Secondary Level

UP Rural High School

Bachelor Of Science
In Civil Engineering
(UST)
Master in Engineering
Major in Structural
Engineering
(36 UNITS EARNED)

Life Member
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering
Board of Director
PICE Laguna Chapter
Adviser - PICE LSPU Student Chapter

Life Member
Road Engineering
Association of the Philippines
Member
Safety Organization of the
Philippines Incorporated

Associate Member
Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines
Member
ASEP Bridge Committee

President
Santa Cruz Alpha Phi Omega
Alumni Association(SCAPOAA113)
Adviser - APO LSPU Chapter

Adviser
Association of Civil
Engineering Student
(LSPU)

GRADING SYSTEM
EXAMINATIONS: (MIDTERM &FINALS)

200 POINTS EACH

QUIZZES:
30%
EXAMINATION : 40%
ATTENDANCE:
10%
TEACERS FACTOR: 20%
TOTAL OF: 100%

COURSE
OUTLINE
I.
Moment Of Inertia
II.

Equilibrium Of Coplanar Forces

a. Coplanar Concurrent
b. Coplanar Parallel
c. General Coplanar
d. 3 Hinged Arch
III. Shear & Bending Moment
IV. Rigid Frames & Composite Structure
V. Trusses
VI. Building Bents
VII. Moving Loads
VIII. Indeterminate Beams
a. 3 Moment Equation
b. Moment Distribution Method

Theory Of Structures

To introduce students to mechanics of

structures under
static loading conditions. The course forms
the fourth
of the sequence dealing with structural
engineering for
Civil engineering students.

1. To translate a stated problem in theory of

structures to an analytic form.
2. To apply appropriate solution techniques to the
problem.
3. To be able to actually solve the problem.
4. To understand the meaning of the outcome, and
5. To be aware of the limitations of the methods of
solution and the outcomes.

A-1 DEFINITION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA

Many engineering formulas, such as those
relating to strength of beams, columns, and
deflection of beams, involve the use of a
mathematical expression of the form p2dA,
where p is the perpendicular distance from dA
to the axis of inertia. This integral appears so
frequently that it has been named moment of
inertia. *Moment of inertia applied to areas has
no real meaning when examined by itself; it is
merely a mathematical expression usually
denoted by the 'symbol I.

The mathematical definition of moment of

inertia. I= p2dA, indicates that an area is
divided into small parts such as dA, and each
area is multiplied by the square of its
moment arm about the reference axis. Thus,
as shown in Figure A-1 , if the coordinates of
the center of the differential area dA are
(x,y), the moment of inertia about the X axis
is the summation of the product of each dA
by the square of its moment arm y.

FIGURE A-1&2

The moment of inertia (of area) is

sometimes called the second moment of
inertia because each differential area
multiplied by its moment arm gives the
moment of area: when multiplied a second
time by its moment arm it gives the
moment of inertia. The term second
moment of inertia is preferable to the
expression moment of inertia, the latter is
confusing when applied to an area having
no inertia. The term moment of inertia
however, is long established and is not
likely to be superseded by the other.

When a composite area can be divided

into
geometric
elements
(rectangles,
triangles, etc.) for which the moments of
inertia are known, the moment of inertia for
the composite area is the sum of the
moments of inertia for the separate
elements. Before the moments of inertia of
the elements can be added, however, they
must all be found with respect to the same
axis

Determine the moment of inertia of the T section

in this figure with respect to its centroidal X 0 axis.

SOLUTIO
N

AT 50(200) 200(50)
AT 20000

AT YT 10000(150) 10000(25)

AT YT 1750000
1750000
YT
20000
YT 87.5mm

I x I x Ad

50( 200) 3

10000(62.5) 2
12
200(50) 3
10000(62.5) 2
12

I x 113541666 .7 mm 113 .5 x10 mm

4

Determine the moment of inertia of the figure

below with respect to its centroidal axes.

