CHAPTER 2

Diode Applications

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

Usman Khan

10

Usman Khan

11

Reverse Breakdown ???

Usman Khan

12

Usman Khan

13

Usman Khan

14

Usman Khan

15

Usman Khan

16

Usman Khan

17

Usman Khan

18

Usman Khan

19

Usman Khan

20

Usman Khan

21

Usman Khan

22

Usman Khan

23

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers

Diode ability to conduct current in one direction
and block current in other direction
used in circuit called RECTIFIER (ac dc)
Objective:

Discuss the operation of half-wave rectifiers

Describe a basic dc power supply & half-wave rectifications
Determine the average value, VAVG of half-waves rectified voltage
Discuss the effect of VP on a half-wave rectifier output
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
Describe Transformer-couple half-wave rectifier

Usman Khan

24

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(The basic DC power supply)

The basic function of a DC power supply is to convert an AC

voltage to a smooth DC voltage (AC DC)

Either half or full-wave

rectifier

Maintains a constant dc
voltage
Eliminates the fluctuations
- produce smooth dc voltage
Usman Khan

25

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(The Half-Wave Rectifier)
ac source

load resistor

A half wave rectifier(ideal) allows

conduction for only 180 or half of
a complete cycle.
During first one cycle:
-Vin goes positive diode FB
conduct current
-Vin goes negetive diode RB no
current- 0V
The output frequency is the same
as the input (same shape).

The average value

VDC or VAVG :

VAVG

Vp

(2-1)
Ideal diode model

-Measure on dc voltmeter

Usman Khan

26

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output)

Practical Diode barrier potential of 0.7V (Si) taken into account.

During +ve half-cycle Vin must overcome Vpotential for forward bias.

Example 1: Calculate the peak o/p voltage, Vp(out)?

The peak o/p voltage:

V p ( out ) V p ( in ) 0.7V

V p ( out ) V p (in ) 0.7V

5V 0.7V
4.30V
Usman Khan

27

(2-2)

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output)
Example 2:
Si

Sketch the output V0 and determine the output level voltage for the
network in above figure.
Usman Khan

28

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

[Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)]

Peak inverse
voltage (PIV) is
the maximum
voltage across the
diode when it is in
reverse bias.
The diode must be
capable of
withstanding this
amount of voltage.

Usman Khan

PIV V p (in )

29

(2-3)

2-1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(Half-Wave Rectifier with Transformer-Coupled Input Voltage)

Transformers
The

are often used for voltage change and isolation.

turns ratio, n of the primary to secondary determines the output versus the

input.

Vsec
advantages of transformer coupling:
1) allows the source voltage to be stepped up or down
2) the ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier, thus
prevents shock hazards in the secondary circuit.

The

nV pri

to couple ac input
to the rectifier

N sec
n
N pri

Usman Khan

30

V p ( out ) V p (sec) 0.7V

PIV V p (sec)

(2-4)

Example 3:
Determine the peak value of output voltage as shown in below Figure.

5:1
120V

Usman Khan

31

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers

(Introduction)

Objective:
Explain & Analyze the operation of Full-Wave Rectifier.
Discuss how full wave rectifier differs from half-wave rectifier
Determine the average value
Describe the operation of center-tapped & bridge.
Explain effects of the transformers turns ratio
PIV
Comparison between center-tapped & bridge.

Usman Khan

32

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(Introduction)
A full-wave

rectifier allows current to flow during both the positive and

negative half cycles or the full 360 but half-wave rectifier allows only
during one-half of the cycle.
The

no. of +ve alternations is twice the half wave for the same time
interval
The

output frequency is twice the input frequency.

The

average value the value measured on a dc voltmeter

VAVG

2V p

Twice output

(2-5)

67% of Vp

Usman Khan

33

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers

(i - The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier)
This

method of rectification employs two diodes connected to a

secondary center-tapped transformer.
The

i/p voltage is coupled through the transformer to the center-tapped

secondary.
The peak output is only half of the transformers peak secondary
voltage.

