ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI

Faculty Development Program

on
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
organized by
Department of EEE

St.Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering

16th to 22nd June, 2014

I.EMFT INTRODUCTION
By
M.Marsaline Beno
Professor/EEE Dept.
St.Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering

What is Electromagnetic?
Electric field
Produced by the presence
of electrically charged
particles, and gives rise
to the electric force

Magnetic
Produced
by the motion
field

of electric charges, or
electric current, and gives
rise to the magnetic force
associated with magnets.

Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum

EMT
Electric field

Produced by the presence of electrically charged particles, and gives rise to

the electric force

Magnetic field

Produced by the motion of electric charges, or electric current, and gives

rise to the magnetic force associated with magnets

Electrostatics is the branch of

electromagnetics dealing with the effects of
electric charges at rest.
Magnostatics is the branch of
electromagnetics dealing with the effects of
Magnetic forces at rest

Circuit Theory Vs Field

Theory
Circuit Theory

Field Theory

Deals with

V,I

E,H

Property

V,I are Scalars

E,H are Vectors

Source

V,I produced from E,H

E,H produced from V,I

Useful to

Is useful at low frequencies

All frequencies, High Frequencies

Theory

Simplified approximation of Field theory

More Accurate Theory

Basic Laws

Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Laws

Coulombs Law, Gausss Law,

Amperes,Law etc..

Theorems

Thevenin, Nortan

Stokes, Divergence.

Basic Eqn

Mesh / Loop equations

Poissions Laplaces, Maxwell Eqn.

Apply to

Cannot applied in free space/medium

Applicable in free space/medium

Analyse

Transmitter & Receiver ckts can be

designed
Is Simple

Complete Communication ckts

Nature

Is Complex but mathematics

GREAT CONTRIBUTORS TO
EMFT

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Charles Augustine De Coulomb(1736-1806)
Andre Marie Ampere(1775-1836)
Karl Friendrich Gauss(1777-1861)
Micheal Faraday(1791-1861)
Emil Lenz(1804-1865)
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
Marconi(1874-1937)

Why do we learn
Electromagnetic Field Theory?

Electric and magnetic fields

exist nearly everywhere:

Applications
EM principles find applications in various
disciplines such as microwaves, x-rays, antennas,
electric machine, antenna, plasmas and etc.

Applications
EM fields are used in induction heaters for melting, forging,
annealing, surface hardening and soldering operation.
EM energy is used for example, to change vegetable taste by
reducing acidity.
EM devices include transformers, radio/TV, radars, lasers and
etc.

MAGLEV Train

Vector Algebra

Scalar
Vector
Unit Vector
Dot Product
Cross Product
Identities

Cartesian coordinates

Every coordinate system requires a special

point called the origin in order to define
position of the coordinate surfaces

x
Example of first set of coordinate surfaces

x
Example of second set of coordinate surfaces

x
Example of third set of coordinate surfaces

Point can be viewed as

intersection of surfaces
called coordinate
surfaces. Coordinate
surfaces are selected
from 3 different sets.

x
Any surface in one set should be
orthogonal to any surface in any other set

z
x

y
y

x
Frequently one needs to describe a vector field (vector valued
function of position). In this case it is convenient to introduce
coordinate vectors associated with every point in space.

az

x
First coordinate vector

ax

x
Second coordinate vector

ay
y

x
Third coordinate vector

z
x

y
y

x
Coordinate system where all coordinate surfaces are planar is
called Cartesian. Note that in this system direction of
coordinate vectors is the same at every point in space

Differential Normal Surfaces

Cartesian Coordinate System: Coordinate Surfaces, Unit Vectors, Surface

Elements and Volume Element

z const.

dS xy

ez

ex

dS xz

ey

x const.
y const.

dS yz

29

In a cylindrical coordinate
system, a cylindrical
surface and two planar
surfaces all orthogonal to
each other define location
of a point in space. The
coordinate vectors are ,
and z .

Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

31

dS xy
z const.

dS rz

ez

dS z

r const.
dr

const.
32

r d

Example

a. Plot the point with cylindrical

coordinates (2, 2/3, 1) and find its
rectangular coordinates.
b. Find cylindrical coordinates of the
point
with rectangular coordinates (3,
3, 7).

33

Example a

The point with cylindrical

coordinates
(2, 2/3, 1) is plotted here.

34

Example a

From Equations21, its rectangular

1

x 2 cos
coordinates
are: 2 1

2
3
2
y 2sin
2
3
3
2
z 1
3

The point is (1,

3 , 1)
in rectangular coordinates.
35

Example b

From Equations 2, we have:

r 3 (3) 3 2
3
7
tan
1, so
2n
3
4
z 7
2

36

37

In a spherical coordinate
system the surfaces of
spheres, cones and planes are
coordinate surfaces. The
corresponding coordinate
vectors also change their
direction from point to point

Spherical Coordinate System

Spherical Coordinate Systems Transformation

Spherical Coordinate System: Coordinate Surfaces, Unit Vectors, Surface

Elements and Volume Element

R sin d
dS
dS r
P ( R, , )
R d

const.
R const.

dS r

R sin

43

Example 1

SPH. & RECT. COORDINATES

The point (2, /4, /3) is given in

spherical coordinates.
Plot the point and find its rectangular
coordinates.

44

Example 1

We plot the point as shown.

45

Example 1

From Equations 1, we have:

3 1

3
x sin cos 2sin cos 2

3
4
2
2 2
3 1

3
x sin sin 2sin sin 2

2
3
4
2
2

z cos 2 cos 2 12 1
3
46

Example 1

Thus, the point (2, /4, /3) is

3 / 2, 3 / 2,1

in rectangular coordinates.

47

Example 2

The point
is given in
0, 2 3, 2
rectangular coordinates.
Find spherical coordinates for the
point.

48

Example 2

From Equation 2, we have:

x y z
2

0 12 4
4

49

Example 2

So, Equations 1 give:

z 2
1
cos

4
2
x
cos
0
sin

Note that 3/2 because

y2 30

50

Example 2

Therefore, spherical coordinates

of the given point are:
(4, /2 , 2/3)

51

TRIPLE INTGN. IN SPH.

COORDS.
Usually, spherical coordinates are used
in triple integrals when surfaces such
as cones and spheres form the
boundary of the region of integration.

52

Example 3

TRIPLE INTGN. IN SPH. COORDS.

Evaluate

y z

2 3/ 2

dV

where B is the unit ball:

53

x, y , z

x y z 1
2

Example 3

As the boundary of B is a sphere, we

use spherical coordinates:

B , , 0 1, 0 2 , 0
In addition, spherical coordinates are
appropriate because:
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2

54

Example 3

So, Formula 3 gives:

y z

2 3/ 2

dV

2
e
sin d d d
3/ 2

sin d d e d
2 3

cos 0 2 13 e

55

1
0

34 e 1

Note

It would have been extremely awkward

to evaluate the integral in Example 3
without spherical coordinates.
In rectangular coordinates, the iterated
integral would have been:

1 x

1 1 x 2

56

1 x y

1 x 2 y 2

y z

dz dy dx

2 3/ 2

Example 4

Use spherical coordinates to find the

volume of the solid that lies:
Above the cone

z x y
2

Below the sphere

x2 + y2 + z2 = z

57

Fig. 16.8.9, p. 1045

Example 4

Notice that the sphere passes

through
the origin and has center (0, 0, ).
We write its equation
in spherical
coordinates as:
2 = cos
or
= cos
58

Fig. 16.8.9, p. 1045

Example 4

The equation of the cone can be

written
as:
cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 sin 2

sin
This gives:
sin = cos
or
= /4
59

Example 4

Thus, the description of the solid E

in spherical coordinates is:

, ,

60

0 2 , 0 / 4, 0 cos

Example 4

The figure shows how E is swept out if

we integrate first with respect to ,
then , and then .

61

Fig. 16.8.11, p. 1045

Example 4

The volume of E is:

V ( E ) dV
E

/4

cos

/4

d
2

3
2

3
62

/4

2 sin d d d

sin
3

cos

d
0

sin cos3 d
4

cos
4

/4

 This figure gives another look (this

time drawn by Maple) at the solid of
Example 4.