SOLUTIO
N

AT 300(20) 20(300) 150(20)

AT 15000

AT YT 6000(330) 6000(170) 3000(10)

AT YT 3030000
3030000
YT
15000
YT 202mm

I x I x Ad

300( 20) 3

6000(128) 2
12
20(300) 3
6000( 32) 2
12
150(300) 3
3000( 192) 2
12

I x 260340000mm 260 x10 mm

4

AT X T 6000(150) 6000(150) 3000(150)

AT X T 2250000

2250000
XT
15000
X T 150mm

I y I y Ad

20(300) 3

6000(0) 2
12
300( 20) 3

6000(0) 2
12
20(150) 3

3000(0) 2
12

I y 50825000mm 50.8 x10 mm

4

II. EQUILLIBRIUM OF
FORCES
(Newtons First Law)
The body is said to be in
equilibrium if the resultant of all
forces acting on it is zero.

Formulas
Concurrent Force System
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Parallel Force System
F = 0
Mo = 0
Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Mo = 0

Coplanar Concurrent
If the free body happens to be a point (a
pin, for instance), the forces acting on it are
concurrent. The resultant of a coplanarconcurrent-force system must be a single
force, the x component of which is Fx of
the component forces and the y component
is Fy.

Conditions of Static
Equilibrium of Concurrent
Forces
The sum of all forces in the x-direction or
horizontal is zero.
Fx = 0 or FH = 0
The sum of all forces in the y-direction or
vertical is zero.
Fy = 0 or FV = 0

Important Points for

Equilibrium Forces
Two forces are in equilibrium if they are
equal and oppositely directed.
Three coplanar forces in equilibrium are
concurrent.
Three or more concurrent forces in
equilibrium form a close polygon when
connected in head-to-tail manner.

Example #1
Find the magnitude and direction of F4 if the
four coplanar, concurrent forces F1, F2, F3
and F4 are in equilibrium.

Solution:
+Fy= 0

75

75

90 cos 30 R y 0

1 2
2

1
90 cos 30 R y 0
5

R y 111 .4833lb
+Fx= 0

60 75

2
90 sin 30 Rx 0
5

Rx 82.0820lb

R (111 .4833) 2 (82.0820) 2

R 138.4413lb
111 .4833
tan

82.0820
1

53.6368

Example #2
Find the magnitudes of F2 and F4 acting in
the direction shown if four coplanar,
concurrent forces F1, F2, F3 and F4 are in
equilibrium.

Solution:

+Fy= 0

80 cos(56.5651) F4 cos(6.8689) 120 sin(30) 0

F4 104.8316lb
+Fx= 0

F3 80 sin(56.5651) 104.8316 sin(6.8689) 120 cos(30) 0

F3 24.6244lb

Example #3
Find the magnitudes of F2 and F4 acting in
the direction shown if four coplanar,
concurrent forces F1, F2, F3 and F4 are in
equilibrium.

Solution:
+Fx= 0

85 cos x 100 cos(30) 60 cos 75 0

x 143.7410
4 x 143.7410 30
4 x 176.7410
+Fy= 0

60 sin(75) 85 sin(146.7410) 100 sin(30) F3 0

F3 54.5716lb

Coplanar Parallel
The resultant of a coplanar-parallel-force
system must be either a single force or a
couple. The resultant cannot be a single
force if the summation of the forces is zero
and the resultant cannot be a couple if the
summation of the moments of the forces
about any point in the plane of the forces is
zero.

Thus the two equations F = 0 and M = 0

are necessary and sufficient to ensure that
the resultant is zero or the coplanar-parallelforce system is in equilibrium. Two
unknowns can be found from these two
conditions of equilibrium. These unknowns
may be the magnitude (including sense or
direction) and position of the same force,
the magnitudes of two forces (usually called
reactions), or the magnitude of one force
with known position and the position of
another force with known magnitude.

Conditions for Equilibrium

of Parallel Forces
The sum of all the forces is zero.
F = 0
The sum of moment at any point is zero.
Mo = 0

Example #1
Find the magnitude and position of F4 if the
four coplanar parallel forces F1, F2, F3 and F4
are in equilibrium.

Solution :
+Fy= 0

200 100 60 F4 0

F4 160lb
100(5 60(7) 160 x 0
x 0.5
F4 160lb at the 0.5 left of F1 .

Example #2
Find the reactions VA and VB on the beam
subjected to the loads as shown.

