Secondarystoragestructure 131126223344 Phpapp02
Secondarystoragestructure 131126223344 Phpapp02
Secondary-Storage Structure
Outline
Cover 12.1 -12.6
(Magnetic) Disk
Structure
Disk Attachment
Disk Scheduling
Algorithms
Disk Management
Swap-Space
Management
Performance optimization
Not covered:
RAID Structure
Disk Attachment
Stable-Storage
Implementation
Performance Issues
Head crash results from disk head making contact with the disk
surface
Thats bad
Disk Structure
Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional
Disk Attachment
Host-attached storage accessed through I/O ports
Network-Attached Storage
Network-attached storage (NAS) is storage made
protocol
flexible
Disk Scheduling
The operating system is responsible for using hardware
Seek time is the time for the disk are to move the heads to
the cylinder containing the desired sector.
FCFS
Illustration shows total head movement of 640
cylinders.
Can you improve this (easy )?
SSTF
Selects the request with the minimum seek time
cylinders.
SSTF (Cont.)
Is this optimal/fair? Can you find a more optimal
schedule?
How to improve this?
SCAN
The disk arm starts at one end of the disk, and
cylinders.
SCAN (Cont.)
Is it fair enough (middle vs. edge cylinders)? Can you
C-SCAN
Provides a more uniform wait time than SCAN.
Circular SCAN
C-SCAN (Cont.)
C-LOOK
Version of C-SCAN
Arm only goes as far as the last request in each
C-LOOK (Cont.)
Selecting a Disk-Scheduling
Algorithm
Which one has better performance?
default algorithm.
Disk Management
Low-level formatting, or physical formatting Dividing a
disk into sectors that the disk controller can read and
write.
Done by factory
Boot partition
Bad Sectors
Mechanical parts and prone to failures
Bad sectors at factory
How to detect bad sectors?
Sector slipping
Swap-Space Management
What is swap space?
Access time: 10 ms
Tapes:
DRAM:
(2 G ~ NTD 600)
Other types of persistent
storage devices:
Flash memory:
Access time?
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