Coupled input
voltage

Usman Khan

34

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(i - The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier)

+ve

half-cycle input voltage (forward-bias D1 & reverse-bias D2)-the current

patch through the D1 and RL
-ve

half-cycle input voltage (reverse-bias D1 & forward-bias D2)-the current

patch through D2 and RL
The

output current on both portions of the input cycle same direction

through the load.
The

o/p voltage across the load resistors full-wave rectifiers

Usman Khan

35

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(i - The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier)

-Effect of the Turns Ratio on the Output Voltage-

If n=1, Vp(out)=Vp(pri)/2-0.7V
Vp(sec)=V(pri)

Vsec 2V pri

If n=2, Vsec 2V pri

V p ( out ) V p ( pri ) 0.7

In any case, the o/p voltage is always

one-half of the total secondary voltage

less the diode drop, no matter what the
Turns ratio

Vout
Usman Khan

Vsec
0.7V
2

(2-6)
36

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(i - The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier)
-Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)-

D1

V p (sec)

D2

V p (sec)

Maximum anode voltage:

D1: forward-bias cathode is at the same voltage of anode Vpotential.

PIV across D2 :

V p (sec)
V p (sec)

0.7V
2
2

V p (sec) 0.7V

PIV

We know that
V p (sec)
V p ( out )
0.7V
2
V p (sec) 2V p ( out ) 1.4V
Thus;

PIV 2V p ( out ) 0.7V

Usman Khan

reverse-bias
(2-7)
37

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(ii - The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier)
The full-wave bridge rectifier takes advantage of the full output of the
secondary winding.
It employs four diodes arranged such that current flows in the direction
through the load during each half of the cycle.
Used 4 diode:
2 diode in forward
2 diode in reverse
2 diode always in series
(both cases).
Without diode drop (ideal diode):

V p ( out ) V p (sec)
With diode drop
(practical diode):

V p ( out ) V p (sec) 1.4V

Usman Khan

38

(2-8)

2-2 Full-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)

(ii - The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier)
For ideal diode, PIV = Vp(out)

PIV V p ( out ) 0.7V

(2-9)
0V (ideal diode)

PIV V p (out )

PIV V p ( out ) 0.7V

Note that in most cases we take the diode drop into account.
Usman Khan

39

Example 4:
1. For center-tapped full-wave rectifier with RL = 10k, sketch Vsec ,
Vp(out) and calculate PIV for the following problems:
(a) Transformer ratio n = 0.25; Vp(in) = 70V,
(b) Transformer ratio n = 0.5; Vp(in) = 100V

Usman Khan

40

Example 4 (cont):
2. For bridge full-wave rectifier (practical model) with R L = 10k, sketch
Vsec & Vp(out) for the following problem:
(a) Transformer specified to have a 15Vrms secondary voltage with
Vp(in) = 120V.
What PIV rating required for each diode?

Vrms

V p (sec)
2

Vp(in)

Usman Khan

41

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators

(introduction)

Objective:

Explain & Analyze the operation & characteristic

of power supply filters & Regulators
Explain the purpose of a filter
Describe the capacitor-input filter
Define ripple voltage & calculate the ripple
voltage
Discuss surge current in capacitor-input filter
Discuss voltage regulation & integrated circuit
regulator

Usman Khan

42

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(introduction)

Power Supply Filters

To reduce the fluctuations in the output voltage of half / full-wave

rectifier produces constant-level dc voltage.
It is necessary electronic circuits require a constant source to
provide power & biasing for proper operation.
Filters are implemented with capacitors.

Regulators

Voltage regulation in power supply done using integrated circuit

voltage regulators.
To prevent changes in the filtered dc voltage/ to fix output dc voltage
due to variations in input voltage or load.