Solution:

120(10) 60(16) 90(20) VB (24) 0

VB 165lb
+Fy= 0

VA 120 60 90 165 0
V A 105lb

Example #3
Find the reactions VA and VB on the beam
subjected to the loads as shown.

Solution:
(2k / ft )(24)(12) (15)(14) VB (18) 5(24) 0

VB 50.3333k
+Fy= 0

VA 2(24) 15 50.3333 5 0
VA 17.6667 k

Non-Concurrent NonParallel Force System

(General Coplanar)
The resultant of a general coplanar force
system must be either a single force or a
couple. The resultant cannot be a single
force if Fx and Fy of the forces are both
zero and the resultant cannot be a couple if
M of the forces about any point in the
plane of the forces is zero.

Conditions for Equilibrium of

General-Coplanar Forces
The sum of all forces in the x-direction or
horizontal is zero.
Fx = 0 or FH = 0
The sum of all forces in the y-direction or
vertical is zero.
Fy = 0 or FV = 0
The sum of moment at any point is zero.
Mo = 0

Note:
The three equilibrium conditions can solved
up to three unknowns in the system. If the
system involves more than three unknowns,
it is called indeterminate.

Example #1
Find the magnitude, direction and position
of F4 if four coplanar forces F1, F2, F3 and F4
are in equilibrium.

Solution:
+FH = 0

3
100 cos 60 80 120 F4 0
5

F4 H 202lb

+FV = 0

4
100 sin 60 120 F4V 0
5

F4V 9.3975lb

3
4
100 cos 60(1) 100 sin 60(3) 80(2) 120 (2) 120 (5)
5
5

805.8076

M of F4 = 805.8076 clockwise

805.8076
x-intercept =
9.3975
805.8076
y-intercept =
202
(0,3.9900)(85.7470,0)
1 9.3975
tan
2.6636
202
202
F4
202.2lb
cos 2.6636

85.7470

3.9900

Example #2
Find the magnitude of RA at the roller
support and the magnitude and direction of
RB at the hinge support of the truss
subjected to loads as shown.

Solution:

4
3
6(25) 15 (60) 15 (25) 24(80) RA sin 60(120) 0
5
5

RA 24.6817 k
+FV = 0

3
24.6817 sin 60 24 15 RBv 0
5

RBv 14.6250k

+FH = 0

3
15 24.6817 sin 30 6 RBh 0
5
RB (14.6250) 2 (15.3409) 2

RBh 15.3409k

RB 21.1951k

Example #3
Find the magnitudes of F3, F4, and F5 if the five
coplanar forces F1 to F5, inclusive, are in
equilibrium.

Solution:

12
5
4
3
3
200(1) 390
(
1
)

390
(
6
)

F
(
4
)

F
(
2
)

(2) 0
4
4
5
13
13
5
5
5

2 F4 2.8 F5 740 eq.1

+Fy= 0

4
4
5
F5 200 390
0
5
5
13

F4

0.8 F4 0.8 F5 350 eq.2

eq.1 F4 370 1.4 F5

Substitution:

0.8(370 1.4 F5 ) 0.8F5 350

296 1.12 F5 0.8 F5 350
F5 168.75lb

F4 370 1.4(168.75)
F4 606.25lb

+Fx= 0
3
3
12
F3 606.25 168.75 390
0
5
5
13

F3 825lb

Reactions on a Threehinged Arch

A common problem in structural analysis is
to find the hinge reactions on a threehinged arch. Athree-hinged arch is a
structure composed of two curved
segments, joined together by an internal
hinge and supported at two external hinges.
It is required to find the horizontal and
vertical components of the hinge reactions
at A, B, and C in this structure.

Example #1
Find the horizontal and vertical components of each
of the three hinge reactions.

Solution:

12(8) 6(16) BV (24) BH (12) 0

24 BV 12 BH 192 0

6(8) 3(16) 24 BV 12 BH 0

24 BV 12 BH 96 eq.2
BV 2; BH 12

 Fy 0
AV 12 6 2 0

AV 10
Fx 0

AH 12 0

AH 12

Fy 0

CV 2 3 6 0
CV 11

Fx 0
12 C H 0
C H 12

Example #2
Find the horizontal and vertical components of
each of the three hinge reactions.