63

Fig. 16.8.10, p. 1045

Vector Differentiation
Gradient
Divergence
Curl

Gradient
Gradient of a scalar field is a
vector field which points in the
direction of the greatest rate of
increase of the scalar field, and
whose magnitude is the greatest
rate of change.

Gradient

In the above two images, the scalar field

is in black and white, black representing
higher values, and its corresponding
gradient is represented by blue arrows.

Divergence
Divergence is an operator that measures the
magnitude of a vector field's source or sink at
a given point
The divergence of a vector field is a (signed)
scalar
For example, for a vector field that denotes
the velocity of air expanding as it is heated,
the divergence of the velocity field would have
a positive value because the air expands. If
the air cools and contracts, the divergence is
negative. The divergence could be thought of
as a measure of the change in density.

Curl
Curl is a vector operator that shows a vector
field's "rotation";
The direction of the axis of rotation and the
magnitude of the rotation. It can also be
described as the circulation density.
"Rotation" and "circulation" are used here for
properties of a vector function of position,
regardless of their possible change in time.
A vector field which has zero curl everywhere
is called irrotational.

Vector Integration

Line Integral
Surface Integral
Volume Integral
Divergence Theorem
Stoke Theorem

Summary of the Transformation between

Coordinate Systems

Cylindrical to Cartesian

x = cos

y = sin

Spherical to Cartesian

x = rsin cos

y = rsin sin

z=z

z = rcos

References

Elements Of Electromagnetic

Engineering Electromagnetics

Tutorial Problems
1. Find the scalar product of the two
vectors defined by A = 3ux + 4uy + 5uz
and B = -5ux + 4uy - 3uz. Determine the
angle between these two vectors.
2. Find the scalar product of the two
vectors defined by A = ux + 2uy + 2uz
and B = 2ux + 4uy + 6uz. Determine the
angle between these two vectors.

Tutorial Problems
3. Find the projection of a vector from the origin
to the point (1,2,3) on the vector from the
origin to the point (2,1,6) in Cartesian
coordinates. Find the angle between these two
vectors.
4. Find the vector product of the two vectors
defined by A = 3ux + 4uy + 5uz and B = -5ux
+ 4uy - 3uz.
5. Find the vector product of the two vectors
defined by A = ux + uy + uz and B = 2ux +
4uy + 6uz.

 6. Express the vector field A = 3ux + 4uy + 5uz

in cylindrical coordinates.
7. Convert the vector B = 3u + 4u + 5uz that
is in cylindrical coordinates into Cartesian
coordinates.
8. Express the vector field A = 3ux + 4uy + 5uz
in spherical coordinates.
9. Convert the vector B = 3ur + 4u + 5u that
is in spherical coordinates into Cartesian
coordinates.
10. Calculate the work required to move a mass
m against a force field F = 5ux + 7uy along the
indicated direct path from point a to point b.

 11. Calculate the divergence of the vector A =

x3ysin(z)ux + xysin(z)uy + x2y2z2uz at the
point (1,1,1).
12. For the vectors A = ux + uy + uz, B = 2ux
+ 2uy + 2uz, and C = 3ux + 3uy + 3uz, show
that A (B C) = B(A C) - C(A B).
13. For the vectors A = ux + 3uy + 5uz B = 2ux
+ 4uy + 6uz, and C = 3ux + 4uy + 5uz, show
that A (B C) = B(A C) - C(A B).
14. Let A = -2ux + 3uy + 4uz, B = 7ux+1uy +
2ux and C = -1ux + 2uy + 4uz. Find A B (A
B) C ,A (B C)
15. Find the divergence of the vector A = 3xux
+ xy2uy - 2xye-zuz at the point (1, -1, 2).

Assignment-Matlab
[x,y,z] = pol2cart(, , z )
[x,y,z] = sph2cart (, , )
[, , z] = cart2pol(x,y,z)
[, , ] = cart2sph(x,y,z)