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Lecture-3 Big Data

Supervised learning involves inferring a function from labeled training data consisting of input-output pairs. It analyzes the training data to produce a function that maps new examples. Unsupervised learning finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data without predefined labels. It models the probability of the inputs through latent variables. While supervised learning directly connects inputs to outputs, unsupervised learning can learn more complex, hierarchical representations by discovering latent causes for both inputs and outputs.

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VaibhavGupta
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23 views

Lecture-3 Big Data

Supervised learning involves inferring a function from labeled training data consisting of input-output pairs. It analyzes the training data to produce a function that maps new examples. Unsupervised learning finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data without predefined labels. It models the probability of the inputs through latent variables. While supervised learning directly connects inputs to outputs, unsupervised learning can learn more complex, hierarchical representations by discovering latent causes for both inputs and outputs.

Uploaded by

VaibhavGupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Analytics

Wiki Supervised
Learning Definition

Supervised learning is the Data miningtask of


inferring a function from labeled training data.The
training data consist of a set of training examples. In
supervised learning, each example is a pair consisting
of an input object (typically a vector) and a desired
output value (also called thesupervisory signal).

A supervised learning algorithm analyzes the


training data and produces an inferred function,
which can be used for mapping new examples. An
optimal scenario will allow for the algorithm to
correctly determine the class labels for unseen
instances. This requires the learning algorithm to
generalize from the training data to unseen situations
in a reasonable way.

Wiki Unsupervised
Learning Definition

In Data mining, the problem of


unsupervised learning is that of
trying to find hidden structure in
unlabeled data. Since the examples
given to the learner are unlabeled,
there is no error or reward signal to
evaluate a potential solution.

Supervised learning
From a theoretical point of view, supervised and
unsupervised learning differ only in the causal
structure of the model. In supervised learning, the
model defines the effect one set of observations,
called inputs, has on another set of observations,
called outputs. In other words, the inputs are
assumed to be at the beginning and outputs at the
end of the causal chain. The models can include
mediating variables between the inputs and
outputs.

Unsupervised learning,
All the observations are assumed to be caused by
latent variables, that is, the observations are
assumed to be at the end of the causal chain. In
practice, models for supervised learning often
leave the probability for inputs undefined. This
model is not needed as long as the inputs are
available, but if some of the input values are
missing, it is not possible to infer anything about
the outputs. If the inputs are also modelled, then
missing inputs cause no problem since they can
be considered latent variables as in unsupervised
learning.

Supervised Vs
Unsuspervised

Example:

suppose

you had a basket and it is


fulled with some different kinds of
fruits, your task is to arrange them as
groups.

For

understanding let me clear the


names of the fruits in our basket.

We

havefour types of fruits. They


are: apple, banana, grape and
cherry.

Supervised Learning :

You already learnfrom your previous work about


the physical characters of fruits.

So arranging the same type of fruits at one place


is easy now.

Your previous work is called as training data in


data mining.

so you already learn the things from your train


data, this is because of response variable.

Response variable mean just a decision


variable.

You can observe response variable below (FRUIT


NAME) .

Supervised Learning :
NO.

SIZE

Big

COLOR

SHAPE

FRUIT NAME

Red

Rounded
shape with a
Apple
depression
at the top

Small

Red

Heartshaped to
nearly
globular

Big

Green

Long curving
Banana
cylinder

Green

Round to
oval,Bunch
shape
Cylindrical

Small

Cherry

Grape

Supervised Learning :
Suppose

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you have taken an new fruit from the basket then you will
see the size , color and shape of that particular fruit.
If size is Big , color is Red , shape is rounded shape with a
depression at the top, you will conform the fruit name as apple and
you will put in apple group.
Likewise for other fruits also.
Job of groping fruits was done and happy ending.
You can observe in the table that a column was labeled as FRUIT
NAME this is called as response variable.
If you learn the thing before from training data and then applying
that knowledge to the test data(for new fruit), This type of learning
is called as Supervised Learning.
Classification come under Supervised learning.

UnSupervised
Learning :

Suppose you had a basket and it is fulled with some


different typesfruits, your task is to arrange them as
groups.

This time you dont know any thing about that


fruits,honestly saying this is the first time you have
seen them.

so how will you arrange them.

What will you do first???

You will take a fruit and you will arrange them by


considering physical character of that particular fruit.
suppose you have considered color.

Then you will arrange them on considering base


condition as color.

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UnSupervised
Learning
:
Then the groups will be some thing like this.
RED

COLOR GROUP: apples & cherry fruits.

GREEN
so

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COLOR GROUP: bananas & grapes.

now you will take another physical character such assize .

RED

COLOR AND BIG SIZE: apple.

RED

COLOR AND SMALL SIZE: cherry fruits.

GREEN

COLOR AND BIG SIZE: bananas.

GREEN

COLOR AND SMALL SIZE: grapes.

job done happy ending.


Here

you didnt know learn any thing before ,means no train data and no
response variable.
This

type of learning is know unsupervised learning.

Clustering comes under unsupervised learning.

Supervised Vs
UnSupervised Learning

With unsupervised learning it is possible to learn larger


and more complex models than with supervised
learning. This is because in supervised learning one is
trying to find the connection between two sets of
observations. The difficulty of the learning task
increases exponentially in the number of steps
between the two sets and that is why supervised
learning cannot, in practice, learn models with deep
hierarchies.

In unsupervised learning, the learning can proceed


hierarchically from the observations into ever more
abstract levels of representation. Each additional
hierarchy needs to learn only one step and therefore
the learning time increases (approximately) linearly in
the number of levels in the model hierarchy.

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Supervised Vs
UnSupervised Learning

If the causal relation between the input and


output observations is complex -- in a sense
there is a large causal gap -- it is often easier to
bridge the gap using unsupervised learning
instead of supervised learning. This is depicted
in figure3. Instead of finding the causal
pathway from inputs to outputs, one starts
building the model upwards from both sets of
observations in the hope that in higher levels of
abstraction the gap is easier to bridge. Notice
also that the input and output observations are
in symmetrical positions in the model.

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Supervised Vs
UnSupervised Learning

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Unsupervised learning can be used for bridging the causal gap


between input and output observations. The latent variables in
the higher levels of abstraction are the causes for both sets of
observations and mediate the dependence between inputs and
outputs.

Supervised Vs
UnSupervised Learning

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