Solution:

24(30) BV (40) BH (20) 0

40 BV 20 BH 720 eq.1

BV (40) BH (25) 6(25) 18(10) 0

40 BV 25 BH 330 eq.2
BV 6.3333; BH 23.3333

 Fy 0

24 6.3333 AV 0
AV 17.6667

Fx 0

AH 23.3333 0
AH 23.3333

Fy 0
CV 18 6.3333 0
CV 24.3333

Fx 0
6 C H 23.3333 0
C H 17.3333

III. SHEAR & BENDING

MOMENT

DEFINITION
Shear and bending moment diagrams are
analytical tools used in conjunction with structural
analysis to help perform structural design by
determining the value of shear force and bending
moment at a given point of a structural
element such as a beam. These diagrams can be
used to easily determine the type, size, and
material of a member in a structure so that a given
set of loads can be supported without structural
failure.

EXAMPLES

Example Problems:

Solve for the Reactions

FV

30(1) 50(3) 5 RD 0

RD 24

30 50 24 RC

RC 56

Step 2

Cut the beam into segments to write the

shear and moment equations.

Remember, clockwise positve (+), upward

(+).

The pivot is the point where you made a

cut. At segment ab, pivot pt is @ b; seg
bc is @ c.

Seg. Cd, pivot pt is @d

After computing for the

reactions,
shear
and
moment eqns, we can now
draw the v&m diagrams.

SHEAR & MOMENT

DIAGRAMS

Pointed loads 50kn @C have a shear that is

uniformly
distributed along a segment.
30kn @A is distributed uniformly below the
shear line at segment AB.
Then a reaction of 56kn @B pushes the 30kn
upward (-30+56=26) the remaining 26kn is
distributed uniformly above the shear line at
segment BC.

50kn pushes the 26kn

downwards (26-50=24)
the remaining 24kn is
distributed
uniformly
below the shear line
at segment CD
The 24kn reaction
at the roller (pt. d)
closes the rectangular
shear to zero 0.

Moment Diagram:
*The moment diagram is
actually the area of the
shear diagram.
*In this example there is
no moment @A, D and
somewhere along segment
BC.
*Maximum moments are
located where the shear is
zero 0 within the beam
span.

RIGID FRAMES AND

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Arigid frameinstructural engineeringis the

load-resistingskeletonconstructed with straight
or
curved
members
interconnected
by
mostlyrigid connectionswhich resist movements
induced at the joints of members. Its member can
take bending moment, shear and axial loads.
A three-force member is in general a non-axial
member that is not simply in tension or
compression. A member of this kind has shear
forces perpendicular to the member and
subjected to bending loads. If forces are applied
to more than two positions on the member, it is
three-force member. Any beam is a three-force
member according to the above definition.

Example No. 1
12

c
8

b
a
30

6
9

Solution :
8(15)(7.5) 12(10)(5) M 0

M 1500
FV 0
12(10) Rav 0

Rav 120

FH 0
8(15) Rah 0

Rah 120

48

a
120

120
1500

0
M

-744

48

120

120

56
6
.8
5
8

-2
94

98
5
6.

-7
44

120
37
.5
65
9

59

.5
6

36

37

8.
8

b
59
.0
32
2

12

c
84

48

48

12

84
84

V
M

-294

0
0

Example
#2

10

d
a

Solution :

10(15)(7.5) Rd (15) 0

Rd 75
FV 0
10(15) 75 Ra 0

Ra 75

85
21

01
1

75
22
0. 0

02
4

21
.8
62

3.
9

46
.

65
2

24
.
98
78

40

58
.5

10
b

35

10
b

35

15

3.5

-15

281.2511
220.0011

270.0011

10
c

60

15

56.9
210

d
75

14.2
302
V
-14
.

230
2
0

270

-71
.1

512

TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS
METHOD OF SECTION

In engineering, atrussis astructurecomprising

five or more triangular units constructed with
straight members whose ends are connected at
joints referred to asnodes. External forces and
reactions to those forces are considered to act only
at the nodes and result in forces in the members
which
are
eithertensileorcompressiveforces.
Moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because,
and only because, all the joints in a truss are
treated asrevolute.