Usman Khan

43

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(introduction)
In most power supply 60 Hz ac power line voltage constant dc voltage
Pulsating
Small

dc output must be filtered to reduce the large voltage variation

amount of fluctuation in the filter o/p voltage - ripple

ripple

Usman Khan

44

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(Capacitor-Input Filter)
For half-wave rectifier:
+ve first quarter cycle diode is FBcapacitor is charge within 0.7V of i/p
peak

load
capacitor

I/p decreased-capacitor retains its

charge-diode become RB (cathode is
more +ve than the diode)

Capacitor can discharge through load

resistance at rate by the RLC time
constant (>> time constant, << capacitor
will discharge)

Next cycle-diode is FB when i/p voltage

exceeds the Vc by 0.7V

A capacitor-input filter will charge and

discharge such that it fills in the gaps
between each peak. This reduces
variations of voltage. This voltage
variation is called ripple voltage.

Usman Khan

45

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(Capacitor-Input Filter)
Ripple Voltage: the variation in the o/p voltage from a filter (due to the
charging and discharging)
The advantage of a full-wave rectifier over a half-wave is quite clear. The
capacitor can more effectively reduce the ripple when the time between peaks
is shorter.

Ripple voltage
variation in the capacitor voltage due to charging & discharging.
Usman Khan

46

Easier to filter
-shorted time between
peaks.
-smaller ripple.

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(Capacitor-Input Filter)
Ripple factor: indication of the effectiveness of the filter

Vr ( pp )
VDC

(2-10) [half-wave rectifier]

Vr(pp) = peak to peak ripple voltage; VDC = VAVG = average value of filters
output voltage.

Lower

ripple factor better filter

[can be lowered by increasing the value of filter capacitor
or increasing the load resistance]

For

the full-wave rectifier:

Usman Khan

1
V p ( rect )
Vr ( pp )
fRL C

(2-11)

Vp(rect) = unfiltered
peak.

1
V p ( rect ) (2-12)
VDC V AVG 1
2
fR
C
L

47

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(IC Regulators)
-Connected

to the output of a filtered & maintains a constant output

voltage (or current) despite changes in the input, load current or
temperature.
-Combination of a large capacitor & an IC regulator inexpensive &
produce excellent small power supply
-Popular IC regulators have 3 terminals:
(i) input terminal
(ii) output terminal
(iii) reference (or adjust) terminal
-Type number: 78xx (xx refer to output voltage)
i.e 7805 (output voltage +5.0V); 7824 (output voltage +24V)

Usman Khan

48

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(IC Regulators)
Regulation is the last step in eliminating the remaining ripple and maintaining the
output voltage to a specific value. Typically this regulation is performed by an
integrated circuit regulator. There are many different types used based on the voltage
and current requirements.
Connected to the output
of filtered rectifier
output
Gnd

Bridge-full wave
rectifier

Adjustable regulators

Vout 1.25V

filter
R1 R2

R1

regulators

Fig. 2-23 : A basic +5.0V regulated power supply

Usman Khan

49

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(IC Regulators)
Keeps a constant 1.25V between the o/p
and adjust terminals const. current in R1

Adjustable resistor
0 1.0kOhm
FIGURE 2-34 A basic power supply with a variable output voltage (from
1.25 V to 6.5 V).
Adjustable regulators

R1 R2
R1

Vout 1.25V
Usman Khan

50

min. 1.25V , max 6.5 V

2-3 Power Supply Filters And Regulators (cont.)

(Percent Regulations)

How well the regulation is performed by a regulator is measured by

its regulation percentage. There are two types of regulation, line
and load. Line and load regulation percentage is simply a ratio of
change in voltage (line) or current (load) stated as a percentage.
Vout
Line Regulation
V in

100%

VNL VFL
VFL

Load Regulation

VNL :out put voltage with no load

VFL :output voltage with full load
Usman Khan

51

100%

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits

(Introduction)
Objectives:
Analyze

the operation of diode limiting, clamping circuit, voltage multipliers

and interpret and use diode data sheet.
Determine V of biased limiter & used voltage-divider bias to set limiting
level.
Discuss voltage doublers, triplers & quadruples.
Identify V & current ratings.
Determine the electrical characteristics of a diode.
Analyze graphical data
Select an appropriate diode for a given set of specifications.

