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Sensors and Their Applications: Prepared By: Benjamin A. Bere III

Sensors and their applications discusses optical fiber sensors and their uses. Optical fiber sensors have several advantages over traditional sensors like electromagnetic immunity, compact size, and ability to do both point and distributed sensing. There are two main types of optical fiber sensors - extrinsic sensors where light leaves the fiber to be modulated and intrinsic sensors where light is modulated within the fiber. Optical fiber sensors are used for applications like temperature sensing, strain sensing, chemical sensing, biomedical sensing, and partial discharge detection in electrical equipment.

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44 views

Sensors and Their Applications: Prepared By: Benjamin A. Bere III

Sensors and their applications discusses optical fiber sensors and their uses. Optical fiber sensors have several advantages over traditional sensors like electromagnetic immunity, compact size, and ability to do both point and distributed sensing. There are two main types of optical fiber sensors - extrinsic sensors where light leaves the fiber to be modulated and intrinsic sensors where light is modulated within the fiber. Optical fiber sensors are used for applications like temperature sensing, strain sensing, chemical sensing, biomedical sensing, and partial discharge detection in electrical equipment.

Uploaded by

Anonymous j211AVR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Prepared by:
Benjamin A. Bere III

WHAT IS A SENSOR?
2

A sensor is a device that measures a physical

quantity and converts it into a signal which can be


read by an observer or by an instrument.

INTRODUCTION
3

NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS


IT IS A SPIN-OFF FROM OTHER OPTICAL

TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN
FIELD

WHY OPTICAL SENSORS


4

ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED

CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING

OPTICAL SENSOR MEASURANDS


TEMPERATURE

CHEMICAL
SPECIES

PRESSURE

FORCE

FLOW

RADIATION

LIQUID LEVEL

pH

DISPLACEMENT HUMIDITY
VIBRATION

STRAIN

ROTATION

VELOCITY

MAGNETIC
FIELDS

ELECTRIC
FIELDS

ACCELERATION ACOUSTIC
5 FIELDS

WORKING PRINCIPLE

LIGHT BEAM CHANGES BY THE


PHENOMENA THAT IS BEING MEASURED
LIGHT MAY CHANGE IN ITS FIVE OPTICAL
PROPERTIES i.e INTENSITY, PHASE,
POLARIZATION,WAVELENGTH AND
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION
6

SENSING DETAILS
7

EP(t)cos[t+(t)]
INTENSITY BASED SENSORS EP (t)
FREQUENCY VARYING SENSORS - P(t)
PHASE MODULATING SENSING- (t)
POLARIZATION MODULATING FIBER SENSING

CLASSIFICATION
EXTRINSIC SENSORS

WHERE THE LIGHT LEAVES THE FEED OR


TRANSMITTING FIBER TO BE CHANGED BEFORE
IT CONTINUES TO THE DETECTOR BY MEANS
OF THE RETURN OR RECEIVING FIBER
8

CLASSIFICATION (contd.)
INTRINSIC SENSORS

INTRINSIC SENSORS ARE DIFFERENT IN THAT THE


LIGHT BEAM DOES NOT LEAVE THE OPTICAL FIBER
BUT IS CHANGED WHILST STILL CONTAINED WITHIN IT.
9

COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES


EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
APPLICATIONS-

APPLICATIONS-

TEMPERATURE,
PRESSURE,LIQUID
LEVEL AND FLOW.
LESS SENSITIVE
EASILY MULTIPLEXED
INGRESS/ EGRESS
CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
EASIER TO USE
LESS EXPENSIVE

ROTATION,
ACCELERATION, STRAIN,
ACOUSTIC PRESSURE
AND VIBRATION.
MORE SENSITIVE
TOUGHER TO MULTIPLEX
REDUCES CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
MORE ELABORATE
SIGNAL DEMODULATION
MORE EXPENSIVE

10

SENSOR TYPES
CHEMICAL SENSORS11

REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY
GROUNDWATER AND SOIL CONTAMINATION
MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHEMICAL SENSORS
1) PHARMACIA BIOTECH (SWEDEN)
2) FIBERCHEM
3) THE QUANTUM GROUP

TEMPERATURE SENSORS

LARGEST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SENSORS


RANGE -40 deg C TO 1000 deg C
US-SMALL COMPANIES, JAPAN- HITACHI n
SUMITOMO

STRAIN SENSORS
FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS
(FBG)
12

TECHNOLOGY
SENSES AS LITTLE AS 9 MICROSTRAIN
NRL and UNITED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
SPECTROSCOPIC BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
CO 2, O 2 and pH CAN BE MEASURED

SIMULTANEOUSLY
FLOW MONITORING BY LASER
DOPPLERIMETRY

FIBERS OPTHALMOLOGIC APPLICATION

ELECTRICAL AND
MAGNETIC
13
SENSORS
APPEALING- INHERENT DIELECTRIC

NATURE
LESS SENSITIVE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE
SMALL SIZE AND SAFER
THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS HYBRID
ABB CORPORATION RESEARCH CENTER

ROTATION SENSOR
BASED ON THE SAGNAC EFFECT

TWO TYPES RING LASER GYROSCOPE

(RLG) AND FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE


(FOG)
14
US COMPANIES PURSUING HIGH
PERFORMANCE FOGs (HONEYWELL,
LITTON, NORTHRUP, ALLIED SIGNAL etc.)

PRESSURE SENSORS
EARLIER BASED ON PIEZORESISTIVE

TECHNIQUE
BASED ON MOVABLE DIAPHRAGM
HIGH PERFORMANCE- (POLARIZATION
BASED SENSORS)
OPERATING PRESSURE RANGES FROM 070,000 torr

DISPLACEMENT AND POSITION


15
SENSORS
ONE OF THE FIRST OPTOELECTRONIC

SENSORS TO BE DEVELOPED.
SIMPLE SENSORS RELY ON THE CHANGE
IN RETROREFLECTANCE DUE TO A
PROXIMAL MIRROR SURFACE
ALSO REFERRED AS LIQUID LEVEL
SENSORS

APPLICATIONS
MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

THIS SENSOR ENABLES LOW LIGHT IMAGING AT TV FRAME


RATES AND ABOVE WITHOUT THE LIMITATIONS OF VACUM TUBE
BASED SYSTEMS.
16

NIGHT VISION CAMERA (contd.)


COMPRISES OF : 17
AMPLIFIED CCD SENSOR
ANTI BLOOMING TECHNOLOGY
CRYSTAL POLYMER SHUTTER
ADVANTAGES :
EXCEPTIONAL DAY LIGHT RESOLN.
IMMUNE TO OVER EXPOSURE
VERY HIGH CONTARAST LEVELS
NO HALOING OR SCINTILLATIONS

BIOMETRICS
YOUR FACE, FINGERS AND EYES IN A WHOLE NEW LIGHT
18

IMAGE CAPTURE

IMAGE PROCESSING
FEATURE EXTRACTION
FEATURE COMPARISON

PARTIAL DISCHARGE DETECTION USES


OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
19

OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS ARE BEING TESTED FOR USE


IN DETECTING PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMERS. PINPOINTING SUCH DISCHARGES IS
ESSENTIAL TO PREVENTING INSULATION BREAKDOWN
AND CATASTROPHIC FAILURES.

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