Trusses Examples

METHOD OF JOINTS

EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Compute the stresses in each members.

SOLUTION:

Get the reactions acting on the roller and

hinge of the truss.

Use moment equation and forces horizontal,

then forces vertical.

Solve for the Reactions

50(1) 80(0.75) 3R A 0
R A 3.33kN

50 3.33

RD 53.33kN

80kN

Make a FBD on joint A

The unknowns are

segments AB & AE

Use summation of forces

horizontal and summation
forces vertical.

Include the computed

reactions 80kn and 3.33kn

At Joint A

3
FAB 3.33
5

FAB 5.56kN (T )

4
FAE FAB 80
5
4
FAE (5.56) 80
5

FAE 75.56kN (T )

Assume a
direction of the
unknown stress
All stresses away
from the joint are
tension
All stresses
towards the joint
are compression

At Joint
B

At Joint B

FBC
FBC

4
FAB
5

4
(5.56)
5

FAB 4.45kN (T )

FBE

3
FAB
5

FBE

3
(5.56)
5

FBE 3.34kN (C )

At Joint E

At Joint E

3
FCE FAE
5
3
FCE 3.34
5

FCE 5.57 kN (T )

4
FFE FFE FAE
5
4
FFE (5.57) 75.56
5

FFE 71.11kN (T )

At Joint
F

FCF 50kN (T )

FDF FEF
FDF 71.11kN (T )

At Joint
C

4
4
FCD FCE FBC 80
5
5
4
4
FCD (5.57) 4.45 80
5
5

FCD 88.87 kN (C )

3
3
FCD FCE FCF
5
5

3
3
(88.87) (5.57) 50
5
5
53.3 53.3(CHECK )

At Joint
D

4
FCD FDF
5
4
(88.87) 71.11
5

71.1 71.1(CHECK )

3
RD
FCD
5
3
53.33 (88.87)
5

53.3 53.3(CHECK )

After computing all the trusses summarize the

answer and label all the segments.

FAB 5.56kN (Tension )

FCE 5.57 kN (Tension )

FAE 75.56kN (Tension )

FCF 50kN (Tension )

FBC 4.45kN (Tension )

FDF 71.11kN (Tension )

FBE 3.34kN (Compressio n)

FCD 88.87 kN (Compressio n)

FFE 71.11kN (Tension )

METHOD BY SECTION

@C
3.33(2) 80(0.75) ef (0.75) 0

80

ef 71.12(T )
3.3
3

@ E
3.33(1) bc(0.75) 0

bc 4.44(T )

3.33 ce sin 36.8699 0

ce 5.55(T )
@
3.33(1C
) 80(0.75) ae(0.75) 0
ae 75.56(T )

80

3.3
3

+ FV 0
3.33 ab sin 36.8699 0
ab 5.55(T )

4.4
4

@A
4.44(0.75) be(1) 0

3.3
3

be 3.33(C )
@
80(0.75) 4.44(0.75) 5.55
Dsin (1) 55. cos (0.75) cf (1) 0

cf 50.01(T )

@
C(1) fd (0.75) 0
53.33
fd 71.11(T )
+

53.33 cd sin 36.8699 0

cd 88.88(C )

Building Bents
A bent in American English is a framework
composed of several structural members
that defines the cross-section of a
timber frame building or supports a trestle.
The term bent is probably an archaic past
tense of the verb to bind, referring to the
way the timbers of a bent are joined
together.

Bents are the building blocks which

define the overall shape and character of a
structure. They do not have any sort of predefined configuration in the way that a
Pratt truss does. Rather, bents are simply
cross-sectional templates of structural
members (i.e. rafters, joists, posts, pilings,
etc.) which repeat on parallel planes along
the length of the structure. The term bent is
not restricted to any particular material.
Bents may be formed of wooden piles,
timber framing,[2] steel framing, or even
concrete.