Usman Khan

52

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits

(Diode Limiters)
Diode limiters/clippers that limits/clips the portion of signal voltage above or below
certain level.

Limiting circuits limit the positive or negative amount of an input voltage to a specific
value.

When i/p is +ve the diode becomes FB limited to +0.7 V because cathode is at ground.

When i/p << 0.7 V-diode is RB o/p voltage likes ve part of i/p voltage V RL V
out
R R in
L
1
Turn the diode around-negetive part of i/p voltage is clipped off.

When diode is FB-negative part of i/p voltage-diode drop -0.7V

Usman Khan

53

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits (cont.)

(Diode Limiters)
Biased Limiters :
The level to which an ac voltage is limited can be adjusted by adding bias voltage
VBIAS in series with diode.
Voltage at point A : VA = VBIAS + 0.7V (forward-biased & conduct). So, all Vin > VA is
clipped off.
For ve level, then VA = -VBIAS - 0.7V to forward-biased.
Turning diode around, +ve limiter modified to limit Vout to the portion of Vin
waveform above VBIAS 0.7V.
-ve limiter; below -VBIAS + 0.7V.
by tuning the diode around- the +ve limiter can modified to limit the o/p voltage to
the portion of the i/p voltage waveform above VBIAS-0.7V
negative limiter limit the o/p voltage to the i/p voltage below VBIAS+0.7V

Usman Khan

A negative limiter

A positive limiter
54

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits (cont.)

(Diode Limiters)
Voltage-Divider Bias:
The bias voltage source used to illustrate the basic operation of diode limiters can
be replace by a resistive voltage divider that derives the desired bias voltage from dc
Vsupply .
VBIAS set by the resistor values according to the voltage-divider formula:

R3
VSUPPLY
VBIAS
R

R
3
2

The desired amount of limitation can be attained by a power supply or voltage

divider. The amount clipped can be adjusted with different levels of VBIAS.
The bias resistor << R1- the forward current through the diode no effect

Usman Khan

55

Example 5:
1. Sketch the output voltage waveform as shown in the circuit combining
a positive limiter with negative limiter in Figure 5-1.

+15V
6V

-15V

Figure 5-1

Usman Khan

56

6V

Example 5 (cont.):
2. A student construct the circuit as shown in Figure 5-2. Describe the output
voltage waveform on oscilloscope CH2.

+15V

+20V
CH2

-20V

Figure 5-2
Usman Khan

57

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits (cont.)

(Diode Clampers)
- A diode clamper adds a DC level to an AC voltage. The capacitor charges to the peak of the
supply minus the diode drop. Once charged, the capacitor acts like a battery in series with the
input voltage. The AC voltage will ride along with the DC voltage. The polarity arrangement of
the diode determines whether the DC voltage is negative or positive.
- For negative clamper, the diode is turn around. A negative dc voltage is added to the input
voltage to produce the output.

Also known as
dc restorers.

For a good clamping action

RC time constant ~ 10 fin
Positive clamper operation

Negative clamper operation

Usman Khan

58

2-4 Diode Limiting & Clamping Circuits (cont.)

(Diode Clampers)

A Clamper Application:
A clamping

circuit is often used in TV receivers as a dc

restorer.
The

incoming composite video signal is normally processed

through capacitively coupled amplifiers that eliminate the dc
component, thus losing black and white reference levels and
the blanking level. Before applied to the picture tube, these
reference level must be restored.

Usman Khan

59

2-5 Voltage Multiplier

(Introduction)

Use clamping action to increase peak rectified voltages

without necessary to increase input transformers voltage
rating.
Multiplication factors: two, three or four.
Three types of voltage multipliers:
* Voltage doubler
- Half wave voltage doubler
- Full wave voltage doubler
* Voltage tripler
* Voltage Quadrupler
Voltage multipliers are used in high-voltage, low current
applications, i.e TV receivers.

Usman Khan

60

2-5 Voltage Multiplier (cont.)

