted to heat

Units again
Heat units:

1 calorie = heat energy required to raise the


temp of 1 gram of H2O by 1o C
Kg m2/s2

1 calorie= 4.18 Joules

Food Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1Kcalorie
The Calories you read on food labels

1 Calorie= 4.18x103 Joules


7 x 106 J

8 x 105 J

2 x 106 J

Power
Rate of using energy:
Units:

Joule
1 second

amout of energy
Power = elapsed time
= 1 Watt

A 100 W light bulb


consumes 100 J of
electrical energy each
second to produce light

Other units
Over a full day, a work-horse can
have an average work output of
more than 750 Joules each second

1 Horsepower = 750 Watts

Kilowatt hours
energy
Power = time

energy = power

power unit
Elec companies use:

Kilowatts
(103 W)

time

time unit = energy unit


x

hours

(3600 s)

1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr
= 103 W x 3.6x103 s = 3.6x106 Ws
J
HECO charges us about 15 cents /kW-hr

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