Example:

C+M@ b=0
12(3)+3(0.75+2.35)+4.5(0.75+2.35)18(4)+3(2.35)(1.175)+4(2.35)(1.175)+12Qv
=0
Qv =

C+M@ b=0
-3(3.7)(1.85)+16.025(3.7)-18.9-cfcos(1) = 0
cf = 22.2014 kN

DF = 20. 0635T
DE = 36.6406 C
FH = 39.9208T
EH = 29.2303C
JK = 20.6264T
KL = 7.4556C
JL = 21.9684C
LN = 51.8250C
EG = 8.4408C
GH = 7.0844T
HI = 11.5634T
GJ = 16.9038C
HJ = 11.6138T

GI = 6.1629T
IK = 4.8498 T
KJ = 20.6264 T
EF = 9.9288
LM = 30.7402T
KM = 22.3448T
MN = 8.5481C
LN = 51.7908C
NO = 34.7288C
MO = 51.5388T
IJ = 1.6714C

JOINT D

JOINT E

JOINT F

JOINT H

29.2303

JOINT G

JOINT M

8.5481

JOINT L
30.7402

51.7908

JOINT N

L
51.7908

JOINT O

Moving load

In structural dynamics this is the load that

changes in time the place to which is applied.
Examples: vehicles that pass bridges, trains on
the track, guideways, etc. In computational
models the load is usually applied as:
a simple massless force,
an oscillator,
an inertial force (mass and a massless force).

Example:
A truck and trailer combination crossing a 12m span has axle loads of 10, 20, and 30 kN
separated respectively by distances of 3
and 5 m. Compute the maximum moment
and maximum shear developed in the span.

Solution:
R = 10+20+30
R = 60
Rx = 20(3)+30(8)
60x = 300
X = 5m

Maximum moment under 10 kN wheel

load

Maximum moment under 20

kN wheel load

Maximum moment under 30 kN wheel

load
When the centerline of the beam is
midway between reaction R = 60 kN
and 30 kN, the 10 kN comes off the
span.
R = 20+30
R = 50
Rx = 5(30)
50x = 150
X = 30 from 20kN wheel load

the maximum moment will occur when only the 20

and 30 kN loads are on the span

Maximum Shear
The maximum shear will occur when
the three loads are on the span and the
30 kN load is directly over the support.

Indeterminate Beams
Three Moment Equation
Moment Distribution Method

Three Moment Equation

Three-moment equation in beam

1& 2

where:
where:
M
M11=
= bending
bending moment
moment @
@ point
point 1
1
LL11 =
= length
length of
of beam
beam 1
1
M
M22=
= bending
bending moment
moment @
@ point
point 2
2
LL22 == length
length of
of beam
beam 2
2
M
M33 =
= bending
bending moment
moment @
@ point
point 3
3
h
h11 =
= sag/settlement
sag/settlement @
@ point
point 1
1
h
h33 =
= sag/settlement
sag/settlement @
@ point
point 3
3
EI
EI =
= flexural
flexural modulus
modulus

RULES OF SIGNS:
If the moment of any point is actually negative, the negative sign
must be used when substituting to the equation. Similarly, if an
unknown moment is actually negative at any point, the three-moment
equation will be give a negative value for that moment.

Problem 1
Draw

the shear and moment diagrams of the beam below. Use the threemoment equation in the calculation of joint moments.

Therefore,

Problem 2
Draw

the shear and moment of the beam. Use the 3-moment eqn for
calculations at the joints.

72.26

123.95

Problem 3
Determine the bending moments at the supports of the indeterminate
beam below. Use the three-moment equation.

Problem 4
Determine the moments at the supports of the beam as located below.
Use the three-moment equation. Draw the shear and moment diagrams.

Substitute values:
eqn. (1)

BEAM cef:

Substitute values:
eqn. (2)

 BEAM eg:

eqn. (3)

From (3):
eqn. (4)

Substitute (4) in (2):

eqn. (5)

From (1) & (5). Multiply (5) by 4:

Substitute value of Me in (4): From (5):

Solving for reactions:

Span ac:

Span ace:

Span ace:
WHOLE BEAM:
14.03

Moment Distribution Method

Fixed- End Moments

Formulas

Problem 1

Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams of the continuous

beam below. Use the moment distribution method up to 4 cycles and
assume the beam is prismatic and made up of one material only.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2
1/2

Span aa

Span ab

Segment bc:

Segment cd:

Segment de:

Problem 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams of the beam below. Use the
moment distribution method up to 4 cycles only.