(Voltage Doubler)

Half-wave voltage Doubler:

Clamping action can be used to increase peak rectified voltage. Once C 1 and C2
charges to the peak voltage they act like two batteries in series, effectively
doubling the voltage output. The current capacity for voltage multipliers is low.
PIV = 2Vp

By applying Kirchhoffs Law at (b):

VC 2 V p VC1

~ approximately 2Vp (neglecting diode drop D2)

Half-wave voltage doubler operation. Vp is the peak secondary voltage.

Usman Khan

61

2-5 Voltage Multiplier (cont.)

(Voltage Doubler)

Full-wave voltage doubler:

Arrangement of diodes and capacitors takes advantage of both
positive and negative peaks to charge the capacitors giving it more
current capacity. forward-bias
output
charges

forward-bias
charges

Secondary voltage positive

Usman Khan

Secondary voltage negative

62

2-5 Voltage Multiplier (cont.)

(Voltage Tripler & Voltage Quadrupler)
Voltage triplers and quadruplers utilize three and four diode capacitor
arrangements, respectively.
Voltage tripler and quadrupler gives output 3Vp and 4Vp, respectively.
Tripler output is taken across C1 and C3, thus Vout = 3Vp
Quadrupler output is taken across C2 and C4 , thus Vout = 4Vp
PIV for both cases: PIV = 2Vp

Voltage Triple
Usman Khan

Voltage Quadruple
63

2-6 The Diode Data Sheet

(Introduction)

The data sheet for diodes and other devices gives detailed
information about specific characteristics such as the various
maximum current and voltage ratings, temperature range,
and voltage versus current curves (V-I characteristic).

It is sometimes a very valuable piece of information, even for

a technician. There are cases when you might have to select a
replacement diode when the type of diode needed may no
longer be available.

These are the absolute max. values under which the diode can
be operated without damage to the device.

Usman Khan

64

2-6 The Diode Data Sheet (cont.)

(Maximum Rating)
Rating

Symbol

Peak repetitive reverse voltage

Working peak reverse voltage
DC blocking voltage

VRRM

Nonrepetitive peak reverse

voltage

1N4001

1N4002

1N4003

UNIT

50

100

200

VRSM

60

120

240

rms reverse voltage

VR(rms)

35

70

140

Average rectified forward

current (single-phase, resistive
load, 60Hz, TA = 75oC

Io

VRWM
VR

A
1

Nonrepetitive peak surge current IFSM

(surge applied at rated load
conditions)
Operating and storage junction
temperature range
Usman Khan

A
30 (for 1
cycle)

Tj, Tstg

65

-65 to
+175

2-6 The Diode Data Sheet (cont.)

(Maximum Rating)

FIGURE 2-56

Usman Khan

A selection of rectifier diodes based on maximum ratings of I O, IFSM, and IRRM.

66

2-7 Troubleshooting
(introduction)
Objective:

Troubleshoot diode circuits using accepted techniques.

Discuss the relationship between symptom & cause, power
check, sensory check, component replacement method and
discuss the signal tracing technique in the three variations.
Fault analysis.

Our study of these devices and how they work leads more effective
troubleshooting. Efficient troubleshooting requires us to take logical steps in
sequence. Knowing how a device, circuit, or system works when operating
properly must be known before any attempts are made to troubleshoot. The
symptoms shown by a defective device often point directly to the point of
failure. There are many different methods for troubleshooting. We will
discuss a few.
Usman Khan

67

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Troubleshooting Techniques)

Here are some helpful troubleshooting techniques:

Power Check: Sometimes the obvious eludes the most
proficient troubleshooters. Check for fuses blown, power
cords plugged in, and correct battery placement.
Sensory Check: What you see or smell may lead you
directly to the failure or to a symptom of a failure.
Component Replacement: Educated guesswork in
replacing components is sometimes effective.
Signal Tracing: Look at the point in the circuit or
system where you first lose the signal or incorrect signal.

Usman Khan

68

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Troubleshooting Techniques)

Signal tracing techniques:

Input to output

Output to input

Usman Khan

69

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Fault Analysis)

Can be applied when you measure an incorrect voltage at a test point using signal
tracing and isolate the fault to a specific circuit.
Example 1:
Effect of an Open Diode in a HalfWave Rectifier:
- Zero o/p voltage
- Open diode breaks the current path from
transformer secondary winding to the
filter and load resistor no load current.
Other faults: open transformer winding, open
fuse, or no input voltage.

Usman Khan

70

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Fault Analysis)

Example 2:
Effect of an Open Diode in a Full-Wave Rectifier:
-The

effect of either of two diodes is open diode, the o/p voltage will have large than
normal ripple voltage at 60 Hz rather than at 120 Hz.
Another fault open in one of the halves of the transformer secondary winding.
- Open diode give same symptom to bridge full-wave rectifier.
(See Figure 2-63)
-

Usman Khan

71

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Fault Analysis)

Example 3:
Effect of a Shorted Diode in a Full-Wave Rectifier:

Fuse should blow cause by short circuit

D1,D4 will probably burn open.

Usman Khan

72

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(Fault Analysis)

Example 4:
Effect of a fault filter capacitor:

Open o/p is full-wave rectified voltage

Shorted the o/p is 0V

Leaky increase the ripple voltage on the o/p

Example 5:
Effect of a Faulty Transformer:

Open primary/secondary winding of a

transformer 0V o/p

Usman Khan

73

2-7 Troubleshooting (cont.)

(The complete Troubleshooting Process)

The complete troubleshooting process:

(i) Identify the symptom(s).
(ii) Perform a power check
(iii) Perform a sensory check
(iv) Apply a signal tracing technique.
(v) Apply fault analysis
(vi) Use component replacement to fix the problem.

Usman Khan

74

Summary
The basic function of a power supply to give us a
smooth ripple free DC voltage from an AC voltage.

Half-wave

rectifiers only utilize half of the cycle to produce a DC

voltage.
Transformer

Coupling allows voltage manipulation through its

windings ratio
Full-Wave

rectifiers efficiently make use of the whole cycle. This

makes it easier to filter.
The

full-wave bridge rectifier allows use of the full secondary

winding output whereas the center-tapped full wave uses only
half.
Filtering

and Regulating the output of a rectifier

helps keep the DC voltage smooth and accurate
Usman Khan

75

Summary
Limiters

are used to set the output peak(s) to a given

value.
Clampers

are used to add a DC voltage to an AC voltage.

Voltage

Multipliers allow a doubling, tripling, or quadrupling

of rectified DC voltage for low current applications.
The

Data Sheet gives us useful information and

characteristics of device for use in replacement or designing
circuits.
Troubleshooting

requires use of common sense along with

proper troubleshooting techniques to effectively determine
the point of failure in a defective circuit or system.

Usman Khan

76

Solution 2:

Usman Khan

77

Solution 3:

N sec 1
n
0.2
N pri 5
V p (sec) nV p ( pri ) 0.2(120) 24V
V p ( out ) V p (sec) 0.7V 24 0.7 23.3V

Usman Khan

78

Solution 4:
+70V,+100V

-70V,-100V
+17.5V,+50V
-17.5V,-50V
+8.75V,+25V

V p (sec) nV p ( pri )
PIV V p (sec) 0.7V
Usman Khan

79

Solution 4:
1.
+70V,+100V

-70V,-100V
+17.5V,+50V
-17.5V,-50V
+8.75V,+25V

V p (sec) nV p ( pri )
PIV V p (sec) 0.7V
Usman Khan

80

Solution 4 (cont.):
2.

V p (sec) 2Vrms 2 x15 21.21V

V p ( out ) V p (sec) 0.7V 21.21 0.7 20.51V
PIV V p ( out ) 0.7V 20.51 0.7 21.21V

Usman Khan

81

Solution 5:
1.

+6.7V

-6.7V

Usman Khan

82

Solution 5 (cont.):
2.

R3
220

VSUPPLY
VBIAS
20V
100 220
R2 R3
13.75V
+13.75V

-18V

Usman Khan

83